CN106401769A - 基于氧气传感器反馈的燃料过加控制 - Google Patents

基于氧气传感器反馈的燃料过加控制 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106401769A
CN106401769A CN201610543232.0A CN201610543232A CN106401769A CN 106401769 A CN106401769 A CN 106401769A CN 201610543232 A CN201610543232 A CN 201610543232A CN 106401769 A CN106401769 A CN 106401769A
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hydrocarbon
waste gas
concentration
oxygen concentration
oxygen
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CN106401769B (zh
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C·迪安
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/3005—Details not otherwise provided for
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    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1454—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
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    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40—Engine management systems

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

一种控制内燃机的废气中烃浓度的方法，该方法包括感测来自内燃机的废气流中的氧气百分比，并确定废气流中烃的浓度。然后，发动机控制模块可基于所述废气流中的确定的烃浓度调节废气中感测的氧气百分比，以限定校正的氧气百分比。然后，控制模块可基于校正的氧气百分比，控制内燃机的缸内燃烧的烃喷射率和燃烧后废气处理过程的烃喷射率中的至少一者，以控制废气中烃的浓度。

Description

基于氧气传感器反馈的燃料过加控制
技术领域
本发明通常涉及控制内燃机的方法，更具体地涉及控制来自内燃机的废气中的烃的浓度的方法。
背景技术
内燃机喷射烃(例如燃料)至用于燃烧的发动机的汽缸中，以产生动力。然而，并非所有的喷射入汽缸中的烃会在燃烧周期中被燃烧，且随着其它废气一起被排放出发动机。此外，一些车辆会在燃烧发生之后将烃喷射入车辆的汽缸和/或废气处理系统的废气流中，以增加废气流中的烃的浓度。烃被喷射入废气中，以便提供放热反应，其加热用于各种目的的废气处理系统的各个装置。
为了产生放热反应，废气流中的烃需要废气中的氧气来与之一起反应。废气中氧气的量必须足够其与废气中烃的量来反应，或者烃中的一些将不会燃烧，且可能与废气处理系统的不同装置中的催化剂相反应，从而在装置内部产生过多的热量。车辆控制器可估计来自空气流量的废气流中的氧气的量，以及喷射入发动机中的估计的燃料的量。然后，基于估计的氧气的量，车辆控制器可以控制喷射入废气流中的烃的量。然而，倘若测得的空气流量或估计的喷射入发动机中的燃料是不准确的，则车辆控制器会喷射过量的烃至废气流中，而在废气流中并没有足够的氧气来与喷射入废气中的烃来反应。
发明内容
