CN106595900A - Extra-high-voltage cable fault monitoring system - Google Patents

Extra-high-voltage cable fault monitoring system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106595900A
CN106595900A CN201611025133.XA CN201611025133A CN106595900A CN 106595900 A CN106595900 A CN 106595900A CN 201611025133 A CN201611025133 A CN 201611025133A CN 106595900 A CN106595900 A CN 106595900A
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China
Prior art keywords
cable
voltage
optical fiber
temperature
phase high
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
CN201611025133.XA
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
高立明
李常勇
孟海峰
韩明东
徐向华
李雁冰
高新军
李海龙
周家春
刘志勇
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Dongying Power Supply Co of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co Ltd
Original Assignee
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Dongying Power Supply Co of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co Ltd
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Application filed by State Grid Corp of China SGCC, Dongying Power Supply Co of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co Ltd filed Critical State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Priority to CN201611025133.XA priority Critical patent/CN106595900A/en
Publication of CN106595900A publication Critical patent/CN106595900A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01KMEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K11/00Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
    • G01K11/32Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an extra-high-voltage cable fault monitoring system and belongs to the power supply safety technical field. The two ends of each three-phase high voltage cable are respectively provided with a current transformer and a voltage transformer, wherein the current transformer and the voltage transformer are connected with a microprocessor and accessory circuit through a signal processing circuit and multi-channel synchronous sampling ADC; the microprocessor and the accessory circuit is connected with a main control unit through a wireless transmission unit and a wireless receiving unit; the microprocessor and the accessory circuit is provided with a GPS receiving module; the side surface of the each three-phase high voltage cable is provided with a groove, wherein the groove is internally provided with an optical fiber temperature measurement cable; the optical fiber temperature measurement cables are connected with a temperature measurement host through a data selector; the temperature measurement host is connected with the main control unit; a center connector of the each three-phase high voltage cable is provided with a temperature sensor; and the temperature sensors are connected with the main control unit through a signal processing circuit. The extra-high-voltage cable fault monitoring system is simple in structure, can realize real-time detection of temperature and insulation states and ensures safe operation of a high-voltage cable.

Description

Extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system, belongs to power supply safety technical field.
Background technology
With the continuous improvement that electric power netting safe running is required, power cable has obtained increasingly being widely applied, but electric The commonly used increasingly increase of power cable so that it is conventional make an inspection tour O&M means by it is larger limited, due to cable fault High-risk, excessive risk can be caused or the operations risks of the industries such as high power supply reliability are needed, therefore, lift the monitoring water of high tension cable It is flat, it is ensured that the safe operation of electrical network is imperative.
At present, when high tension cable monitoring is carried out, because high tension cable bears high voltage, high current, long-term continuous operation, The temperature of cable is easily raised, and the either running overload of cable, or running environment changes, or itself occurs Failure, can all cause the change of temperature, if cannot process in time long lasting for heating up, finally can all cause cable fault to be sent out It is raw.At present, when temperature monitoring is carried out, temperature sensor is set typically in cable mounting tube road or at cable connector, but It is that Detection results are bad, and for cable is during installation and long-time use, it may appear that the impaired situation of insulation, not only The safe operation of cable can be caused cannot be ensured, can also bring larger economic loss.
The content of the invention
According to deficiency of the prior art above, the problem to be solved in the present invention is:A kind of simple structure, Neng Goushi are provided The real-time detection of existing temperature and insulation status, it is ensured that the extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system of high tension cable safe operation.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is:
Described extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system, including three-phase high-voltage cable, three-phase high-voltage cable two ends set respectively Put current transformer I, voltage transformer I, current transformer II and voltage transformer II, current transformer I and voltage transformer I Microprocessor and accessory circuit, current transformer II and electricity are connected by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC Pressure transformer II connects microprocessor and accessory circuit, microprocessor by secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC Device and accessory circuit connect main control unit by wireless transmission unit and radio receiving unit, set on microprocessor and accessory circuit Put GPS receiver module;
Described three-phase high-voltage cable side arranges and arrange in groove, groove optical fiber temperature-measurement cable, and optical fiber temperature-measurement cable leads to Data selector connection thermometric main frame is crossed, thermometric main frame connection main control unit arranges temperature in the transition joint of three-phase high-voltage cable Degree sensor, temperature sensor connects main control unit by signal processing circuit;
The method to set up of described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is comprised the following steps:
A, open up groove in the outer layer of the sheath of three-phase high-voltage cable;
B, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is placed in groove, then by cranny filler of polyurethane foam by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable bag It is layed onto in groove;If there is transition joint in optical fiber temperature-measurement cable placement process, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable turns clockwise and is wound on In transition joint;
C, at the transition joint of three-phase high-voltage cable coat tetrafluoroethene coating film, politef coating film two ends consolidate It is scheduled on the three-phase high-voltage cable of transition joint both sides;
D, three-phase high-voltage cable two ends coat tetrafluoroethene coating film.
