CN106395825A - Calcium carbide production system and method - Google Patents
Calcium carbide production system and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106395825A CN106395825A CN201610872422.7A CN201610872422A CN106395825A CN 106395825 A CN106395825 A CN 106395825A CN 201610872422 A CN201610872422 A CN 201610872422A CN 106395825 A CN106395825 A CN 106395825A
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Abstract
The invention provides a calcium carbide production system and method. The system comprises a mixing device, a tamping device, a pyrolysis device and a calcium carbide smelting device, wherein a pulverized coal inlet, a quick lime powder inlet, a binder inlet and a mixture outlet are formed in the mixing device; a mixture inlet and a mixture cake outlet are formed in the tamping device, and the mixture inlet is connected with the mixture outlet of the mixing device; a mixture cake inlet and a pyrolysis material outlet are formed in the pyrolysis device, the mixture cake inlet is connected with the mixture cake outlet of the tamping device; a pyrolysis material inlet and a calcium carbide are formed in the calcium carbide smelting device, and the pyrolysis material inlet is connected with the pyrolysis material outlet of the pyrolysis device. The calcium carbide production system and method have the advantages that the equipment investment is low, the raw material cost is low, and the production efficiency is high; the potential in energy conservation is huge, the technology is desperately required for solving the problem of high energy consumption of calcium carbide production, and the system and the method are worth popularizing.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to carbide chemical field is and in particular to a kind of system and method producing carbide.
Background technology
In nearly 3 years, domestic coking industry gradually steps into comprehensive lossing state, and management state constantly deteriorates, particularly part
There is no the enterprise of oneself coal resource, all suffer from the condition gone bankrupt.Coke price from 1800 yuan/ton about of the average price of 2013,
Under fall to current 800 yuan/ton, the range of decrease up to more than 60%, the industry range of loss also reaches 56% about.Coal chemical enterprise is given birth to
Deposit development and the difficulty of production and operation continues to increase, presented crisis-ridden situation, iron and steel production capacity, the serious mistake of coking production capacity
Surplus.Shut down, stop, merge and change and bring into schedule again.
Calcium carbide industry, high energy consumption, high cost, the traditional handicraft of low economy, also in the urgent need to technology innovation, energy-conservation drops
Consumption.
In recent years, the power-saving technology of calcium carbide industry, continued to bring out, for example：After flue gas cleaning, gas burning lime kiln, dust burn
Controlling the water circulation mud, flue gas cleaning sodium formate etc..
It is therefore necessary to groping a kind of technique producing carbide coupling with carbide except coking, the production reducing carbide becomes
This, realize the doulbe-sides' victory of coking and carbide.
Content of the invention
For solving the above problems, the invention provides a kind of system and method producing carbide, at present because production capacity surplus,
And idle a large amount of coke look for another way, find new technology, the new method that a carbide produces.
According to an aspect of the present invention, the invention provides a kind of system producing carbide, described system includes mixing
Device, tamping unit, pyrolysis installation and carbide smelting device；
Described mixing arrangement is provided with coal powder entrance, calcium lime powder entrance, binding agent entrance and compound outlet；
Described tamping unit is provided with compound entrance and the outlet of compound cake, described compound entrance and described mixing arrangement
Compound outlet be connected；
Described pyrolysis installation is provided with compound cake entrance, pyrolysis material outlet, and described compound cake entrance makes dress firm by ramming with described
The compound cake outlet put is connected；
Described carbide smelting device is provided with pyrolysis material entrance and carbide outlet, described pyrolysis material entrance and described pyrolysis installation
Pyrolysis material outlet be connected.
In one embodiment of the invention, described system also includes preheating device, and described preheating device is provided with preheating
Compound entrance and the outlet of pre- heat mixture, described pre- heat mixture entrance is connected with the outlet of described mixing arrangement, described preheating
Compound outlet is connected with the compound entrance of described tamping unit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, present invention also offers a kind of utilization said system produce carbide method,
Methods described comprises the steps：
Prepare coal dust and calcium lime powder；
Described coal dust, described calcium lime powder and binding agent are respectively fed in described mixing arrangement, prepared compound；
Described compound is sent in described tamping unit and makes firm by ramming, prepared compound cake；
Described compound cake is sent in described pyrolysis installation and is pyrolyzed, pyrolysis material is obtained；
Described pyrolysis material is sent into and in described carbide smelting device, produces carbide.
