CN106399847A - Steel for axle head and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Steel for axle head and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106399847A CN106399847A CN201610429953.9A CN201610429953A CN106399847A CN 106399847 A CN106399847 A CN 106399847A CN 201610429953 A CN201610429953 A CN 201610429953A CN 106399847 A CN106399847 A CN 106399847A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/0056—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00 using cored wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/10—Handling in a vacuum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
- C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/16—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses steel for an axle head and a preparation method thereof. The steel is prepared from the following chemical components in mass percent: 0.16 to 0.18% of C, 0.40 to 0.50% of Si, 1.40 to 1.45% of Mn, less than or equal to 0.10% of Cr, less than or equal to 0.020% of P, less than or equal to 0.008% of S, 0.11 to 0.12% of V, less than or equal to 0.10% of Ni, less than or equal to 0.10% of Cu, less than or equal to 0.10% of Mo, 0.015 to 0.017% of N, 0.025 to 0.045% of Al, less than or equal to 15ppm of [O], the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities and less than or equal to 0.47% of CEV. The preparation method of the steel for the axle head comprises the steps of smelting, pouring, rolling, scaling and inspecting. The steel for the axle head has the advantages of low carbon equivalent and good welding performance and mechanical properties.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to automobile steel technical field is and in particular to a kind of axle head steel and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In industrial equipment field, the two ends of spindle nose also spindle, axle is support rotary part and turns round therewith to pass
Pass the machine components of motion, moment of torsion or moment of flexure, generally round metal is shaft-like, each section can have different diameters, machine
The part making gyration in device is just contained on axle.And the two end portions of axle are commonly referred to spindle nose.The work of spindle nose part
With typically installing bearing, play the effect of equipment operation in carrying axle.
Automobile shaft spindle nose is a kind of automotive security part, to the cleanliness factor of steel, uniformity, mechanical property, welding
Performance all has strict requirements, and requires surface and the inside almost zero defect of steel.At present to spindle nose in patent
Structure, method of attachment etc. be related to more, and be related to axle head steel and its patent of production method is little.
The present invention is directed to Automobile shaft spindle nose steel high-cleanness, high, high-quality, the requirement of high combination property, provides a kind of car
Axle spindle nose steel and preparation method thereof.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to, provide a kind of axle head steel and preparation method thereof, by controlling the change of material
Study the production technology of division and combination reason to control the cleanliness factor of steel, to optimize the homogeneity of materials microstructure and performance,
Make material obtain excellent mechanical property, welding performance and high inside and outside quality, so that material is had good comprehensive
Close performance.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, technical scheme is as follows：
A kind of axle head steel, its chemical composition mass percent is：C：0.16-0.18%, Si：0.40-0.50%,
Mn：1.40-1.45%, Cr：≤ 0.10%, P：≤ 0.020%, S：≤ 0.008%, V：0.11-0.12%, Ni：≤ 0.10%,
Cu：≤ 0.10%, Mo：≤ 0.10%, N：0.015-0.017%, Al：0.025-0.045%, [O]≤15ppm, its
Remaining for Fe with inevitable impurity.The carbon equivalent ce V=C+Mn/6+ (Cr+Mo+V) of steel/5+ (Ni+Cu)/15,
CEV≤0.47%.
The present invention, using control C, Mn, puies forward the composition design that Si increases N, makes steel have low carbon equivalent, protect simultaneously
Card steel have good welding performance and mechanical property.Using Mn, VN alloying, to improve the intensity of material
And fatigue life；Narrow composition design is to ensure good quality stability；Low P, S and low [O] content, improve steel
Material cleanliness factor, reduces the cold brittleness of steel；Crystal grain thinning is come with Al, finally makes material obtain good combination property.
One of technical characterstic of the present invention is rational composition design, using Mn, VN alloying, low P, S
And the narrow composition design of low [O], appropriate Al, CEV≤0.47%.
Using Mn, VN alloying, improve intensity and the fatigue behaviour of steel, design Mn：1.40-1.45%, in order to
Make V, N reach comparatively ideal proportioning, design V：0.11-0.12%, N:0.012-0.018%；High for ensureing steel
Cleanliness factor and low cold brittleness, using low P, S and low [O] composition design, P：≤ 0.020%, S：≤ 0.008%,
[O]≤15ppm；For crystal grain thinning, improve the combination property of steel, Al：0.025-0.045%；In order to ensure steel
Welding performance, carbon equivalent ce V≤0.47% of steel, the narrow composition design of integral material ensures the steady quality of material
Property.