Described extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system by current transformer I, voltage transformer I, current transformer II, The cooperation of voltage transformer II and GPS receiver module can simultaneously gather the current signal of high tension cable both sides and voltage letter Number, by processing current signal and voltage signal after obtain corresponding current value and magnitude of voltage, and then obtain cable master The complementary angle of the Leakage Current of insulation and the phase angle difference of voltage cable, i.e. dielectric loss angle, and then dielectric dissipation factor is obtained, can Real-time monitoring goes out the insulating properties of high tension cable;Meanwhile, in the inner surface setting optical fiber temperature-measurement cable of high tension cable overcoat, Neng Goushi The monitoring of the bulk temperature of existing high tension cable, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is arranged in groove, it is to avoid the optical fiber when long range is installed The damage of cable for measuring temperature, while arranging cranny filler of polyurethane foam on the outside of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable, on the one hand ensure that high pressure The insulating properties of cable, it is to avoid open up impact of the groove to high tension cable, on the other hand ensure that the length of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable Time normally uses, the service life of extended fiber cable for measuring temperature.Described extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system can be realized Monitor while insulation and temperature, substantially increase the safe operation of high tension cable, simple structure is reasonable in design.
Further preferred, if there is transition joint in optical fiber temperature-measurement cable placement process, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is adopted Turn back system of laying, come and go in transition joint both sides along the longitudinal direction of transition joint and lay twice, then using nylon cable tie by light Fine cable for measuring temperature is bundled in transition joint, then in external sheath tetrafluoroethene coating film.Transition joint is the height that failure occurs Point is sent out, the accuracy for ensureing Joint Temperature monitoring twice is laid, to ensure that optical fiber temperature-measurement optical cable has larger when laying Surface distance between bending radius, and optical fiber temperature-measurement optical cable can not be less than 100mm.
Further preferred, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is coated in groove cranny filler of polyurethane foam into rear height and three-phase is high The outer layer of voltage cable sheath maintains an equal level.Maintain an equal level and compress, it is attractive in appearance, reduce spoilage.
It is further preferred, after optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is fixed in three-phase high-voltage cable by cranny filler of polyurethane foam, The interval cladding politef coating film on three-phase high-voltage cable.Tetrafluoroethene coating film is set, light can be further ensured that The service life of fine cable for measuring temperature, improves insulating properties.
Further preferred, the spacing distance of politef coating film is 800mm-1000mm.
The detection method of described extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system, comprises the following steps:
A, the current signal for measuring three-phase high-voltage cable two ends simultaneously by the summation current transformer II of current transformer I, electricity Stream signal is adopted respectively by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC and secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous Sample ADC is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit after current signal is processed, microprocessor and accessory circuit lead to current signal Cross wireless transmission unit and be sent to main control unit, obtain the difference of current value;
B, the voltage signal for measuring three-phase high-voltage cable two ends simultaneously by voltage transformer I and voltage transformer II, electricity Pressure signal is adopted respectively by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC and secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous Sample ADC is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit after voltage signal is processed, microprocessor and accessory circuit lead to voltage signal Cross wireless transmission unit and be sent to main control unit, acquire voltage cable value;
C, main control unit are worth to dielectric loss angle by the difference and voltage cable of the current value for acquiring, and then obtain To dielectric dissipation factor, the dielectric level of three-phase high-voltage cable is monitored by dielectric dissipation factor;
D, the temperature for being obtained three-phase high-voltage cable in real time by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable and thermometric main frame, temperature signal is transmitted To main control unit.
