CN106594137B - The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring - Google Patents
The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring Download PDFInfo
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- CN106594137B CN106594137B CN201710001893.5A CN201710001893A CN106594137B CN 106594137 B CN106594137 B CN 106594137B CN 201710001893 A CN201710001893 A CN 201710001893A CN 106594137 B CN106594137 B CN 106594137B
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/02—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant
- F16F1/18—Leaf springs
- F16F1/185—Leaf springs characterised by shape or design of individual leaves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/17—Mechanical parametric or variational design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2230/00—Purpose; Design features
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2238/00—Type of springs or dampers
- F16F2238/02—Springs
- F16F2238/022—Springs leaf-like, e.g. of thin, planar-like metal
Abstract
The present invention relates to the emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, belong to suspension leaf spring technical field.The present invention can be according to main spring and the parameter of structure design of auxiliary spring, main spring steps up rigidity, and major-minor spring is compound to step up rigidity, the initial tangential camber of main spring and auxiliary spring, elasticity modulus and rated load, simulation calculation is carried out to the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring.Pass through the comparison of main spring amount of deflection simulation calculation value and design load under rated load, the emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring provided by the present invention is correct, available accurately and reliably amount of deflection simulation calculation value, reliable technical foundation has been established for the maximum spacing amount of deflection of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring and the simulation calculation in major-minor spring gap；Meanwhile horizontal product design, quality and performance can be improved using this method, and design and experimental test expense can be also reduced, accelerate product development speed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the imitative of vehicle suspension leaf spring, particularly the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
True computational methods.
Background technology
With the appearance of high strength steel plate material, high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring can be used, to meet in different loads
The design requirement that vehicle ride performance and suspension gradual change offset frequency under lotus remain unchanged, wherein, the amount of deflection of progressive rate leaf spring
With the variation characteristic of load, major-minor spring tangent line camber is not only influenced, but also has an effect on suspension system offset frequency and vehicle traveling smooth-going
Property.Therefore, for the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring of given design structural parameters, if meet setting for load deflexion characteristic
Meter requires, and the load deflexion characteristic of designed leaf spring should be provided by simulation calculation.However, due to the leaf spring in progressive formation
Amount of deflection and progressive rate calculating are extremely complex, and by the calculating of lap equivalent thickness and contact load reverse key issue system
About, understood according to consulting reference materials, do not provide the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring inside and outside predecessor State always
Emulated computation method.With Vehicle Speed and its continuous improvement to ride comfort requirement, to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity
Design leaf spring proposes requirements at the higher level, therefore, it is necessary to establish a kind of load of accurate, reliable high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
The emulated computation method of lotus flexibility characteristics, calculates for high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring characteristic Simulation and Development of Simulation Software is established
Fixed reliable technical foundation, meets Vehicle Industry fast development, vehicle ride performance to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
Design requirement, problem present in product design can be found in time by the simulation calculation of load deflexion characteristic, so as to improve production
Product design level, quality and performance；Meanwhile design and testing expenses can be also reduced, accelerate product development speed.
The content of the invention
For above-mentioned defect existing in the prior art, the technical problems to be solved by the invention be to provide it is a kind of easy,
The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of reliable high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, such as simulation calculation flow process figure, Fig. 1
It is shown.Leaf spring uses high-strength steel sheet, width b, elasticity modulus E, each leaf spring be with center mounting hole symmetrical structure,
Its install clamp away from half L0For U-bolts clamp away from half L0；One hemihedrism of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
Structure as shown in Fig. 2, be made of main spring 1 and auxiliary spring 2, wherein, the piece number of main spring 1 is n, and the thickness of each main spring is hi, half
Action length is Lit, half clamping length is Li=Lit-L0/ 2, i=1,2 ..., n；The piece number of auxiliary spring 2 is m, each auxiliary spring
Thickness is hAj, half action length is LAjt, half clamping length is LAj=LAjt-L0/ 2, j=1,2 ..., m.Main spring clamps firm
Spend KM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA.Major-minor spring gradual change between the lower surface of the main spring of tailpiece and the upper surface of first auxiliary spring
Gap deltaMA, its size determined by main spring initial tangential camber and auxiliary spring initial tangential camber.Start when load reaches
Used load PkWhen, clamped in U-bolts and start to contact with first auxiliary spring upper surface away from outside, the main spring lower surface of tailpiece；Work as load
Lotus reaches full contact load pwWhen, the main spring lower surface of tailpiece is completely attached to first auxiliary spring upper surface.When load is in [Pk,Pw]
In the range of when changing, the contact position and the compound clamping rigidity of major-minor spring gradual change of main spring tailpiece lower surface and first upper surface of auxiliary spring