提供了一种控制车辆的内燃机的方法。该方法包括利用氧气传感器来感测来自内燃机的废气流的氧气百分比，以及利用发动机控制模块基于废气流中烃的浓度来调节感测到的废气的氧气百分比。感测到的氧气百分比被调节以限定校正的氧气百分比。然后，基于校正后的氧气百分比，发动机控制模块可控制进入内燃机的烃喷射。
还提供了一种控制来自内燃机的废气中的烃的浓度的方法。该方法包括利用氧气传感器来感测来自内燃机的废气流中的氧气百分比。该氧气传感器设置在内燃机的废气出口的下游，以及废气处理系统的任何催化装置的上游。利用发动机控制模块来确定废气流中烃的浓度。然后，基于确定的废气流中的烃的浓度，发动机控制模块可调节感测到的废气的氧气百分比。感测到的氧气百分比被调节以限定校正的氧气百分比。然后，基于校正后的氧气百分比，控制模块可控制用于内燃机的缸内燃烧的烃喷射率和用于燃烧后废气处理过程的烃喷射率中的至少一者。
因此，喷射到废气中烃的量基于废气流中校正的氧气百分比来控制，其是从废气中氧气的测量得到的，而不是基于发动机的质量流入率和燃料使用量从模型估计的。因为感测到的氧气水平可能被废气中存在的烃向下偏斜，因此废气中氧气的感测值必须基于废气中烃的浓度进行校正。然而，一旦感测到的氧气百分比被校正以说明废气中烃的浓度，校正的氧气百分比就可以由发动机控制模块用于确定就存在于废气中的氧气量而言可加到废气中烃的容许量。因此，通过使用校正的氧气百分比(其从废气中直接感测到的氧气得到)来控制进入废气的烃喷射，喷射到废气中烃的量直接关系到废气中实际可用于与烃燃烧的氧气的量。
本教导内容的上述特征和优点，以及其它特征和优点，结合附图来看，从以下关于实施教导内容最佳模式的详细描述中是很显而易见的。
附图说明
图1是一种内燃机及相关废气处理系统的示意图。
图2是指示一种控制进入废气流中的烃喷射的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
本领域的普通技术人员将能认识到，诸如“上方”、“下方”、“向上”、“向下”、“顶部”、“底部”等术语，是描述性地用于特征，并不能代表对所附权利要求所限定的本发明的范围的限制。此外，本教导内容也可以在本文中以功能和/或逻辑块部件和/或各种处理步骤进行描述。应当认识到，此类块部件可以包含配置成执行指定功能的任何数目的硬件、软件和/或固件部件。
参见附图，其中类似的标记指示几个视图中类似的部分，图1中内燃机通常以标记20示出。本发明的教导内容最适用于柴油机。然而，应当理解，本发明的教导内容可适用于其它类型的发动机，例如汽油或天然气发动机。因此，权利要求的范围不应限于发动机20是柴油机的应用，而是可以包括其它类型和/或构造的发动机。
参见图1，用于燃烧的燃料被喷射到内燃机20的汽缸，用于燃烧产生动力。燃料的燃烧产生了废气流，其按照箭头24指示的方向被引导穿过废气处理系统22。废气处理系统22处理废气，以减少不期望的排放物，并从废气中除去颗粒物，即煤烟。废气处理系统22可以任何合适的方式配置为能够处理发动机20所排的废气。例如，以及如图1所示，如果发动机20配置为柴油机20，则废气处理系统22可以包括柴油机颗粒过滤器26和至少一个催化装置28。
如本领域中已知的，柴油机颗粒过滤器26从废气中捕获和/或收集煤烟及其它颗粒。柴油机颗粒过滤器26的具体结构和/或操作对本领域技术人员来说是公知的，并且与本发明的教导内容不相关，因此在此不做详细描述。
催化装置28包括与废气组分进行反应的至少一种化学催化剂。化学催化剂可包括贵金属，包括但不限于铂或钯。当被加热到点火温度时，化学催化剂与废气中的氧化物组分进行反应，如一氧化碳和未燃烧的烃，从而减少从内燃机20所排的不期望的排放物。适用于废气处理系统22的可用催化装置28的具体结构和/或操作对本领域技术人员来说是公知的，并且与本发明的教导内容不相关，因此在此不做详细描述。
废气处理系统22的不同过程需要将烃(例如，燃料)喷射到来自内燃机20的废气流中。所喷射的烃在废气流中燃烧，从而产生热量，废气处理系统22的不同部件需要所述热量来执行废气处理系统22的不同过程。例如，柴油机颗粒过滤器26需要热量用于再生过程。柴油机颗粒过滤器26的再生过程包括将柴油机颗粒过滤器26加热到足以将积聚在柴油机颗粒过滤器26中的煤烟和颗粒物质燃烧成灰的燃烧温度，如本领域已知的。另外，废气处理系统22的催化装置28(一个或多个)的化学催化剂必须被加热到点火温度，以便与排气中的反应物发生反应。将烃喷射到废气流中以快速地使化学催化剂的温度达到点火温度，如本领域已知的。应当认识到的是，废气处理系统22可以执行需要将烃喷射到废气流中用于加热废气处理系统22的特定部件的目的或用于一些其它目的的其它过程。
