CN106558693A - It is a kind of based on the aluminium ion battery and preparation method thereof containing iodine positive pole - Google Patents
It is a kind of based on the aluminium ion battery and preparation method thereof containing iodine positive pole Download PDFInfo
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- CN106558693A CN106558693A CN201610972497.2A CN201610972497A CN106558693A CN 106558693 A CN106558693 A CN 106558693A CN 201610972497 A CN201610972497 A CN 201610972497A CN 106558693 A CN106558693 A CN 106558693A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
- H01M4/602—Polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of based on aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole and preparation method thereof, the battery bag contains positive pole, negative pole, ionic liquid base electrolyte, barrier film, described just extremely iodine substance, negative pole is high-purity aluminum foil, and ionic liquid base electrolyte is mixed by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1 ethyl, 3 methylimidazolium chloride.Reversible chemical reaction can occur in the aluminium ion battery, it is essentially different with there is the reversible embedded aluminium ion battery with abjection type in positive electrode interlayer using aluminium ion, used in battery positive electrode is simple and easy to get, implement by only needing conventional equipment so that the aluminium ion battery can be widely used for all kinds of energy devices.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to secondary cell and its preparation field, are related to the technology of preparing of aluminium ion battery, it is more particularly to a kind of
Based on aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole and preparation method thereof, the battery is reversible based on aluminium ion and positive active material generation
The secondary ion battery of chemical reaction.
Background technology
As the mankind are increasingly dependent on the various equipment of driven by energy, the rapid reduction of Fossil fuel and increasingly serious
Environmental problem, people increasingly pay attention to the exploitation of energy stores and conversion system, and sight is locked lithium ion battery by most people,
Although lithium battery large-scale commercial application a very long time, the energy density of lithium ion battery, power density
It need to be improved etc. performance, at present, develops in terms of the electrokinetic cell of electric automobile, however, the limitation of lithium resource hinders
Its large-scale application, safety issue limits the further development of lithium ion battery, rises in by the end of August, 2016, Samsung Note7
There is nearly 40 explosion accidents in the whole world, the concern of cell safety problem re-initiation people, development resource are enriched, with low cost
Novel rechargeable battery system, with larger realistic meaning.
Compared with lithium, aluminum is the most abundant metallic element of content in the earth's crust, and low cost is cheap, in electrochemistry charge and discharge
In electricity reaction, the electron number of transfer is 3, and compared with the lithium ion of single electron, the theoretical specific capacity of aluminum reaches 2980mAh/g,
Second being occupied in all of metallic element, being only second to lithium (3870mAh/g), its volume and capacity ratio is 8050mAh/cm3, it is current
Highest in all metal electrode materials, as cell negative electrode material, with other unrivaled advantages of metal negative electrode material.
On April 6th, 2015, Nature have delivered paper " An of the Dai Hongjie team of Stanford University with regard to aluminium ion battery
Ultrafast rechargeablealuminium-ion battery " team grapheme foam is used as aluminium ion battery
Positive electrode, its charging/discharging voltage platform is higher, is close to 2V, and cycle performance is excellent, cycle-index up to 7500 times, battery tool
There are the characteristic and overlength cycle life of fast charging and discharging. however, its actual specific capacity is relatively low, only 70mAh/g, also, graphite
The preparation process of alkene foam is comparatively laborious, and general laboratory can not meet, and its industrialization is even more a relatively difficult thing
Feelings.
Chinese patent CN104701541A discloses a kind of WS2Do aluminium ion battery of positive pole and preparation method thereof, battery
Using WS2Layered Structural Positive Electrode Materials show stable cycle performance, and electrochemical window is wider, battery uses temperature range
It is wider, but its specific discharge capacity is too low, and initial discharge specific capacity is the highest specific capacity in cyclic process, and only 20mAh/g.
Chinese patent CN105449271A discloses the aluminium ion secondary cell and its preparation technology that a kind of CuS is positive pole,
CuS is readily synthesized, low cost, nontoxic, and using CuS materials, its first discharge specific capacity is up to 275mAh/g, discharge platform
Up to 1.5V, but whole battery system capacity attenuation is serious, and after 16 circulations, capacity attenuation is 160mAh/g, and capacity is possessed
Rate is only 57%.