KkwPChange with load, so as to meet the design requirement that suspension offset frequency remains unchanged, i.e., the offset frequency type first-order gradient rigidity plate such as
Spring.According to the structural parameters of designed main spring and auxiliary spring, main spring clamp rigidity and major-minor spring it is compound clamp rigidity, elasticity modulus,
Main spring initial tangential camber and auxiliary spring initial tangential camber design load, to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring under different loads
Flexibility characteristics carry out simulation calculation.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring provided by the present invention
Emulated computation method, it is characterised in that use following simulation calculation step：
(1) the beginning contact load P of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springkSimulation calculation：
Step A：The main spring lower surface initial curvature radius R of tailpieceM0bSimulation calculation
According to main reed number n, the thickness h of each main springi, i=1,2 ... n, the half clamping length L of first main spring1, it is main
Spring initial tangential camber HgM0, spring lower surface initial curvature radius R main to tailpieceM0bSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
Step B：First auxiliary spring upper surface initial curvature radius RA0aSimulation calculation
According to the half clamping length L of first auxiliary springA1, auxiliary spring initial tangential camber HgA0, it is initial to first auxiliary spring upper surface
Radius of curvature RA0aSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
Step C：Main spring root lap equivalent thickness hMeCalculating
According to main reed number n, the thickness h of each main springi, i=1,2 ... n, to the equivalent thickness of main spring root lap
Spend hMeCalculated, i.e.,
D steps：Progressive rate leaf spring starts contact load PkSimulation calculation：
According to the width b of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, elastic modulus E；The half of first main spring clamps span length's degree
L1, the R that is calculated in step AM0b, the R that is calculated in step BA0a, and the h being calculated in step CMe, to high intensity one
The beginning contact load P of level progressive rate leaf springkSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
(2) the full contact load p of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, and simulation calculation obtains in step (1)
Pk, to the full contact load p of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwChecked, i.e.,
(3) gradual change of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring clamps stiffness KkwPSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, simulation calculation obtains in step (1) Pk, simulation calculation obtains in step (2)
Pw, to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring in load p ∈ [Pk,Pw] in the range of gradual change clamp stiffness KkwPCarry out emulation meter
Calculate, i.e.,
(4) simulation calculation of flexibility characteristics of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring under different loads P：
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, rated load PN, the middle emulation meter of step (1)
Obtained Pk, simulation calculation obtains in step (2) Pw, simulation calculation obtains in step (3) KkwP, to high intensity level-one gradually
Flexibility characteristics of the variation rigidity leaf spring under different loads P carry out simulation calculation, i.e.,
The present invention has the advantage that than the prior art
Since the calculating of leaf spring amount of deflection is extremely complex in major-minor spring gradual change contact process, while by the equivalent thickness of leaf spring lap
Degree calculates and the restriction of contact load reverse key issue, is understood according to consulting reference materials, does not provide high intensity inside and outside predecessor State always
The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring.The present invention can be according to designed high intensity first-order gradient
The structural parameters of rigidity leaf spring, the initial tangential camber design load of main spring and auxiliary spring, first simulation calculation obtain high intensity level-one
The beginning contact load P of progressive rate leaf springkWith full contact load pw；Then, according to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
Main spring clamps stiffness KM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, to the compound clamping stiffness K of gradual changekwPCarry out simulation calculation；Finally, root
According to rated load PN, beginning contact load P that simulation calculation obtainsk, completely attach to load pwAnd the compound clamping rigidity of gradual change
KkwP, simulation calculation is carried out to the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring.Tested and surveyed by model machine load deflection
Examination understands that the main spring amount of deflection simulation calculation value under rated load, approaches with test result.Show high intensity provided by the present invention
The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, initial for high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring cut
Bank height and simulating, verifying and the characteristic Simulation software development in major-minor spring gap, have established technical foundation.It can be obtained using this method
To the main spring amount of deflection simulation calculation value in the case of different loads of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, high intensity level-one is improved
Design level, quality and the performance of progressive rate leaf spring, it is ensured that main spring initial tangential camber and major-minor spring gap meet that characteristic is set
Meter requires, and improves vehicle ride performance；Meanwhile design and experimental test expense can be also reduced, accelerate product development speed.
Brief description of the drawings
For a better understanding of the present invention, it is described further below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the simulation calculation flow process figure of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring；
Fig. 2 is the half symmetrical structure schematic diagram of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring；
Fig. 3 is that the gradual change of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring of embodiment clamps stiffness KkwPIt is bent with the change of load p
Line；
Fig. 4 is the load deflexion characteristic curve of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring of embodiment.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below by embodiment.