除了喷射到废气流中的烃之外，应当认识到的是，在废气流中可能存在来自未燃烧的燃烧燃料的烃。烃可以以任何适当的方式被喷射到废气流中。例如为燃料形式的烃可以在燃烧后燃料喷射过程中被喷射到内燃机20的汽缸中，如本领域已知的。可选地，并且如图1所示，废气处理系统22包括将燃料形式的烃38喷射到废气流中的喷射器30。无论烃38是在发动机20的燃烧循环之后被喷射到发动机20的汽缸中，还是通过喷射器30被直接喷射到废气流中，烃38都被引入到废气处理系统22中的废气处理过程和/或装置中的任何一个的上游的废气流中。
车辆可包括控制模块，例如但不限于发动机控制模块32，以控制内燃机20和/或废气处理系统22的运行。发动机控制模块32可以被称为其它术语，例如但不限于控制器、车辆控制器、计算机、模块或者某些其它类似术语。发动机控制模块32可包括计算机和/或处理器，并且包括管理和控制内燃机20和/或废气处理系统22的运行所需要的所有软件、硬件、存储器、算法、连接器、传感器等。同样地，控制内燃机20和废气处理系统22的方法可以被具体实现为在发动机控制模块32上可操作的程序。应当认识到的是，发动机控制模块32可包括能够分析来自各个传感器的数据、比较数据、做出控制内燃机20和/或废气处理系统22运行所需的必需决策，以及执行控制内燃机20和/或废气处理系统22的运行所需的必需任务的任何装置。
发动机控制模块32可以被具体实现为一个或多个数字计算机或主机，它们每一个具有一个或多个处理器、只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、电子可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、光驱动器、磁驱动器等，高速时钟、模拟-数字(A/D)电路、数字-模拟(D/A)电路以及任何所需的输入/输出(I/O)电路，I/O装置和通信接口，以及信号调节和缓存电子器件。
计算机可读存储器可包括参与提供数据或计算机可读指令的任何非暂时性/有形介质。存储器可以为非易失性的或易失性的。例如，非易失性介质可包括光盘或磁盘以及其它持久存储器。示例性易失性介质可包括动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)，其可以构成主存储器。存储器的实施例的其它示例包括软盘、柔性盘或硬盘，磁带或其它磁介质，CD-ROM、DVD和/或任何其它光介质，以及诸如快闪存储器的其它可能的存储器装置。
发动机控制模块32包括有形的、非暂时性存储器，在该存储器上记录有计算机可执行的指令，包括烃喷射控制算法。发动机控制模块32的处理器配置为用于执行烃喷射控制算法。该烃喷射控制算法基于感测到的废气流中的氧气水平实施了控制一些喷射至废气流中的过量烃的方法。
以下描述了控制内燃机20的方法，以及更具体地，控制来自内燃机20的废气流中的烃的浓度的方法。参考图2，该方法包括感测来自内燃机20的废气流中的氧气百分比，通常由框50来指示。氧气百分比为每单位体积或质量的废气中氧气的量。尽管在这里以百分比的方式来描述，应当理解的是，氧气百分比可以在一些其它定量测量中被描述，例如但不限于，每单位体积内的氧气质量等。如图1所示，氧气百分比由氧气传感器34来感测。氧气传感器34设置在内燃机20的废气出口36的下游，以及废气处理系统22的催化装置28(一个或多个)的上游。氧气传感器34可包括任何类型和/或样式的能够感测废气流中氧气量的传感器。氧气传感器34将感测到的氧气百分比传递至发动机控制模块32。
