CN106567805A - 控制风力设备的方法 - Google Patents

控制风力设备的方法 Download PDF

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CN106567805A
CN106567805A CN201611035798.9A CN201611035798A CN106567805A CN 106567805 A CN106567805 A CN 106567805A CN 201611035798 A CN201611035798 A CN 201611035798A CN 106567805 A CN106567805 A CN 106567805A
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converter
wind power
generator
power installation
electrical network
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K·安德森
P·埃格达尔
T·约尔特
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/48—Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0264—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor for stopping; controlling in emergency situations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0272—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor by measures acting on the electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0292—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power to reduce fatigue
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/50—Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/10—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/90—Braking
    • F05B2260/903—Braking using electrical or magnetic forces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/107—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies
    • F05B2270/1071—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies in particular sudden load loss
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
    • H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种控制风力设备的方法。风力设备包括发电机和转换器。发电机可操作以将风力转换为电力且从发电机提供电力到转换器。转换器可操作以匹配且提供电力到电网。转换器可操作以在电网故障期间遵从预定的电网准则要求。根据本发明，在电网故障期间存在于风力设备中的电力的量被供给到发电机中。发电机可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为发电机损耗。

Description

控制风力设备的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种控制风力设备的方法。风力设备包括发电机和转换器。发电机可操作以将风力转换为电力且从发电机提供电力到转换器。转换器可操作以匹配且提供电力到电网。转换器可操作以在电网故障期间遵从预定的电网准则要求。
背景技术
风力设备，如风力涡轮机或风力发电站，必须遵从给定的和规定的电网准则，所述电网准则规定了在给定状态下风力设备的行为。这些电网准则根据给定国家的给定电网的容量而被规定。因此，已知的电网准则在不同国家可能是不同的。
电网频率对于给定的电网是计划好的且固定的。该频率受电力装置供给到电网中的有功功率的量以及被消耗而由此从电网提出的有功功率的量影响。该平衡的变动导致电网频率变化。在给定容限带之外的电网频率变化被认为是电网故障。
给定的电网准则规定了对于这种情形风力设备必须减少供给的有功功率以抵消电网频率的上升或者风力设备必须增加供给的有功功率以抵消电网频率的下降。
对于给定电网而言是计划好且固定的电网电压受无功功率的影响。无功功率被给定且受电力装置的部件及其技术行为影响，且其也受连接到电网的用户影响。
低于给定容限的电网电压变化被认为是电网故障。给定的电网准则规定了对于这种情形风力设备必须至少增加无功功率以抵消电网电压的下降。
因此，电网准则解决了风力设备在规定的电网故障情况下的行为。电网故障机能分别被称作例如“频率穿越，FRT”或“低电压穿越，LVRT”。
电网准则旨在用于电网故障期间风力设备的特定且已知的性能。如果可能的话，它们应保持与电网连接而不是断开连接，因此确保了风力设备基于电网稳定性的更快速的电网故障响应。
如果风力涡轮机被暴露于电网故障的后果，作用在风力涡轮机的旋转部分(转子、毂、轴、发电机)上的负载状况是下降的。这样导致更高的速度和更高的振动，因为作用在部件上的负载发生变化。该旋转动能在电网故障期间出现在风力设备中且需要以特殊的方式处理以避免部件的损害。
如果风力涡轮机是所谓的“直接驱动”风力涡轮机(这样没有与发电机连接的齿轮箱)，负载变化将会在风力涡轮机的旋转叶片处体现最明显。负载变化将导致一种“鞭绳”的效应，其在叶片上产生高应变，从而造成过度磨损和损坏。
在风力设备的转换器中采用阻性负载以减小电力是已知的，其在故障期间存在于风力设备中。
因此，冗余的电力将不会损坏风力涡轮机转换器或其他部件。
甚至在风力设备中采用所谓“备用负载(dumpload)”电阻也是已知的。它们被用于将多余的电力转换为热。由于电阻的功能，它们表现出可观的尺寸、重量和价格。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种改善的控制方法，以管理作用在风力设备上的电网故障的后果。
该目的由权利要求1的特征所解决。优选的实施例由从属权利要求处理。
本发明涉及一种用于控制风力设备的方法。该风力设备包括发电机和转换器。发电机可操作以将风力转换为电力且从发电机提供电力到转换器。转换器可操作以匹配且提供电力到电网。转换器可操作以在电网故障期间遵从预定的电网准则要求。根据本发明，在电网故障期间存在于风力设备中的电力的量被供给(返回)到发电机中。发电机可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为发电机中的损耗。
在优选构造中，发电机可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为热损耗。这样，电力可最终注入线圈且注入发电机铁芯中。这样，所注入的电力通过线圈中的电阻损耗被转换为热并且在发电机铁芯中被转换为铁损，从而导致发电机中的热能损耗。
在优选构造中，发电机可操作将相应的电力的量转换为磁损耗。
这样，电力可能被用于增加发电机内的磁场。这样，所注入的电力被转换为增加的磁通密度，从而导致发电机损耗。
在优选构造中，转换器控制在电网故障期间存在于风力设备中的电力的分布和转换。
在优选构造中，转换器在故障期间保持与电网连接。其甚至可在故障期间从电网断开连接，这取决于相应的电网准则要求。
在优选构造中，电网故障导致作用在发电机的旋转部分上的负载减少。负载减少导致发电机的转数增加。
在优选构造中，在电网故障期间存在于风力设备中的电力的另外的量被以并行的方式供给到风力设备的另一部件中。该部件也可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为损耗。
在优选构造中，风力设备中的液压泵和/或偏航系统和/或变桨系统被用作转换部件。
在优选构造中，风力设备的转换器执行第一控制策略，该第一控制策略被用于控制在电网故障期间被供给到电网中用于电网支持目的的有功功率的量。风力设备的转换器执行第二控制策略，该第二控制策略被用于控制在电网故障期间被供给到电网中用于电网支持目的的无功功率的量。最终，风力设备的转换器执行第三控制策略，该第三控制策略被用于控制电力到相应损耗的转换。
在优选构造中，风力设备是风力涡轮机或风力发电站。
本发明导致了特定的损耗管理，其可在风力设备或风力涡轮机的运行功率的20-100％的范围内。
所发明的方法导致机械负载变化的有限的范围，该机械负载变化在例如“频率穿越，FRT”或“低电压穿越，LVRT”期间需要被处理。
所发明的方法导致积极地抑制负载振荡。
所发明的方法允许容量的减少或甚至允许完全避免使用直流链制动电阻器(DClink brake-resistor)，其例如位于风力涡轮机的转换器中。
所发明的方法导致负载的减少，其甚至作用在风力涡轮机的转子上。这样，其寿命增加，这进而允许降低风力涡轮机的结构强度的要求。
所发明的方法导致了负载控制器，其提供例如风力涡轮机的主转子的负载计划，即使电网被断开连接或者严重的故障引起风力设备的负载处的电网的冲击减小。
所发明的方法导致受控的振荡作用在风力涡轮机的机械系统的部件上而不会影响主要功能。
附图说明
本发明在图1的帮助下被更详细地描述。
图1示出了本发明的优选实施例。
该附图仅作为示例且并不限制本发明的范围。
具体实施方式
风力设备WPI包括发电机GEN和转换器CON。
发电机GEN可操作以将风力WP转换为电力PEL。来自发电机GEN的电力PEL被提供到转换器CON。
转换器CON可操作以匹配且提供电力PEL到电网GRD。
转换器CON可操作以在可能发生在电网GRD处的电网故障GF期间遵从预定的电网准则要求。
根据本发明，在电网故障GF期间存在于风力设备中的电力的量APEL被供给返回到发电机GEN中。
发电机GEN可操作以将相应的电力的量APEL转换为发电机GEN中的热损耗GL。