Embodiment：The width b=63mm of certain high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, U-bolts clamp away from half L0=
50mm, elastic modulus E=200GPa.Main reed number n=3 pieces, auxiliary spring the piece number m=2 pieces, total the piece number N=5 of major-minor spring.Wherein,
The thickness h of each main spring1=h2=h3=7mm, the half action length of each main spring is respectively L1t=525mm, L2t=
461mm, L3t=399mm；The half clamping length of each main spring is respectively L1=L1t-L0/ 2=500mm, L2=L2t-L0/ 2=
436mm, L3=L3t-L0/ 2=374mm.The thickness h of each auxiliary springA1=hA2=12mm, the half action length point of each auxiliary spring
Wei not LA1t=350mm, LA2t=250mm, the half clamping length of each auxiliary spring is respectively LA1=LA1t-L0/ 2=325mm, LA2
=LA3t-L0/ 2=225mm.Main spring clamps stiffness KM=51.3N/mm, total compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA=173.7N/
mm.Main spring initial tangential camber HgM0=112.5mm, auxiliary spring initial tangential camber HgA0=21.5mm.Joined according to the structure of leaf spring
Number, main spring clamp stiffness KM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, main spring initial tangential camber HgM0With auxiliary spring initial tangential arc
High HgA0, simulation calculation is carried out to the load deflexion characteristic of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring.
The emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic for the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring that present example is provided,
Its simulation calculation flow process is as shown in Figure 1, specific simulation calculation step is as follows：
(1) the beginning contact load P of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springkSimulation calculation：
Step A：The main spring lower surface initial curvature radius R of tailpieceM0bSimulation calculation
According to main reed number n=3, the thickness h of each main springi=7mm, i=1,2,3, the half of first main spring clamps length
Spend L1=500mm, main spring initial tangential camber HgM0=112.5mm, spring lower surface initial curvature radius R main to tailpieceM0bCarry out
Simulation calculation, i.e.,
Step B：First auxiliary spring upper surface initial curvature radius RA0aSimulation calculation
According to the half clamping length L of first auxiliary springA1=325mm, auxiliary spring initial tangential camber HgA0=21.5mm, to head
Piece auxiliary spring upper surface initial curvature radius RA0aSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
Step C：Main spring root lap equivalent thickness hMeCalculating
According to main reed number n=3, the thickness h of each main spring1=h2=h3=7mm, to main spring root lap etc.
Imitate thickness hMeCalculated, i.e.,
D steps：Progressive rate leaf spring starts contact load PkSimulation calculation：
According to the width b=63mm of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, elastic modulus E=200GPa；First main spring
Half clamps span length's degree L1=500mm, the R being calculated in step AM0b=1188.4mm, the R being calculated in step BA0a=
The h being calculated in 2467.1mm, and step CMe=10.1mm, the contact that starts to the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring carry
Lotus PkSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
(2) the full contact load p of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM=51.3N/mm, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA=173.7N/mm, and step
(1) P that simulation calculation obtains ink=1885N, to the full contact load p of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwTested
Calculate, i.e.,
(3) gradual change of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring clamps stiffness KkwPSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM=51.3N/mm, the P that simulation calculation obtains in step (1)k=1885N, step (2)
The P that middle simulation calculation obtainsw=6383N, to the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring in load p ∈ [Pk,Pw] in the range of gradually
Become and clamp stiffness KkwPSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
Using Matlab calculation procedures, the obtained high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring of simulation calculation is in load p ∈
[Pk,Pw] in the range of gradual change clamp stiffness KkwPWith the change curve of load p, as shown in figure 3, wherein, as load p=Pk=
During 1885N, KkwP=KM=51.3N/mm, as load p=PwDuring=6383N, KkwP=KMA=173.7N/mm.
(4) simulation calculation of flexibility characteristics of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring under different loads P：
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM=51.3N/mm, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA=173.7N/mm, specified load
Lotus PN=7227N, the P that simulation calculation obtains in step (1)k=1885N, the P that simulation calculation obtains in step (2)w=6383N,
In step (3) simulation calculation obtain in load p ∈ [Pk,Pw] in the range of gradual change clamp stiffness KkwP, to the high intensity level-one
Flexibility characteristics of the progressive rate leaf spring under different loads P carry out simulation calculation, i.e.,
Using Matlab calculation procedures, the load deflexion for the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring that simulation calculation obtains is special
Linearity curve, as shown in figure 4, wherein, starting contact load PkDuring=1885N, leaf spring amount of deflection fMk=36.7mm；Completely attaching to
Load pwDuring=6383N, leaf spring amount of deflection fMw=81.6mm；In rated load PNDuring=7227N, leaf spring amount of deflection fMN=86.4mm,
With matching required by leaf spring design.
Tested by model machine load deflection, the main spring amount of deflection simulation calculation value under specified load, with test result
It is close.Show the emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring provided by the present invention, be
The initial tangential camber of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring and simulating, verifying and the characteristic Simulation software development in major-minor spring gap,
Reliable technical foundation is established.Using this method can obtain high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring in the case of different loads
Leaf spring amount of deflection simulation calculation value, improve product design horizontal, quality and performance and vehicle ride performance；Meanwhile reduction is set
Meter and testing expenses, accelerate product development speed.