感测到的位于废气流中的氧气百分比受到废气流中烃浓度的影响。随着烃浓度的增加，由氧气传感器34感测到的废气流中的氧气水平会降低。换句话说，较高水平的烃浓度使得氧气传感器34的测量向下倾斜，以使得氧气传感器34提供了与实际氧气水平相比较低的读数。因此，例如，在柴油机颗粒过滤器的再生过程中或者加热废气处理系统22的催化装置28(一个或多个)时，废气流中可产生高水平的烃浓度，引起氧气传感器34提供低于废气流中实际氧气水平的氧气水平读数。因此，感测到的氧气百分比必须被校正以考虑废气中实际氧气水平与由感测到的氧气百分比代表的感测到的氧气水平之间的差异。
为了校正废气中实际氧气水平与感测到的氧气百分比之间的差异，必须确定废气流中当前的烃的浓度，通常由框52来指示。可以以任何合适的方式来确定废气流中烃的浓度。例如，通过基于在一段时间内向内燃机20中喷射的烃的估计量的计算，可以确定废气流中烃的当前浓度。例如，通过测试和测量，可以建立模型，用来预测或估计在特定发动机20燃烧后的废气流中存在的烃的量。该模型可能是基于喷射入发动机20用于燃烧的燃料的量。基于喷射入发动机20中的燃料的量，发动机控制模块32可利用该模型来计算废气流中烃的浓度。发动机控制模块32可进一步考虑任何被喷射入发动机20中用于废气处理过程的燃料或烃。烃的浓度的计算可能基于在计算之前预定的时间段，以便精确地为废气流中烃的当前浓度建立模型，感测在该当前时刻的氧气百分比。
一旦已经感测到氧气百分比，且已经确定废气流中的烃的当前浓度，则基于废弃流中烃的确定浓度来调节或校正废气的感测氧气百分比(通常由框54指示)以限定校正氧气百分比。感测氧气百分比可以被调节以便以任何合适方式校正其因废气中的烃的浓度引起的任何不精确。例如，通过测试和测量，可以以废气的特定实际氧气水平，以特定烃浓度来建立模型，该模型？预测来自氧气传感器34的感测氧气百分比。一旦建立这种模型，则发动机控制模块32可以使用该模型来调节感测氧气百分比以限定校正氧气百分比。应当理解，校正氧气百分比仍基于和/或来自于氧气传感器34的感测氧气水平，且不仅仅根据模型预测或估计。而是，该模型可提供修改感测氧气百分比的氧气校正因数以校正感测氧气百分比和废气中氧气的实际水平之间的变量。然后，发动机控制模块32可将氧气校正因数应用到感测氧气百分比以获得校正氧气百分比。校正因数可包括感测氧气百分比和废气中的氧气的实际水平之间的线性关系。然而，更可能地，校正因数可以包括感测氧气百分比和废气中氧气实际水平之间的指数关系，使得随着烃浓度增加，校正因数增大。
一旦校正的氧气百分比被计算或来自于感测氧气百分比，则之后发动机控制模块32可使用校正氧气百分比来控制(通常由框56指示)进入内燃机20和/或废气流的烃喷射。发动机控制模块32可以控制内燃机20的缸内燃烧的烃喷射率和/或燃烧后废气处理过程的烃喷射率中的至少一者以防止或限制废气流中过量的烃。
基于校正氧气百分比控制进入内燃机20的烃喷射可以包括限制进入内燃机20的烃喷射为这样的烃浓度，即其能够与由校正氧气百分比所指示的废气流中的一定量氧气一起燃烧。因此，校正氧气百分比代表目前废气流中有多少氧气的？测量。该量的氧气仅能够燃烧确定量的烃。如果将过量烃引入废气流而不是可能与废气中的可用量氧气一起燃烧，则过量烃将仍保留在废气中且与引起过度放热反应的催化设备28(一个或多个)中的化学催化剂一起反应。因此，发动机控制模块32将喷射入废气流中的烃的量限定到这样的量，即其可以与废气中的可用氧气一起燃烧。发动机控制模块32基于校正氧气百分比(其是当前存在于废气流中的氧气的量的指示)来确定可以喷射入废气中的烃的量。
此外，当校正氧气百分比小于预限定最小值时，发动机控制模块32可以控制或防止进入内燃机20的烃喷射。校正氧气百分比的预定最小值可以限定成等于任何期望值。例如，校正氧气百分比的预定最小值可以限定成等于1.0％。如果校正氧气百分比降低到该值以下，则发动机控制模块32可以防止燃烧后烃喷射和/或停止废气处理过程(比如柴油机颗粒过滤器的再生)，以防止废气处理系统22的各种部件中的非期望和/或过度放热反应，以及避免来自废气中的原料烃的可视白烟和不适的气味。
