CN106587268B - Ceramic membrane and component thereof, contact tank, heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method - Google Patents
Ceramic membrane and component thereof, contact tank, heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106587268B CN106587268B CN201610951237.7A CN201610951237A CN106587268B CN 106587268 B CN106587268 B CN 106587268B CN 201610951237 A CN201610951237 A CN 201610951237A CN 106587268 B CN106587268 B CN 106587268B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a ceramic membrane and a component thereof, a contact tank, a heavy metal wastewater treatment system and a method, wherein the ceramic membrane is a membrane with a pore channel formed by bonding uniform nano-scale ceramic particles, the ceramic membrane component is a container which is formed by the ceramic membrane and is provided with an outlet, the contact tank comprises a tank body, a water distributor and a ceramic membrane component, the heavy metal wastewater treatment system comprises a mixing tank, a suction pump and a contact tank, the wastewater treatment method comprises the steps of mixing wastewater and alkali liquor to adjust the pH value of the wastewater, then introducing the wastewater into the contact tank, and pumping the treated wastewater out of the outlet through the suction pump after the wastewater passes through the ceramic membrane component. In the invention, when the wastewater passes through the ceramic membrane component, heavy metal hydroxide particles with larger particle size are directly intercepted by the pore channel, and particles with smaller particle size are rejected by a zeta potential electric field superposed in the pore channel, so that the aim of removing heavy metals in the wastewater is fulfilled without adding a coagulant or a flocculating agent in the wastewater treatment process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal pollutants, in particular to a ceramic membrane, a ceramic membrane module, a contact tank, a heavy metal wastewater treatment system and a heavy metal wastewater treatment method.
Background
The wastewater containing heavy metal pollutants mainly comes from the industries of mining, metallurgy, metal processing, electroplating and electronic circuit boards, and if the industrial wastewater is not treated or does not reach the standard, the industrial wastewater is directly discharged into the environment, so that serious ecological accidents are caused. Also, heavy metals may accumulate in the environment, creating potentially more serious ecological impacts.
The traditional process for treating heavy metal ions in wastewater comprises the following steps: adding alkali to adjust the pH value, converting the dissolved heavy metal ions into insoluble hydroxide particles, adding an aluminum chloride or ferric sulfate coagulant to accumulate small heavy metal hydroxide particles into large-size alum flocs, or adding a polyacrylamide flocculant to accelerate the formation of alum flocs, so that the alum flocs can be naturally precipitated and separated from water flow in a precipitation tank to achieve the aim of removing heavy metals. The process technology is simple to operate, has good effect and is widely used. For example, after the electroplating wastewater is treated, the concentration of heavy metal in the effluent can reach the standard of GB21900-2008 table 2.
However, the traditional process also has the defects of large occupied area and high capital investment; in the treatment process, a large amount of coagulant and flocculant needs to be added, the amount of the generated sludge is large, the heavy metal content of the sludge does not have recovery value due to large proportion of the coagulant, and the sludge treatment cost is high; the addition of the flocculating agent polyacrylamide also affects a reverse osmosis membrane in a subsequent wastewater recycling treatment process, so that the reverse osmosis membrane is easy to block, and has frequent back washing and short service life. In particular, as emissions standards demand increase, more stringent GB21900-2008 Table 3 standards are implemented in many places. In the traditional treatment process, a certain amount of extremely fine particles can not be naturally precipitated, so that the concentration of heavy metal in effluent can not stably reach the standard shown in Table 3, the production and management of industrial enterprises are influenced, and the safety of ecological environment is also influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a ceramic membrane, a ceramic membrane component, a contact tank, a heavy metal wastewater treatment system and a heavy metal wastewater treatment method, wherein the ceramic membrane component prepared by the ceramic membrane is added into the contact tank of the wastewater treatment system, so that a coagulant or a flocculant is not required to be added in the wastewater treatment process, the aim of removing heavy metals in wastewater can be achieved, and the treated wastewater (clear water) can reach the strict GB21900-2008 table 3 standard.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a ceramic membrane, which is a membrane with pore channels formed by bonding uniform nano-scale ceramic particles.
Preferably, the particle size range of the ceramic particles is 65-650 nm, and further 160-650 nm.
Preferably, the average diameter of the pore channel is 10 to 100nm, and further 25 to 100 nm.
Preferably, the material of the ceramic particles is metal oxide ceramic.
The invention also discloses a ceramic membrane component which is a container formed by the ceramic membrane and provided with an outlet.