Claims (1)
1. the emulated computation method of the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, wherein, leaf spring uses high intensity
Steel plate, each leaf spring be with center mounting hole symmetrical structure, installation clamp away from half for U-bolts clamp away from half；
Pass through the initial tangential camber and gradual change gap of main spring and auxiliary spring, it is ensured that meet leaf spring contact load, progressive rate and be suspended in
Under gradual change load etc. offset frequency design requirement, i.e., the offset frequency type first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring such as；According to designed main spring and auxiliary spring
Structural parameters, main spring clamp rigidity and major-minor spring is compound clamp rigidity, elasticity modulus, main spring initial tangential camber and auxiliary spring at the beginning of
Beginning tangent line camber design load, carries out simulation calculation, its feature exists to the load deflexion characteristic of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring
In using simulation calculation step in detail below：
(1) the beginning contact load P of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springkSimulation calculation：
Step A：The main spring lower surface initial curvature radius R of tailpieceM0bSimulation calculation
According to main reed number n, the thickness h of each main springi, i=1,2 ... n, the half clamping length L of first main spring1, at the beginning of main spring
Beginning tangent line camber HgM0, spring lower surface initial curvature radius R main to tailpieceM0bSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
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Step B：First auxiliary spring upper surface initial curvature radius RA0aSimulation calculation
According to the half clamping length L of first auxiliary springA1, auxiliary spring initial tangential camber HgA0, to first auxiliary spring upper surface initial curvature
Radius RA0aSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
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Step C：Main spring root lap equivalent thickness hMeCalculating
According to main reed number n, the thickness h of each main springi, i=1,2 ... n, to the equivalent thickness h of main spring root lapMe
Calculated, i.e.,
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D steps：Progressive rate leaf spring starts contact load PkSimulation calculation：
According to the width b of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring, elastic modulus E；The half of first main spring clamps span length's degree L1, A steps
The R being calculated in rapidM0b, the R that is calculated in step BA0a, and the h being calculated in step CMe, to high intensity first-order gradient
The beginning contact load P of rigidity leaf springkSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
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(2) the full contact load p of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, and the P that simulation calculation obtains in step (1)k, to height
The full contact load p of intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf springwChecked, i.e.,
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(3) gradual change of high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring clamps stiffness KkwPSimulation calculation
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, simulation calculation obtains in step (1) Pk, simulation calculation obtains in step (2) Pw, it is right
High intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring is in load p ∈ [Pk,Pw] in the range of gradual change clamp stiffness KkwPSimulation calculation is carried out, i.e.,
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(4) simulation calculation of flexibility characteristics of the high intensity first-order gradient rigidity leaf spring under different loads P：
Stiffness K is clamped according to main springM, the compound clamping stiffness K of major-minor springMA, rated load PN, simulation calculation obtains in step (1)
Pk, simulation calculation obtains in step (2) Pw, simulation calculation obtains in step (3) KkwP, to high intensity first-order gradient rigidity
Flexibility characteristics of the leaf spring under different loads P carry out simulation calculation, i.e.,
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| CN105590009A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-05-18 | 周长城 | Auxiliary spring work load checking method of non end part contact type end part strengthened few-leaf main and auxiliary springs |
| CN105608300A (en) * | 2016-03-13 | 2016-05-25 | 周长城 | Design method for few parabolic type variable cross-section main spring end and auxiliary spring gaps |
| CN105653883A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-06-08 | 周长城 | Method for checking useful load of auxiliary springs of non-end contact diagonal main and auxiliary spring |
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2017
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| CN102734364A (en) * | 2012-07-17 | 2012-10-17 | 山东理工大学 | Analytical design method of camber and surface shape of automobile plate spring |
| CN105526290A (en) * | 2016-03-13 | 2016-04-27 | 周长城 | Method for designing gaps of end straight sections of diagonal few-leaf main springs and auxiliary springs |
| CN105550487A (en) * | 2016-03-13 | 2016-05-04 | 周长城 | Method for designing few-leaf oblique line type variable-section main springs in gaps between oblique line segments and auxiliary spring |
| CN105608300A (en) * | 2016-03-13 | 2016-05-25 | 周长城 | Design method for few parabolic type variable cross-section main spring end and auxiliary spring gaps |
| CN105590009A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-05-18 | 周长城 | Auxiliary spring work load checking method of non end part contact type end part strengthened few-leaf main and auxiliary springs |
| CN105653883A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-06-08 | 周长城 | Method for checking useful load of auxiliary springs of non-end contact diagonal main and auxiliary spring |
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