已知基于内燃机20的感测的空气流量值，和喷射到内燃机20中的烃的值或量估计来自模型的废气流中的氧气百分比。经计算存在于来自该模型的废气流中的氧气的水平或量在本文中被称为预测的氧气百分比。发动机控制模块32感测向内燃机20提供以进行燃烧的空气质量，以及测量或估计喷射到内燃机20中的燃料的量，并将这些值作为模型的输入，以计算来自现有模型的废气流中的预测的氧气百分比，通常由框58指示。重要的是要注意，基于空气流量和喷射的燃料量估计来自模型的氧气百分比的方法不使用或实际上不感测废气中的氧气水平。因此，感测的空气流量或喷射到发动机20中的燃料的量的误差可使预测的氧气百分比偏离，并使发动机控制模块32不当地控制喷射到废气流中的烃的量。但是，发动机控制模块32可使用此预测的氧气百分比以证实由如上所述的感测的氧气百分比得到的校正的氧气百分比。
此外，发动机控制模块32可比较预测的氧气百分比和校正的氧气百分比(通常由框60指示)，作为自诊断方案，和/或可使用预测的氧气百分比或校正的氧气百分比以控制一个或多个发动机20运行，不特定地涉及控制废气流中过量的烃。通过对比校正的氧气百分比与预测的氧气百分比，发动机控制模块32可确认校正的氧气百分比是否与预测的氧气百分比相差某预定量，因此指示车辆潜在问题。例如，如果发动机控制模块32确定校正的氧气百分比和预测的氧气百分比彼此相差超过例如15％，如在62所指示的，那么发动机控制模块32可产生信号(通常由框64指示)，指示车辆的一个或多个系统应进行检查以确保正常运行和功能。
详细描述和附图支持并描述本发明，但是本发明的范围仅由权利要求限定。由于实施权利要求教导内容的一些最佳模式和其它实施例已进行详细描述，因此存在实践所附权利要求限定的本发明的各种替代设计和实施例。

Claims (10)

1.一种控制车辆内燃机的方法，所述方法包括：
利用氧气传感器感测来自所述内燃机的废气流的氧气百分比；
利用发动机控制模块，基于所述废气流中烃浓度调节所述废气的所述感测氧气百分比以限定校正的氧气百分比；以及
利用所述发动机控制模块，基于所述校正的氧气百分比，控制进入所述内燃机的烃喷射。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中基于所述校正的氧气百分比控制进入所述内燃机的烃喷射包括控制缸内燃烧的烃喷射率，和燃烧后废气处理过程的烃喷射率中的至少一者。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中基于所述校正的氧气百分比控制进入所述内燃机的烃喷射进一步限定为限制进入所述内燃机的烃喷射为这样的烃浓度，即其能够与所述校正的氧气百分比指示的所述废气流中一定量的氧气燃烧。
4.权利要求1所述的方法，其中基于所述校正的氧气百分比控制进入所述内燃机的烃喷射进一步限定为当所述校正的氧气百分比小于预定最小值时控制进入所述内燃机中的烃喷射。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括利用所述发动机控制模块确定所述废气流中所述烃浓度，其中确定所述废气流中的所述烃浓度包括通过估计的喷射入所述内燃机的烃的量计算所述废气的浓度。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其中调节所述感测的氧气百分比包括将所述废气流中的所述烃的浓度与氧气校正因数相关联。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中调节所述感测到的氧气百分比包括将所述氧气校正因数应用于所述感测到的氧气百分比，以确定校正的氧气百分比。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括利用所述发动机控制模块确定所述废气流中烃的浓度，其中，确定废气流中烃的浓度包括根据喷射入所述内燃机的烃的估计量计算所述废气的浓度。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，还包括利用所述发动机控制模块，根据基于所述内燃机感测的空气流量值以及喷射入所述内燃机的烃的值的模型，计算所述预测的氧气百分比。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，还包括在所述校正的氧气百分比与所述预测的氧气百分比彼此相差超过15％时，传送信令消息。
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