For the research of room temperature aluminum secondary battery positive electrode, great majority are the research of the material based on layer structure, profit
Aluminium ion is caused in the reversible embedded and abjection of interlayer with its layer structure, but as multivalence aluminium ion is in intercalation/deintercalation
Kinetics are poor so that reversible discharge and recharge becomes relatively difficult.Therefore, research and development are based on the aluminium ion electricity that reversible chemical reaction occurs
Pond, the commercial applications tool to realizing aluminium ion battery are of great significance.
The content of the invention
Present invention aims to deficiency of the prior art, there is provided a kind of based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole
And preparation method thereof, the battery realizes aluminium ion battery using the novel anode material that reversible chemical reaction occurs with aluminium ion
High power capacity discharge and recharge, the preparation process of positive electrode is simple, only need conventional equipment can enforcement, it is raw materials used cheap and easy to get.
Technical scheme：For achieving the above object, the present invention provides technical scheme below：
It is a kind of based on containing iodine positive pole aluminium ion battery, comprising positive pole, negative pole, ionic liquid base electrolyte, barrier film, its
In, described just extremely iodine substance, negative pole is high-purity aluminum foil, ionic liquid base electrolyte by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1- ethyls-
3- methylimidazolium chlorides are mixed.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazoles in described ionic liquid base electrolyte
Muriatic molar ratio is 1：1-10：1.
Active substance in positive pole contains iodine, and piece method is rolled in positive pole employing or load method is prepared from.
The described positive pole for rolling the acquisition of piece method, its raw material containing iodine used is povidon iodine (PVPI), iodoform
(CHI3), the one kind in poly N-vinyl carbazole, raw material containing iodine used by positive pole prepared by described load method is all kinds of povidone iodine.
Described povidone iodine be povidon iodine, polyglycol iodine, NPE iodine, polyalcohol ether iodine,
One or more in chlorhexidinium iodine.
Povidon iodine (PVPI) described above is brownish red or yellowish-brown powder, and wherein content of iodine is 9%-
12%, preferably, content of iodine is 10%.
Positive electrode is prepared using piece method is rolled, following steps are specifically included：
(1) positive active material, conductive material, binding agent are weighed respectively；Described positive active material is polyethylene pyrrole
Pyrrolidone iodine (PVPI), iodoform (CHI3), the one kind in poly N-vinyl carbazole；Described conductive material is super-P, acetylene
One or more in black, Li Qinhei, described binding agent are politef, (PTFE) or the high molecular derivatives with carboxyl
Thing, the described polymeric derivative with carboxyl are sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Kynoar (PVDF) or butylbenzene rubber
Glue (SBR)；
(2) by the positive active material for weighing and the mode mix homogeneously of conductive material grinding or ball milling；
(3) on the basis of step (2), the binding agent for weighing is added, is ground repeatedly, three is sufficiently mixed uniformly, obtain
To flaky material；
(4) by the flaky material obtained by step (3), tabletting is carried out with oodle maker, make pole piece；
(5) above-mentioned pole piece is used to be assembled into aluminium ion battery as positive electrode.
In such scheme, by weight, positive active material consumption is 50-80 parts, and conductive material consumption is 10-20
Part, consumption of binder is 10-25 parts.
In above-mentioned aluminium ion battery, existing with water proof type carbon paper, thickness are additionally provided between positive electrode between barrier film
Between 0.1-0.3mm.
Described barrier film is using the glass fibers with ion by property, not good with both positive and negative polarity reaction, electrochemical stability
Dimension material.
The negative pole aluminium foil need to be polished with sand paper, remove the passivation layer on surface, make surface become smooth.
Positive electrode, including following preparation process are prepared using load method：
(1) prepare the povidone iodine of aimed concn, targeted species.
(2) quality of carbon cloth being weighed, and carbon cloth being soaked with above-mentioned povidone iodine, soak time is 0.5h-48h.