The invention also discloses a contact tank, which is used for a heavy metal wastewater treatment system, wherein the heavy metal wastewater treatment system comprises a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline which are connected with the contact tank, the contact tank also comprises a tank body, a water distributor and the ceramic membrane component, wherein:
the tank body is provided with a water inlet, a water outlet and a sewage outlet, the water distributor is arranged at the position close to the bottom of the tank body relative to the ceramic membrane component, and the ceramic membrane component is arranged above the water distributor;
the water inlet pipeline extends to the water distributor through the water inlet, the water outlet pipeline is connected with the outlet of the ceramic membrane component through the water outlet, the sewage discharge outlet is formed in the bottom of the tank body, the water distributor uniformly distributes the waste water to enable the waste water to flow upwards, and the waste water is discharged to the water outlet pipeline from the outlet of the ceramic membrane component after being filtered on the surface of the ceramic membrane component.
Preferably, the bottom surface of the tank body is in a slope shape, and the sewage draining outlet is formed at the bottom end of the slope.
The invention also discloses a heavy metal wastewater treatment system which comprises a mixing tank and a suction pump, wherein the mixing tank is used for mixing wastewater and alkali liquor to adjust the pH value of the wastewater, the heavy metal wastewater treatment system also comprises the contact tank, and a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline which are connected with the contact tank, the mixing tank is connected with the contact tank through the water inlet pipeline, and the contact tank is connected with the suction pump through the water outlet pipeline.
The invention also discloses a heavy metal wastewater treatment method, which is used for treating wastewater by using the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and comprises the following steps:
s1: mixing the wastewater and the alkali liquor in the mixing tank to adjust the pH value of the wastewater to 9.5-10.5;
s2: introducing the wastewater with the adjusted pH value into the contact tank through the water inlet pipeline;
s3: and the suction pump pumps the treated wastewater out of the outlet of the ceramic membrane module through the water outlet pipeline.
Preferably, in step S2, the rising rate of the water flow of the wastewater after pH adjustment in the contact tank is 0.07m/min, and the rate of the wastewater passing through the surface of the ceramic membrane module is 0.04 m/h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention discloses a membrane with pore channels formed by bonding uniform nano-scale ceramic particles, which can realize superposition of zeta potential of a ceramic interface to form an electric field with higher strength and can repel and intercept tiny particles containing heavy metals, so that the heavy metals can be removed in a more efficient way when waste water passes through the ceramic membrane compared with a traditional treatment technical method. The ceramic membrane module formed by the ceramic membrane enables the wastewater to pass through the ceramic membrane in a closed environment, and the treated wastewater is discharged from an outlet of the ceramic membrane module to obtain clean effluent; when the wastewater passes through the ceramic membrane, the heavy metal hydroxide is directly intercepted by the pore channels or is repelled by zeta potential electric fields in the pore channels, so that the heavy metals are separated from the water. The trapped or repelled heavy metal hydroxide particles gradually accumulate, form a precipitate through self-coagulation, form a sludge layer at the bottom of the contact tank, and are discharged from the sewage outlet through self-creeping. In the heavy metal wastewater treatment method, clear water meeting the GB21900-2008 table 3 standard can be obtained only by adjusting the pH value of the wastewater and then passing through the contact tank without adding a coagulant or a flocculant, so that the cost of a medicament is saved, the weight of sludge is reduced, and the adverse effect of polyacrylamide on a subsequent reverse osmosis membrane is avoided. The weight of the sludge produced by the heavy metal wastewater treatment method is reduced by more than 50% compared with the weight of the sludge produced by the traditional process, the content of the heavy metal in the discharged sludge reaches more than 5%, the sludge reaches the level required by heavy metal recovery, and the sludge can be directly smelted to recover heavy metal resources, so that the cost for sludge treatment and disposal is saved, and secondary pollution possibly caused by the sludge is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heavy metal wastewater treatment system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments.
One embodiment of the present invention discloses a ceramic membrane, which is a membrane with pore channels formed by bonding uniform nano-scale ceramic particles. In some embodiments, the ceramic particles are made of metal oxide ceramic, and the particle size of the ceramic particles is 65 to 650nm (further 160 to 650 nm); the average diameter of the pore channel is 10 to 100nm (further 25 to 100 nm). In water flow, zeta potential double electric layers distributed in the nanoscale pore channels are superposed, and the electric field intensity is 20-50 mV.