In one embodiment of the invention, will be re-fed into after described preheating of mixed material making firm by ramming in described tamping unit
Described compound cake.
In one embodiment of the invention, the number of times of making firm by ramming of described tamping unit is set to 50-90 time.
In one embodiment of the invention, by described coal dust drying to moisture≤0.5wt%.
In one embodiment of the invention, described coal dust and described calcium lime powder being crushed to granularity is 0.5mm-
1mm.
In one embodiment of the invention, the ratio of described coal dust, described calcium lime powder and described binding agent is set
It is set to 1:2-2.3:0.03-0.1.
In one embodiment of the invention, prepare described coal dust with weak caking coal and no adhesion coal.
In one embodiment of the invention, the temperature setting described compound cake being pyrolyzed is 600-1000 DEG C, heat
The set of time of solution is 16-22h.
The system and method for the production carbide that the present invention provides, compared with traditional carbide production technology, takes full advantage of coal heat
The sensible heat of up to 1000 DEG C of solution, makes the thermal efficiency that carbide produces significantly improve；The desulfurization of ingenious utilization quick lime simultaneously, solid
Sulfur acts on, and makes the content of hydrogen sulfide in the pyrolysis gas of pyrolysis of coal reach PPM level, eliminates the pyrolysis gas desulphurization system of complexity, saves
Equipment investment.
Additionally, tamping unit once accessible material is many, and process time short, with respect to accumulation of heat up-to-date at present
The carbide raw material preparatory stage of formula carbide new technology is compared, present invention eliminates pressure ball molding link, improves treatment effeciency.
Furthermore, the present invention makes into compound cake firm by ramming using coal charge and quick lime and is pyrolyzed, can change coal because making firm by ramming
Caking property, so some weakly caking coals can be allocated into (for example in right amount：Jet coal, bottle coal etc.) due to carbide production, thus reducing
Carbide production cost.
Simultaneously because coke oven, furnace of calcium carbide broadly fall into classical technique, have a high potential in terms of energy-conservation, this exactly solves carbide and produces
High energy consumption issues, the technology being badly in need of, so the technique of this combination among the strong ones, it is worth widely promoting.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is the system that one of embodiment of the present invention produces carbide.
Fig. 2 is the technique producing carbide using the system shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is another kind of system producing carbide in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the technique producing carbide using the system shown in Fig. 3.
In figure：
1：Coal disintegrating machine；1-1：Coal entrance；
2：Dehydrator；
3：Coal pulverizer；
4：Quick lime disintegrating machine；4-1：Quick lime entrance；
5：Quick lime pulverizer；
6：Mixer；6-1：Binding agent entrance；
7：Tamping charging car；
8：Coke oven；
9：Furnace of calcium carbide；9-1 carbide exports；
10：Heater.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in more details, so that energy
The advantage enough more fully understanding the solution of the present invention and its various aspects.However, specific embodiments described below and enforcement
Example is only descriptive purpose, rather than limitation of the present invention.
The invention discloses a kind of system producing carbide.It includes：Mixing arrangement, tamping unit, pyrolysis installation and electricity
Stone smelting device.
Mixing arrangement is provided with coal powder entrance, calcium lime powder entrance, binding agent entrance and compound outlet.Mixing arrangement is main
Purpose be by coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent mix homogeneously, the concrete equipment of mixing arrangement does not need to limit.
Tamping unit is provided with compound entrance and the outlet of compound cake, and compound entrance is exported with the compound of mixing arrangement
It is connected.In the present invention, tamping unit used is preferably tamping charging car.
Once accessible material is many for tamping unit, and the time processing is short, with respect to regenerative electrochemical up-to-date at present
The carbide raw material preparatory stage of stone new technology is compared, present invention eliminates pressure ball molding link.The every case of tamping charging car every time may be used
The weight of the compound (coal charge+quick lime) processing, at 80 tons about, is made the time firm by ramming about at 6 minutes about, is improve process
Efficiency.