The two of the technical characterstic of the present invention are rational production technology, improve the degree of purity of steel it is ensured that the mechanics of steel
Performance, welding performance, make steel have good combination property.
The invention provides a kind of preparation method of axle head steel, the Design of Chemical Composition of steel require as described above,
Its step includes：
1) smelt
Using electric furnace smelting, molten iron additional proportion >=60%, electric furnace steel tapping terminal [C] >=0.07%, [P]≤0.013%.
LF refining, enhance process slag making, desulfurization, so that sulfur content is controlled below 0.008%.In LF refining tapping
Front or application of vacuum tapping before, with feeding wire machine press 4-5m/t steel add nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn, steel are carried out increasing N
Process, the nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn of addition increases manganese and presses 0.15-0.17% consideration, and the recovery rate of steel nitrogen is up to more than 80%.
For ensureing the cleanliness factor of steel, vacuum processing time >=20 minute of steel, soft argon blowing time >=15 after application of vacuum
Minute, to ensure that field trash fully floats, removes.
2) pour into a mould
Using continuous casting strand, in continuous casting, adopt crystallizer and end electromagnetic agitation, liquid level fluctuation of crystallizer
≤ ± 2mm, using low-carbon (LC) special continuous casting covering slag.Control 1529-1539 DEG C of tundish temperature, pulling rate
260mm × 300mm base type according to 0.50～0.55m/min, 180mm × 220mm base type according to 0.95～
1.05m/min controls, to ensure slab quality.
3) roll
Control 1170～1220 DEG C of heating furnace soaking temperature, 2.5～3.5 hours heat time heating times, start rolling temperature 1100～
1140 DEG C, 900～950 DEG C of finishing temperature, delivery gauge is pressed delivery gauge+0.5～1mm and is controlled, and adopts wind after rolling
Cold, rate of cooling controls in 180 ± 50 DEG C/min, and lower cold bed temperature controls at 500～600 DEG C, after lower cold bed in time
Collect air cooling, prepared hot rolled circular steel.
4) strip off the skin
Through the process that strips off the skin, after stripping off the skin, steel size is controlled steel by delivery gauge -0.5～0mm.
5) detect a flaw
Steel adopt full-automatic 360 ° of ultrasonic examinations, and flaw detection requirement is pressed flat-bottom hole diameter of phi≤1mm and controlled, finally
Obtain axle head steel.
Do not add the process conditions limiting in method made above and all can refer to this area routine techniquess.
Compared with prior art, the excellent results of technical scheme are as follows：
1. using control C, Mn, put forward the composition design that Si increases N, design low-carbon (LC) axle head steel, so that steel is had
Low carbon equivalent, ensures that steel have good welding performance and mechanical property simultaneously；
2. the present invention in process of production, is optimized by manufacturing process and the strict control to process, makes P, S, [O]
Deng control of deleterious element in relatively low scope, and by the technique such as strip off the skin, detect a flaw, greatly improve the pure of steel
The stability of cleanliness, inside and outside quality and performance.
3. the present invention in process of production, carries out to steel increasing N process, the receipts of steel nitrogen using nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn
Yield up to more than 80%, compared with the method for traditional VN alloy nitrogen pick-up, the uniformity of steel product ingredient and nitrogen
Recovery rate significantly improves.
Specific embodiment
With reference to embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1-3：
A kind of axle head steel.Using UHP uhp electric arc furnace, LF refining, VD vacuum degassing treatment tech
Smelt, continuous casting strand, rolling are become a useful person, strip off the skin, defects detecting technology produces steel.Embodiment 1-3 is with Φ 90mm
The production technology of specification steel is illustrating how the present invention is implemented.
The composition of steel is by weight percent：
C：0.16-0.18%, Si：0.40-0.50%, Mn：1.40-1.45%, Cr：≤ 0.10%, P：≤ 0.020%,
S：≤ 0.008%, V：0.11-0.12%, Ni：≤ 0.10%, Cu：≤ 0.10%, Mo：≤ 0.10%, N:0.015-0.017%,
Al：0.025-0.045%, [O]≤15ppm, remaining is Fe and inevitable impurity.Steel
CEV=C+Mn/6+ (Cr+Mo+V)/5+ (Ni+Cu)/15, CEV=0.44-0.46%.