In another embodiment of the invention, a ceramic membrane module is provided, which is a container formed by the ceramic membrane and provided with an outlet. In some embodiments, the ceramic membrane module is in the shape of a tube or a plate. Heavy metal hydroxide particles which have the particle size of more than 100nm and cannot be naturally precipitated can be directly intercepted when passing through the ceramic membrane component, so that the heavy metals in the heavy metal hydroxide particles can be removed; for heavy metal hydroxide particles with the particle size of less than 100nm, the heavy metal hydroxide particles can theoretically pass through the nanoscale pore channels, but the zeta potential double electric layers of the nanoscale pore channels of the invention are superposed with an electric field, and the electric field can repel the nanoscale heavy metal particles and prevent the nanoscale heavy metal particles from passing through, so that the heavy metal hydroxide particles with the particle size of less than 100nm are also removed, and the concentration of heavy metal contained in the treated wastewater (clear water) can be ensured to stably reach the strict GB21900-2008 table 3 standard.
Another embodiment of the present invention discloses a contact tank for a heavy metal wastewater treatment system, wherein the heavy metal wastewater treatment system comprises a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline connected with the contact tank, the contact tank further comprises a tank body, a water distributor and the above ceramic membrane module, wherein: the tank body is provided with a water inlet, a water outlet and a sewage outlet, the water distributor is arranged at the position close to the bottom of the tank body relative to the ceramic membrane component, and the ceramic membrane component is arranged above the water distributor; the water inlet pipeline extends to the water distributor through the water inlet, the water outlet pipeline is connected with the outlet of the ceramic membrane component through the water outlet, the sewage discharge outlet is formed in the bottom of the tank body, the water distributor uniformly distributes the waste water to enable the waste water to flow upwards, and the waste water is discharged to the water outlet pipeline from the outlet of the ceramic membrane component after being filtered on the surface of the ceramic membrane component. In some embodiments, the bottom surface of the tank body is in a slope shape, and the sewage draining outlet is arranged at the bottom end of the slope.
The invention further discloses a heavy metal wastewater treatment system which comprises a mixing tank and a suction pump, wherein the mixing tank is used for mixing wastewater and alkali liquor to adjust the pH value of the wastewater, the wastewater treatment system also comprises the contact tank, and a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline which are connected with the contact tank, the mixing tank and the contact tank are connected through the water inlet pipeline, and the contact tank and the suction pump are connected through the water outlet pipeline.
The invention also discloses a heavy metal wastewater treatment method, which is used for treating wastewater by using the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and comprises the following steps: s1: mixing the wastewater and the alkali liquor in the mixing tank to adjust the pH value of the wastewater to 9.5-10.5; s2: introducing the wastewater with the adjusted pH value into the contact tank through the water inlet pipeline; s3: and the suction pump pumps the treated wastewater out of the outlet of the ceramic membrane module through the water outlet pipeline.
In some embodiments, in step S2, the rising rate of the water flow of the wastewater after pH adjustment in the contact tank is 0.07m/min, and the velocity of the wastewater passing through the surface of the ceramic membrane module is 0.04 m/h. The total treatment time of the wastewater in the contact tank is about 0.5 hour which is far less than 2 hours required by the traditional sedimentation tank, and the floor area of treatment facilities can be saved by 75 percent.
The working principle of the wastewater treatment method is that the wastewater with the adjusted pH value permeates the ceramic membrane from the outer side of the ceramic membrane module and is collected into the ceramic membrane module under the negative pressure action of the suction pump, and then enters the suction pump from the outlet of the ceramic membrane module; in the process of pumping the wastewater into the ceramic membrane component, the heavy metal hydroxide particles with larger particle sizes are directly intercepted by the pore channels, and the particles with smaller particle sizes are rejected by zeta potential electric fields superposed in the pore channels, so that the aim of removing the heavy metals in the wastewater is fulfilled without adding a coagulant or a flocculating agent in the wastewater treatment process. (more vividly described, the ceramic membrane is just like a pipeline-shaped or flat cloth bag, the cloth bag is provided with only one opening, wastewater penetrates through the cloth bag from the outside under the negative pressure action of a suction pump and is collected into the cloth bag, then the opening of the cloth bag enters the suction pump, and impurities such as heavy metal particles are directly intercepted by a pore channel or are repelled by a zeta potential electric field in the pore channel and cannot penetrate through the cloth bag and enter the inside of the cloth bag, so that the effect of separating heavy metals from water is achieved.)