(3) weighed by the carbon cloth drying after immersion or after being drained with the transitional storehouse of glove box again, positive electrode is obtained.
Ready positive electrode, negative pole aluminium foil, ionic liquid base electrolyte, diaphragm material, battery case etc. are assembled into into aluminium ion electricity
Pond.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：The present invention uses iodine substance as positive electrode, and high-purity aluminum foil is used as negative pole, ion
Liquid as electrolyte, constitute it is a kind of based on the aluminium ion battery that reversible chemical reaction occurs, with using aluminium ion in positive pole
The reversible embedded aluminium ion battery with abjection and be essentially different in material interlayer, the letter of used in battery positive electrode material there is
Singly it is easy to get, implements by only needing conventional equipment, and battery performance is excellent, especially povidon iodine (PVPI) positive pole material
Material shows higher specific capacity in lasting charge-discharge test, and discharge capacity is close to 1/3rd of theoretical capacity first,
Also, as the carrying out of circulation, activation process complete, specific discharge capacity increased, see accompanying drawing 2, by adjusting voltage model
Enclose the method for being activated so that specific discharge capacity is up to 194.8mAh/g, coulombic efficiency is maintained at 75% or so, see attached
Fig. 3.Therefore, can be used in following development respectively based on the aluminium ion battery that reversible chemical reaction occurs designed by the present invention
Plant energy device.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the cyclic voltammetry curve of aluminium ion battery prepared by embodiment 1；
Fig. 2 is the circle charge-discharge test curve of aluminium ion battery the 4th, 9,14 prepared by embodiment 2；
Fig. 3 is the cycle performance curve of aluminium ion battery prepared by embodiment 3.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in more detail, it will be appreciated that concrete reality described herein
Example is used only for explaining the present invention that protection scope of the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
Embodiment 1
Positive active material is PVPI, and conductive material is Li Qinhei, and binding agent is politef (PTFE), is first weighed
0.5gPVPI, 0.2g conductive material is added in ball grinder, ball grinder is put in high-performance ball mill, in 600r/min rotating speeds
Lower ball milling 2h, the good mixture of ball milling is put into inside mortar, weighs the politef (PTFE) of 0.25g, is ground
Process, finally, which is cut off from centre with shears into an entirety by lamellar block pestle not of uniform size with pestle, by 2 parts
It is individually placed on oodle maker, carry out compressing tablet process, then, puts on a glass, carry out rolling piece with Glass rod, until its thickness exists
0.1mm or so, is cut into sizeable with shears, the positive electrode as battery.Negative pole is using 0.03mm thickness
High-purity aluminum foil, after being cut into slices with the punching pin of a diameter of 13mm, is carried out being used as negative material after grinding process with fine sandpaper.Ion
The electrolyte of liquid base is by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazoles chloride according to mol ratio 1.5：1 mixes.With
Glass fiber filter paper (GF/D, Whatman) is barrier film.After material required for being ready to, battery is assembled in glove box, it is quiet
Only after half an hour, volt-ampere test (CV) is circulated with 1470E type electrochemical workstations, scanning voltage scope is 0.5-
1.25V, sweep speed are 0.1mV/s, by cyclic voltammetry, it is determined that the electrode material charging/discharging voltage scope is 0.6-
1.1V, is shown in accompanying drawing 1.