Production technology is as follows：
1) smelt
Using electric furnace smelting, molten iron additional proportion 60%～80%, electric furnace steel tapping terminal [C]=0.08%～0.11%,
[P]≤0.013%.
LF refining, enhance process slag making, desulfurization, so that sulfur content is controlled below 0.005%.In LF refining tapping
Front or application of vacuum tapping before, with feeding wire machine press 4-5m/t steel add nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn, steel are carried out increasing N
Process, the nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn of addition increases manganese and presses 0.15-0.17% consideration, and the recovery rate of steel nitrogen is up to more than 80%.
For ensureing the cleanliness factor of steel, the vacuum processing time of steel 20～25 minutes, after application of vacuum during soft blow argon
Between 20～25 minutes, to ensure that field trash fully floats, removes.
2) pour into a mould
Using continuous casting strand, in continuous casting, adopt crystallizer and end electromagnetic agitation, liquid level fluctuation of crystallizer
≤ ± 2mm, using low-carbon (LC) special continuous casting covering slag.Control 1529～1539 DEG C of tundish temperature, pulling rate according to 0.50～
0.55m/min controls, to ensure slab quality.
3) roll
Control 1200～1220 DEG C of heating furnace soaking temperature, 2.5～3.5 hours heat time heating times, start rolling temperature 1100～
1140 DEG C, 900～950 DEG C of finishing temperature, delivery gauge is pressed Φ 90mm+0.5～1mm and is controlled, and adopts air-cooled after rolling,
Rate of cooling controls in 150～200 DEG C/min, and lower cold bed temperature controls at 520～560 DEG C, receives in time after lower cold bed
Collection air cooling, prepared hot rolled circular steel.
4) strip off the skin
Through the process that strips off the skin, after stripping off the skin, steel size is controlled steel by Φ 90mm-0.3～0mm.
5) detect a flaw
Steel adopt full-automatic 360 ° of ultrasonic examinations, control by flat-bottom hole diameter of phi≤1mm, finally obtain axletree
Spindle nose steel.
Specific technological parameter is shown in Table shown in 1～table 3.Table 1 is the chemical composition of 1-3 embodiment axle head steel,
Table 2 is smelting, casting process key process parameter, and table 3 is rolling and the process key technological parameter that strips off the skin.
Table 1 axle head is with steel embodiment chemical composition (weight, %)
Table 2 is smelted, casting process key process parameter
Table 3 rolls and strips off the skin process key technological parameter
The service check result of embodiment 1-3 every stove steel product is as shown in table 4, table 5.
Table 4 low power, examination of nonmetallic inclusion result
Table 5 rolled mechanical property
Can be seen that the control of this axle head composition of steel from embodiment 1-3 to stablize, the cleanliness factor of steel is higher, can
The M method in DIN50602 standard that reaches is not more than 3 grades, and K3 method is no more than 15.Steel even tissue, surrender
Intensity can reach more than 500MPa.
It should be noted last that, above example is only in order to illustrate technical scheme and unrestricted.Although
With reference to embodiment, the present invention is described in detail, it will be apparent to an ordinarily skilled person in the art that to the present invention
Technical scheme modify or equivalent, without departure from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention, it is equal
Should cover in the middle of scope of the presently claimed invention.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of axle head steel is it is characterised in that the chemical composition mass percent of described steel is：C：
0.16-0.18%, Si：0.40-0.50%, Mn：1.40-1.45%, Cr：≤ 0.10%, P：≤ 0.020%, S：≤ 0.008%,
V：0.11-0.12%, Ni：≤ 0.10%, Cu：≤ 0.10%, Mo：≤ 0.10%, N：0.015-0.017%, Al：
0.025-0.045%, [O]≤15ppm, remaining is Fe and inevitable impurity,
CEV=C+Mn/6+ (Cr+Mo+V)/5+ (Ni+Cu)/15≤0.47%.