In the heavy metal wastewater treatment method, the wastewater containing heavy metal ions only needs to be subjected to pH value adjustment to form hydroxide particles, and any coagulant or flocculant is not required to be added, so that the medicament cost is saved, the weight of sludge is reduced, and the adverse effect of polyacrylamide addition on a subsequent reverse osmosis membrane can be avoided.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heavy metal wastewater treatment system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The method comprises the following steps of enabling waste water 1 containing heavy metal ions to enter a mixing tank 2 through a first pipeline 14, enabling alkali liquor 15 to enter the mixing tank 2 through a metering pump 16 and a second pipeline 17, enabling the waste water 1 and the alkali liquor 15 to be fully mixed in the mixing tank 2 through a stirrer 3, adjusting the pH value of the waste water 1 to be in a range of 9.5-10.5, enabling the ionic heavy metals in the waste water 1 to be converted into a granular hydroxide form, and not needing to add coagulants, flocculating agents and other agents.
The wastewater with the adjusted pH value from the mixing tank 2 enters a tank body 6 of a contact tank through a water inlet pipeline 4, the contact tank comprises the tank body 6, a water distributor 5 and a ceramic membrane component 7, the tank body 6 is provided with a water inlet, a water outlet and a sewage discharge outlet, the water distributor 5 is arranged at the position close to the bottom of the tank body 6, the ceramic membrane component 7 is arranged above the water distributor 7, the water inlet pipeline 4 leads the wastewater with the adjusted pH value to the water distributor 5 through the water inlet, the water distributor 5 distributes the wastewater uniformly to enable the wastewater to flow upwards, the wastewater enters the ceramic membrane component 7 through the surface of the ceramic membrane component 7, under the action of the suction pump 9, negative pressure is formed, so that the treated wastewater (clean water) in the ceramic membrane module 7 is pumped out from the outlet of the ceramic membrane module 7 through the water outlet pipeline 8, and the treated wastewater (clean water) enters the clean water tank 11 through the third pipeline 10. The clear water obtained by the heavy metal wastewater treatment system provided by the embodiment of the invention can enter the water environment through the fourth pipeline 12 after the pH value is adjusted, or enter the subsequent advanced treatment process and enter the water recycling process.
The ceramic membrane module 7 in this embodiment is a container formed by ceramic membranes and provided with an outlet, and the ceramic membranes are formed by bonding uniform nano-scale ceramic particles to form a membrane with a pore channel, wherein the ceramic particles are made of metal oxide ceramics, the particle size of the ceramic particles is 65-650 nm (further 160-650 nm), and the average diameter of the formed pore channel is 10-100 nm (further 25-100 nm). In a tank body 6 of the contact tank, heavy metal hydroxide particles with larger particle sizes are directly intercepted by pore channels of the ceramic membrane component 7, while heavy metal hydroxide particles with smaller particle sizes (smaller than the diameter of the pore channels) are repelled by zeta potential electric fields superposed in the pore channels and intercepted. The intercepted heavy metal hydroxide particles gradually self-flocculate into large particles to be vitrified and then precipitate to the slope at the bottom of the tank body 6, automatically creep to the drain outlet 13 and are discharged out of the tank body 6 at regular intervals. As no coagulant or flocculant is added, the formed sludge is mainly from heavy metal hydroxides, so that the content of heavy metal can reach more than 5 percent, and the sludge can be directly smelted, thereby not only recovering heavy metal resources, but also saving the sludge treatment cost.
The following tests are conducted on the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, so as to further illustrate the effect of the heavy metal wastewater treatment system.
Test 1: the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and the heavy metal wastewater treatment method are tested for the treatment effect of wastewater containing chromium (Cr, calculated by total Cr), the total Cr concentration in the wastewater is 32.47, 35.88, 17.25, 38.01, 16.38, 12.25, 74.65, 22.78, 15.69, 25.95, 14.43 and 46.15mg/L, and the average inlet water concentration is 29.32 mg/L; after the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and the heavy metal wastewater treatment method are used for treating the heavy metal wastewater, the total Cr concentration of effluent reaches 0.25, 0.39, 0.41, 0.44, 0.30, 0.08, 0.05, 0.27, 0.23, 0.25, 0.24 and 0.22mg/L respectively, the average concentration of the effluent is 0.22mg/L, and the average removal efficiency is 99.25%. The limit for total Cr in Table 2 of the national GB21900-2008 is 1mg/L, while the more stringent limit for total Cr in Table 3 is 0.5 mg/L. Comparison shows that the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method can ensure that the total Cr concentration of the effluent can stably reach the strict requirements in the table 3.