E, by the temperature of temperature sensor monitors transition joint, temperature signal is passed through signal processing list by temperature sensor Unit is sent to main control unit.
The change real-time monitoring high pressure that F, main control unit pass through dielectric dissipation factor, cable temperature and Joint Temperature Service cable.
Further preferred, main control unit connection alarm device, when monitoring abnormal, is reported by alarm device It is alert.Temperature it is too high or occur insulation sex chromosome mosaicism when, staff is reminded in time, facilitate the timely maintenance of staff, it is ensured that The safe operation of electrical network.
The present invention is had an advantageous effect in that:
1st, extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system of the present invention is not only able to the temperature of real-time monitoring high tension cable, also It is capable of the insulating properties of real-time detection high tension cable, substantially increases the operation safety of power supply network high tension cable, simple structure, design Rationally, with stronger practicality.
2nd, extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system of the present invention is surveyed by arranging optical fiber on integral high pressure cable Warm cable, can over long distances monitor high tension cable temperature, and Detection results are good, and the setting of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable is arrived into high tension cable In overcoat, and coated by cranny filler of polyurethane foam, be capable of the usage cycles of extended fiber cable for measuring temperature, reduced system The maintenance cost of monitoring, while arranging tetrafluoroethene coating film on the outside of transition joint or high tension cable, can be further ensured that The service life of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable, improves insulating properties.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention;
Wherein, 1, voltage transformer I;2nd, current transformer I;3rd, three-phase high-voltage cable;4th, groove;5th, optical fiber temperature-measurement electricity Cable;6th, transition joint;7th, temperature sensor;8th, current transformer II;9th, voltage transformer II;10th, data selector;11st, survey Warm main frame;12nd, signal processing circuit;13rd, the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC;14th, main control unit;15th, nothing Line receiving unit;16th, secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC;17th, microprocessor and accessory circuit;18th, it is wireless Transmission unit;19th, GPS receiver module.
Specific embodiment
Embodiments of the invention are described further below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
As shown in figure 1, extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system of the present invention, including the three-phase with transition joint 6 High tension cable 3, the two ends of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 are respectively provided with current transformer I 2, voltage transformer I 1, the and of current transformer II 8 Voltage transformer II 9, current transformer I 2 and voltage transformer I 1 are sampled by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous ADC13 connects microprocessor and accessory circuit 17, and current transformer II 8 and voltage transformer II 9 are by secondary signal process electricity Road and the connection microprocessor of Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC 16 and accessory circuit 17, microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 are by wireless biography Defeated unit 18 and the connection main control unit 14 of radio receiving unit 15, arrange GPS receiver module on microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 19。
The described side of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 arranges and arrange in groove 4, groove 4 optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5, optical fiber temperature-measurement electricity Cable 5 connects thermometric main frame 11, the connection main control unit 14 of thermometric main frame 11, in three-phase high-voltage cable 3 by data selector 10 Between temperature sensor 7 is set on joint 6, temperature sensor 7 connects main control unit 14 by signal processing circuit 12.Wherein, light The method to set up of fine cable for measuring temperature 5 is comprised the following steps:
A, open up groove 4 in the outer layer of the sheath of three-phase high-voltage cable 3;
B, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 is placed in groove 4, then by cranny filler of polyurethane foam by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 are coated in groove 4;If there is transition joint 6 in the placement process of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5, the dextrorotation of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 Turn around in transition joint 6;Height is high with three-phase after cranny filler of polyurethane foam is coated to optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 in groove 4 The outer layer of the sheath of voltage cable 3 maintains an equal level.
C, at the transition joint 6 of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 coat tetrafluoroethene coating film, politef coating film two ends It is fixed on the three-phase high-voltage cable 3 of the both sides of transition joint 6;
D, three-phase high-voltage cable 3 two ends coat tetrafluoroethene coating film.