Embodiment 2
Positive active material is PVPI, and conductive material is Super-P, and binding agent is politef (PTFE), is first weighed
0.5gPVPI, 0.2g conductive material Super-P, is added in ball grinder, and ball grinder is put in high-performance ball mill,
Ball milling 2h under 600r/min rotating speeds, the good mixture of ball milling is put into inside mortar, the politef of 0.25g is weighed
(PTFE), be ground process, finally with pestle by lamellar block pestle not of uniform size into an entirety, with shears by which therefrom
Between cut off, 2 parts are individually placed to compressing tablet process are carried out on oodle maker, then, are put on a glass, is rolled with Glass rod
Piece, until its thickness, in 0.1mm or so, is cut into sizeable with shears, the positive electrode as battery.Negative pole
Using the thick high-purity aluminum foils of 0.03mm, after being cut into slices with the punching pin of a diameter of 13mm, use after carrying out grinding process with fine sandpaper
Make negative material.The electrolyte of ionic liquid base is by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazole chlorides according to mol ratio
1.1：1 mixes.With glass fiber filter paper (GF/D, Whatman) for barrier film.After material required for being ready to, in glove
Battery is assembled in case, after static half an hour, is filled enamel electric battery test system (model specification with 8：CT2001A5V10MA) enter
Row charge-discharge test, charging/discharging voltage scope are 0.6V-1.1V, and coulombic efficiency is maintained at 80% or so, the 4th specific discharge capacity
For 109.3mAh/g, 1/2nd of theoretical capacity are close to, with the carrying out of cyclic process, charging and discharging capacity gradually increases,
See accompanying drawing 2.
Embodiment 3
Positive active material is PVPI, and conductive material is Super-P, and binding agent is politef (PTFE), is first weighed
0.5gPVPI, 0.2g conductive material Super-P, is added in ball grinder, and ball grinder is put in high-performance ball mill,
Ball milling 2h under 600r/min rotating speeds, the good mixture of ball milling is put into inside mortar, the politef of 0.25g is weighed
(PTFE), be ground process, finally with pestle by lamellar block pestle not of uniform size into an entirety, with shears by which therefrom
Between cut off, 2 parts are individually placed to compressing tablet process are carried out on oodle maker, then, are put on a glass, is rolled with Glass rod
Piece, until its thickness, in 0.1mm or so, is cut into sizeable with shears, the positive electrode as battery.Negative pole
Using the thick high-purity aluminum foils of 0.03mm, after being cut into slices with the punching pin of a diameter of 13mm, use after carrying out grinding process with fine sandpaper
Make negative material.The electrolyte of ionic liquid base is by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazole chlorides according to mol ratio
2：1 mixes.With glass fiber filter paper (GF/D, Whatman) for barrier film.After material required for being ready to, in glove box
In be assembled into battery, after static half an hour, filled enamel electric battery test system (model specification with 8：CT2001A5V10MA) carry out
Charge voltage range is first set to 0.6-1.05V by charge-discharge test, is activated, and voltage range is set to 0.6-1.1V afterwards,
As the change of upper voltage limit, coulombic efficiency change are little, 75% or so are maintained essentially in, but its specific discharge capacity has significantly
Increase, maintain 180mAh/g, be specifically shown in accompanying drawing 3.
Embodiment 4
Positive active material is CHI3, conductive material is Li Qinhei, and binding agent is SBR, first weighs 0.8g CHI3, 0.2g leads
Electric material is added in ball grinder, and ball grinder is put in high-performance ball mill, the ball milling 2h under 600r/min rotating speeds, by ball milling
Good mixture is put into inside mortar, weighs the SBR of 0.1g, is ground process, finally, with pestle by piece not of uniform size
Which is cut off from centre with shears by shape block pestle into an entirety, and 2 parts are individually placed to compressing tablet process are carried out on oodle maker,
Then, put on a glass, carry out rolling piece with Glass rod, until its thickness, in 0.1mm or so, is cut into size with shears
Suitable piece, the positive electrode as battery.Negative pole is carried out with the punching pin of a diameter of 13mm using 0.03mm thick high-purity aluminum foil
After section, carried out after grinding process, being used as negative material with fine sandpaper.The electrolyte of ionic liquid base is by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and 1-
Ethyl-3-methylimidazole chloride is according to mol ratio 2：1 mixes.With glass fiber filter paper (GF/D, Whatman) be every
Film.After material required for being ready to, battery is assembled in glove box, between barrier film with thickness is additionally provided between positive electrode
The water proof type carbon paper in 0.1-0.3mm is spent, aluminium ion battery is obtained.