And (3) testing 2: the treatment effect of the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method of the invention on copper (Cu) -containing wastewater is tested, the Cu concentration in the wastewater is 4.58, 8.35, 77.62, 82.90, 2.42, 5.60, 39.18, 6.90, 19.00, 36.60, 10.70 and 4.35mg/L, and the average inlet water concentration is 24.85 mg/L; after the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and the heavy metal wastewater treatment method are used for treating the heavy metal wastewater, the concentrations of Cu in the effluent respectively reach 0.0, 0.12, 0.24, 0.04, 0.0, 0.13, 0.01, 0.25, 0.23 and 0.03mg/L, the average concentration of the effluent is 0.09mg/L, and the average removal efficiency is 99.64 percent. The limit for Cu in Table 2 of national GB21900-2008 is 0.5mg/L, while the more stringent limit for Cu in Table 3 is 0.3 mg/L. Comparison shows that the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method can ensure that the concentration of Cu in the effluent can stably reach the strict requirements in the table 3.
And (3) testing: the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and the heavy metal wastewater treatment method have the advantages that the treatment effect on the wastewater containing nickel (Ni) is tested, the Ni concentration in the wastewater is 7.32, 99.35, 19.45, 4.88, 0.65, 2.75, 4.00, 5.20, 2.40, 2.85, 5.05 and 7.05mg/L, and the average inlet water concentration is 13.41 mg/L; after the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and the heavy metal wastewater treatment method are used for treating the heavy metal wastewater, the concentration of Ni in effluent respectively reaches 0.028, 0.026, 0.015, 0.053, 0.0, 0.008, 0.026, 0.023, 0.021, 0.064, 0.089 and 0.10mg/L, the average concentration of the effluent is 0.038mg/L, and the average removal efficiency is 99.72%. The limit for Ni in Table 2 of the national GB21900-2008 is 0.5mg/L, while the more stringent limit for Ni in Table 3 is 0.1 mg/L. Comparison shows that the heavy metal wastewater treatment system and method can ensure that the concentration of Ni in the effluent can stably reach the strict requirements in Table 3.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, several equivalent substitutions or obvious modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all the properties or uses are considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A heavy metal wastewater treatment system comprises a mixing tank and a suction pump, wherein the mixing tank is used for mixing wastewater and alkali liquor to adjust the pH value of the wastewater, and is characterized by further comprising a contact tank, a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline, the water inlet pipeline and the water outlet pipeline are connected with the contact tank, the mixing tank is connected with the contact tank through the water inlet pipeline, and the contact tank is connected with the suction pump through the water outlet pipeline;
the contact tank consists of a tank body, a water distributor and a ceramic membrane component, wherein:
the ceramic membrane component is a container which is formed by ceramic membranes and is provided with an outlet, the ceramic membranes are membranes which are formed by metal oxide ceramic particles with uniform particle size range of 65-650 nm and have pore channels with average diameter of 10-100 nm, so that zeta potential of ceramic interfaces of the ceramic membranes is superposed to form an electric field;
the tank body is provided with a water inlet, a water outlet and a sewage outlet, the water distributor is arranged at the position close to the bottom of the tank body relative to the ceramic membrane component, and the ceramic membrane component is arranged above the water distributor;
the water inlet pipeline extends to the water distributor through the water inlet, the water outlet pipeline is connected with the outlet of the ceramic membrane component through the water outlet, the sewage discharge outlet is formed in the bottom of the tank body, the water distributor uniformly distributes the waste water to enable the waste water to flow upwards, and the waste water is discharged to the water outlet pipeline from the outlet of the ceramic membrane component after being filtered on the surface of the ceramic membrane component.
2. The heavy metal wastewater treatment system of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the tank body is in a slope shape, and the sewage discharge port is arranged at the bottom end of the slope.
3. A heavy metal wastewater treatment method, which is characterized in that the heavy metal wastewater treatment system of claim 1 is used for wastewater treatment, and comprises the following steps:
s1: mixing the wastewater and the alkali liquor in the mixing tank to adjust the pH value of the wastewater to 9.5-10.5;
s2: introducing the wastewater with the adjusted pH value into the contact tank through the water inlet pipeline;
s3: and the suction pump pumps the treated wastewater out of the outlet of the ceramic membrane module through the water outlet pipeline.
4. The heavy metal wastewater treatment method according to claim 3, wherein in step S2, the rising rate of the water flow of the wastewater after pH adjustment in the contact tank is 0.07m/min, and the rate of the wastewater passing through the surface of the ceramic membrane module is 0.04 m/h.
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