Claims (8)

1.一种控制风力设备的方法，
-所述风力设备包括发电机和转换器，
-其中，所述发电机可操作以将风力转换为电力且提供电力到所述转换器。
-其中，所述转换器可操作以匹配且提供电力到电网，
-其中，所述转换器可操作以在电网故障期间遵从预定的电网准则要求，
-其特征在于
-在电网故障期间存在于所述风力设备中的电力的量被供给到所述发电机中，并且
-其中，所述发电机可操作以将的相应的电力的量转换为所述发电机中的损耗。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述发电机可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为热损耗。
3.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，其中，所述转换器控制在所述电网故障期间存在于所述风力设备中的电力的分布和转换。
4.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，
-其中，所述转换器在故障期间保持与所述电网连接，或
-其中，所述转换器在故障期间与所述电网断开连接。
5.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，
-其中，在电网故障期间存在于所述风力设备中的电力的量还被供给到所述风力设备的另一部件中，并且
-其中，所述部件可操作以将相应的电力的量转换为热损耗。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，所述风力设备的液压泵和/或偏航系统和/或变桨系统被用作转换部件。
7.根据权利要求3所述的方法，
-其中，所述风力设备的所述转换器执行第一控制策略，所述第一控制策略被用于控制在所述电网故障期间被供给到所述电网中用于电网支持目的的有功功率的量，
-其中，所述风力设备的所述转换器执行第二控制策略，所述第二控制策略被用于控制在所述电网故障期间被供给到所述电网中用于电网支持目的的无功功率的量，并且
-其中，所述风力设备的所述转换器执行第三控制策略，所述第三控制策略被用于控制电力到相应损耗的转换。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述风力设备是风力涡轮机或风力发电站。
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