Claims (10)
1. it is a kind of based on containing iodine positive pole aluminium ion battery, it is characterised in that comprising positive pole, negative pole, ionic liquid base electrolyte,
Barrier film, wherein, described just extremely iodine substance, negative pole is high-purity aluminum foil, ionic liquid base electrolyte by anhydrous Aluminum chloride and
1- ethyl-3-methylimidazole chlorides are mixed.
2. it is according to claim 1 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that described ionic liquid base
In electrolyte, anhydrous Aluminum chloride and the muriatic molar ratio of 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazoles are 1：1-10：1.
3. it is according to claim 1 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that the active substance in positive pole
Containing iodine, piece method is rolled in positive pole employing or load method is prepared from.
4. it is according to claim 3 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that described rolls the acquisition of piece method
Positive pole, its raw material containing iodine used is povidon iodine, iodoform, the one kind in poly N-vinyl carbazole, and described bears
Raw material containing iodine used by positive pole prepared by load method is all kinds of povidone iodine.
5. it is according to claim 4 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that described povidone iodine is poly- second
One or more in alkene pyrrolidone iodine, polyglycol iodine, NPE iodine, polyalcohol ether iodine, chlorhexidinium iodine.
6. according to claim 4 or 5 based on containing iodine positive pole aluminium ion battery, it is characterised in that described polyethylene
In Iodophorses (PVPI), content of iodine is 10%.
7. it is a kind of as claimed in claim 3 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that described positive pole is adopted
Roll piece method to make, specifically include following steps：
(1) positive active material, conductive material, binding agent are weighed respectively；Described positive active material is polyvinylpyrrolidine
Ketone iodine (PVPI), iodoform (CHI3), the one kind in poly N-vinyl carbazole；Described conductive material be super-P, acetylene black,
One or more in Li Qinhei, described binding agent are politef, (PTFE) or the polymeric derivative with carboxyl,
The described polymeric derivative with carboxyl is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Kynoar (PVDF) or butadiene-styrene rubber
(SBR)；
(2) by the positive active material for weighing and the mode mix homogeneously of conductive material grinding or ball milling；
(3) on the basis of step (2), the binding agent for weighing is added, is ground repeatedly, three is sufficiently mixed uniformly, obtain piece
Shape material；
(4) by the flaky material obtained by step (3), tabletting is carried out with oodle maker, make pole piece；
(5) above-mentioned pole piece is used to be assembled into aluminium ion battery as positive electrode.
8. it is according to claim 7 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that by weight, positive pole
Amount of active mass is 50-80 parts, and conductive material consumption is 10-20 parts, and consumption of binder is 10-25 parts.
9. it is according to claim 1 based on containing iodine positive pole aluminium ion battery, it is characterised in that between barrier film with positive pole
Water proof type carbon paper is additionally provided between material, thickness is between 0.1-0.3mm.
10. it is according to claim 1 based on the aluminium ion battery containing iodine positive pole, it is characterised in that described barrier film is adopted
Glass fiber material.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107086322A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2017-08-22 | 厦门大学 | A kind of copper selenium compound can discharge and recharge aluminium ion battery for positive pole |
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| CN1808744A (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2006-07-26 | 水新国 | Chemical cell with aluminum alloy as negative electrode material |
| CN103140962A (en) * | 2010-09-22 | 2013-06-05 | 安维亚系统公司 | Metal halide coatings on lithium ion battery positive electrode materials and corresponding batteries |
| CN104810544A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2015-07-29 | 北京科技大学 | Rechargeable aluminum ion battery and preparation method thereof |
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2016
- 2016-11-04 CN CN201610972497.2A patent/CN106558693B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1808744A (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2006-07-26 | 水新国 | Chemical cell with aluminum alloy as negative electrode material |
| CN103140962A (en) * | 2010-09-22 | 2013-06-05 | 安维亚系统公司 | Metal halide coatings on lithium ion battery positive electrode materials and corresponding batteries |
| CN104810544A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2015-07-29 | 北京科技大学 | Rechargeable aluminum ion battery and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107086322A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2017-08-22 | 厦门大学 | A kind of copper selenium compound can discharge and recharge aluminium ion battery for positive pole |
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