2. the preparation method of the axle head steel described in claim 1, the method comprising the steps of：
1) smelt：
Adopt electric furnace smelting in smelting process, molten iron additional proportion >=60%, electric furnace steel tapping terminal [C] >=0.07%,
[P]≤0.013%；LF refining, enhance process slag making, desulfurization, so that sulfur content is controlled below 0.008%, in LF
Before refine tapping or before application of vacuum tapping, press 4-5m/t steel with feeding wire machine and add nitrogenized manganese core-spun yarn, to steel
Carry out increasing N process, the recovery rate of steel nitrogen is up to more than 80%；For ensureing the cleanliness factor of steel, the vacuum of steel
Process time >=20 minute, soft argon blowing time >=15 minute after application of vacuum, to ensure that field trash fully floats, removes；
2) pour into a mould
Using continuous casting strand, in continuous casting, adopt crystallizer and end electromagnetic agitation, liquid level fluctuation of crystallizer
≤ ± 2mm, using low-carbon (LC) special continuous casting covering slag, controls 1529-1539 DEG C of tundish temperature, pulling rate
260mm × 300mm base type according to 0.50～0.55m/min, 180mm × 220mm base type according to 0.95～
1.05m/min controls, to ensure slab quality；
3) roll
Control 1170～1220 DEG C of heating furnace soaking temperature, 2.5～3.5 hours heat time heating times, open rolling in the operation of rolling
1100～1140 DEG C of temperature, 900～950 DEG C of finishing temperature, delivery gauge is pressed delivery gauge+0.5～1mm and is controlled,
Adopt air-cooled after rolling, rate of cooling controls in 180 ± 50 DEG C/min, and lower cold bed temperature controls at 500～600 DEG C, under
Air cooling, prepared hot rolled circular steel is collected in time after cold bed；
4) strip off the skin flaw detection after axle head steel.
3. the preparation method of axle head steel according to claim 2 is it is characterised in that through the process that strips off the skin
Steel size is pressed delivery gauge -0.5～0mm and is controlled afterwards.
4. the preparation method of axle head steel according to claim 2 is it is characterised in that steel are using complete
Automatic 360 ° of ultrasonic examinations, flaw detection requirement is pressed flat-bottom hole diameter of phi≤1mm and is controlled.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610429953.9A CN106399847B (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2016-06-15 | A kind of axle head steel and preparation method thereof |
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| CN201610429953.9A CN106399847B (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2016-06-15 | A kind of axle head steel and preparation method thereof |
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| CN106399847B CN106399847B (en) | 2018-05-22 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107747058A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-03-02 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Steel Bar and its production method are built containing Ti, Cr microalloy |
| CN107815608A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-03-20 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Microalloy containing Ti builds Steel Bar and its LF stove production methods |
| CN108251763A (en) * | 2018-03-22 | 2018-07-06 | 江苏大学 | A kind of bullet train brake disc steel and preparation method thereof |
| CN112662943A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2021-04-16 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | Low-alloy high-strength hot-rolled round steel Q460D and preparation method thereof |
| CN112921240A (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-06-08 | 江苏永钢集团有限公司 | Hot-rolled round steel for automobile door hinge and production method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007197746A (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2007-08-09 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Tool steel |
| JP2009221497A (en) * | 2008-03-13 | 2009-10-01 | Jfe Steel Corp | Steel product excellent in turning machinability of black layer and torsional strength |
| CN103014491A (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2013-04-03 | 首钢总公司 | 600MPa low-alloy and high-strength ultra-thick steel plate and producing method thereof |
| CN104884660A (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2015-09-02 | 新日铁住金株式会社 | Steel for carburizing |
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2016
- 2016-06-15 CN CN201610429953.9A patent/CN106399847B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007197746A (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2007-08-09 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Tool steel |
| JP2009221497A (en) * | 2008-03-13 | 2009-10-01 | Jfe Steel Corp | Steel product excellent in turning machinability of black layer and torsional strength |
| CN103014491A (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2013-04-03 | 首钢总公司 | 600MPa low-alloy and high-strength ultra-thick steel plate and producing method thereof |
| CN104884660A (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2015-09-02 | 新日铁住金株式会社 | Steel for carburizing |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107747058A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-03-02 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Steel Bar and its production method are built containing Ti, Cr microalloy |
| CN107815608A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-03-20 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Microalloy containing Ti builds Steel Bar and its LF stove production methods |
| CN108251763A (en) * | 2018-03-22 | 2018-07-06 | 江苏大学 | A kind of bullet train brake disc steel and preparation method thereof |
| CN112662943A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2021-04-16 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | Low-alloy high-strength hot-rolled round steel Q460D and preparation method thereof |
| CN112921240A (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-06-08 | 江苏永钢集团有限公司 | Hot-rolled round steel for automobile door hinge and production method thereof |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106399847B (en) | 2018-05-22 |
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