In the method to set up of described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 in step B, if if depositing in the placement process of optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 In transition joint 6, then, using system of laying of turning back, the longitudinal direction along transition joint 6 is in the both sides of transition joint 6 for optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 Come and go and lay twice, then optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 is bundled in transition joint 6 using nylon cable tie, then in external sheath four Fluorothene coating film.
After described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 is fixed in three-phase high-voltage cable 3 by cranny filler of polyurethane foam, in three-phase Cladding politef coating film in interval on high tension cable 3, the spacing distance of politef coating film is 800mm-1000mm.
The detection method of described extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system, comprises the following steps:
A, the current signal for measuring the two ends of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 simultaneously by the summation current transformer II 8 of current transformer I 2, Current signal passes through the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC 13 and secondary signal process circuit respectively and multichannel is same Step sampling ADC 16 is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 after current signal is processed, microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 will Current signal process is sent to main control unit 15 by wireless transmission unit, obtains the difference of current value;
B, the voltage signal for measuring the two ends of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 simultaneously by voltage transformer I 1 and voltage transformer II 9, Voltage signal passes through the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC 13 and secondary signal process circuit respectively and multichannel is same Step sampling ADC 16 is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 after voltage signal is processed, microprocessor and accessory circuit 17 will Voltage signal is sent to main control unit 14 by wireless transmission unit, acquires voltage cable value;
C, dielectric loss angle is worth to by the difference and voltage cable of the current value for acquiring, and then obtains medium damage Consumption factor, by dielectric dissipation factor the dielectric level of three-phase high-voltage cable 3 is monitored;
D, the temperature for obtaining three-phase high-voltage cable 3 in real time by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable 5 and thermometric main frame 11, by temperature signal It is sent to main control unit 14.
E, the temperature that transition joint 6 is monitored by temperature sensor 7, temperature sensor 7 is by temperature signal by signal Reason unit 12 is sent to main control unit 14.
F, main control unit 14 are high by the change real-time monitoring of dielectric dissipation factor, cable temperature and Joint Temperature Pressure service cable, the connection alarm device of main control unit 14, when monitoring abnormal, is reported to the police by alarm device.
Present configuration is simple, reasonable in design, can realize the real-time detection of temperature and insulation status, it is ensured that high tension cable Safe operation, with stronger practicality.
The present invention is not limited in above-mentioned specific embodiment, essential scope of the those of ordinary skill in the art in the present invention Change, remodeling, addition or the replacement inside made, should also belong to protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system, including three-phase high-voltage cable (3), it is characterised in that:Three-phase high-voltage cable (3) two ends are respectively provided with current transformer I (2), voltage transformer I (1), current transformer II (8) and voltage transformer II (9), current transformer I (2) and voltage transformer I (1) are connected by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (13) Microprocessor and accessory circuit (17) are connect, current transformer II (8) and voltage transformer II (9) are by secondary signal process circuit And Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (16) connects microprocessor and accessory circuit (17), microprocessor and accessory circuit (17) are by nothing Line transmission unit (18) and radio receiving unit (15) connection main control unit (14), are arranged on microprocessor and accessory circuit (17) GPS receiver module (19);
Described three-phase high-voltage cable (3) side arranges and arrange in groove (4), groove (4) optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5), and optical fiber is surveyed Warm cable (5) connects thermometric main frame (11), thermometric main frame (11) connection main control unit (14), three-phase by data selector (10) Temperature sensor (7) is set in the transition joint (6) of high tension cable (3), and temperature sensor (7) is by signal processing circuit (12) Connection main control unit (14);
The method to set up of described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) is comprised the following steps:
A, open up groove (4) in the outer layer of the sheath of three-phase high-voltage cable (3);
B, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) is placed in groove (4), then by cranny filler of polyurethane foam by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) it is coated in groove (4);If there is transition joint (6), optical fiber temperature-measurement cable in placement process in optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) (5) turn clockwise and be wound in transition joint (6);
C, three-phase high-voltage cable (3) transition joint (6) place coat tetrafluoroethene coating film, politef coating film two ends It is fixed on the three-phase high-voltage cable (3) of transition joint (6) both sides;
D, three-phase high-voltage cable (3) two ends coat tetrafluoroethene coating film.
2. extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) if there is transition joint (6) in placement process, optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) adopts system of laying of turning back, along transition joint (6) longitudinal direction comes and goes in transition joint (6) both sides to be laid twice, is then bundled on optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) using nylon cable tie In transition joint (6), then in external sheath tetrafluoroethene coating film.
3. extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Described polyurethane foam is filled out Height maintains an equal level with the outer layer of three-phase high-voltage cable (3) sheath after seam agent is coated to optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) in groove (4).
4. extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Described optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) after being fixed in three-phase high-voltage cable (3) by cranny filler of polyurethane foam, the interval cladding on three-phase high-voltage cable (3) Politef coating film.
5. extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:Described politef bag The spacing distance of overlay film is 800mm-1000mm.
6. the detection method of extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Including following Step:
A, by the summation current transformer II (8) of current transformer I (2) at the same measure three-phase high-voltage cable (3) two ends electric current letter Number, current signal respectively by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (13) and secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (16) is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit (17) after current signal is processed, microprocessor and attached Current signal process is sent to main control unit (15) by category circuit (17) by wireless transmission unit, obtains the difference of current value;
B, by voltage transformer I (1) and voltage transformer II (9) at the same measure three-phase high-voltage cable (3) two ends voltage letter Number, voltage signal respectively by the first signal processing circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (13) and secondary signal process circuit and Multi-path synchronous sampling ADC (16) is sent to microprocessor and accessory circuit (17) after voltage signal is processed, microprocessor and attached Voltage signal is sent to main control unit (14) by category circuit (17) by wireless transmission unit, acquires voltage cable value;
C, dielectric loss angle is worth to by the difference and voltage cable of the current value for acquiring, so obtain dielectric loss because Number, by dielectric dissipation factor the dielectric level of three-phase high-voltage cable (3) is monitored;
D, the temperature for being obtained three-phase high-voltage cable (3) in real time by optical fiber temperature-measurement cable (5) and thermometric main frame (11), temperature is believed Number it is sent to main control unit (14).
Temperature signal is passed through signal by E, the temperature that transition joint (6) is monitored by temperature sensor (7), temperature sensor (7) Processing unit (12) is sent to main control unit (14).
The change real-time monitoring high pressure that F, main control unit (14) pass through dielectric dissipation factor, cable temperature and Joint Temperature Service cable.
7. the detection method of extra-high-tension cable fault monitoring system according to claim 6, it is characterised in that:Described master Control unit (14) connection alarm device, when monitoring abnormal, is reported to the police by alarm device.
CN201611025133.XA 2016-11-16 2016-11-16 Extra-high-voltage cable fault monitoring system Pending CN106595900A (en)

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CN108318079A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-07-24 珠海多监测科技有限公司 A kind of electricity and temperature monitoring combined type trans and cable status monitor system
CN110058122A (en) * 2019-04-15 2019-07-26 西南交通大学 A kind of rubber cable terminal abnormal hot spot test device and method for diagnosing faults
CN111366819A (en) * 2020-02-18 2020-07-03 神华国华(北京)电力研究院有限公司 Cable insulation state monitoring system and method
CN112595357A (en) * 2020-11-03 2021-04-02 国网辽宁省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 Three-phase coaxial high-temperature superconducting cable thermal balance monitoring device and thermal balance optimization method
CN113280944A (en) * 2021-05-14 2021-08-20 张俊 Intelligent alarm power cable
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CN108318079A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-07-24 珠海多监测科技有限公司 A kind of electricity and temperature monitoring combined type trans and cable status monitor system
CN110058122A (en) * 2019-04-15 2019-07-26 西南交通大学 A kind of rubber cable terminal abnormal hot spot test device and method for diagnosing faults
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CN113280944A (en) * 2021-05-14 2021-08-20 张俊 Intelligent alarm power cable
CN113899455A (en) * 2021-08-18 2022-01-07 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司火力发电技术研究院 PT one-time fuse slow-melting monitoring device and method
CN115371837A (en) * 2022-10-25 2022-11-22 高勘(广州)技术有限公司 Temperature detection method, device and system for power cable and storage medium

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Inventor after: Gao Liming

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Inventor after: Meng Haifeng

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Application publication date: 20170426