Pyrolysis installation is provided with compound cake entrance, pyrolysis material outlet, and compound cake entrance is gone out with the compound of tamping unit
Mouth is connected.Pyrolysis installation is used for being pyrolyzed compound cake.The concrete equipment of pyrolysis installation does not need to be particularly limited to, the present invention
In, pyrolysis installation is preferably coke oven.
Carbide smelting device is provided with pyrolysis material entrance and carbide outlet, and the pyrolysis material outlet of entrance and pyrolysis installation is expected in pyrolysis
It is connected.Carbide smelting device is used for smelting carbide.The concrete equipment of carbide smelting device does not need to be particularly limited to, the present invention
In, carbide smelting device is preferably furnace of calcium carbide.
Can be made firm by ramming again after first preheating after coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent mix homogeneously, binding agent is in heated condition
Lower bond effect more preferably, the therefore present invention, preheating device can also be increased after mixing arrangement, before tamping unit.Preheating device
Pre- heat mixture entrance and the outlet of pre- heat mixture need to be provided with, pre- heat mixture entrance exports phase with the compound of mixing arrangement
Even, pre- heat mixture outlet is connected with the compound entrance of tamping unit.The concrete equipment of preheating device does not need especially to limit
Fixed, in the present invention, preheating device is preferably：Steam preheating apparatus.
Present invention also offers a kind of method that utilization said system produces carbide.The method comprises the steps：
Prepare coal dust and calcium lime powder；
Coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent are respectively fed in mixing arrangement, prepared compound；
Described compound is sent in tamping unit and makes firm by ramming, prepared compound cake；
Described compound cake is sent in pyrolysis installation and is pyrolyzed, pyrolysis material is obtained；
Described pyrolysis material is sent into and in carbide smelting device, produces carbide.
Inventor finds through many experiments, and the moisture in coal dust can be reacted generation calcium hydroxide with calcium lime powder
(i.e. Calx), under said system, the moisture of coal dust is best≤0.5wt%, therefore before combination, preferably first by coal dust
It is dried to moisture≤0.5wt%.
The granularity of coal dust and calcium lime powder does not need to be particularly limited to, but so that coal dust and calcium lime powder preferably glue
It is combined, the granularity of coal dust and calcium lime powder is preferably controlled in certain limit.Inventor through many experiments find, coal dust and
The optimal granularity of calcium lime powder is 0.5mm-1mm, and therefore in the preparatory stage, first coal and quick lime can be crushed to granularity is
The coal dust of 0.5mm-1mm and calcium lime powder.
During mixing, the ratio of coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent does not need to be particularly limited to.Inventor is through substantial amounts of reality
Issue after examination and approval existing, the ratio of coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent is 1:2-2.3:During 0.03-0.1, coal dust and calcium lime powder can be well
It is bonded together and do not waste binding agent.
Heating in the state of, the bond effect of binding agent more preferably, therefore, before making firm by ramming, also can be first by coal dust and calculogenesis
Made firm by ramming again after the mixed material heating that ash is obtained.
The number of times made firm by ramming does not need to be particularly limited to, but makes number of times firm by ramming very little, and coal dust and calcium lime powder can not glue well
Knot is together；Make number of times firm by ramming too many, lose time, increase energy consumption.Inventor finds through substantial amounts of experiment, and optimal making firm by ramming is secondary
Number is 50-90 time.
In the present invention, coal dust and calcium lime powder are pyrolyzed after making firm by ramming again, are that quick lime has sulfur fixation, can make coal
Hydrogen sulfide content in the raw coke oven gas that material pyrolysis produces reaches PPM level.
Additionally, tamping unit makes into coal charge and quick lime after compound cake firm by ramming, coal charge and quick lime compound can be increased
Heap density, decrease the space between coal dust, calcium lime powder, thus during decreasing pyrolysis of coal be filling space needed for
The quantity of gel liquid product, so less amount of gel just can form stronger between coal grain and quicklime particles
Interface cohesion；In addition, the heap density of coal charge and quick lime compound cake increases, its breathability is deteriorated so that producing in pyrolytic process
Raw carbonizing gas are difficult to separate out, and increase the expansive force of gel so that deformation coal grain and the pressurized jam-packed of quicklime particles, enter
One step adds the combination between coal grain and quicklime particles, thus improving the caking property of coal, has reached coal after raising pyrolysis
Material and the purpose of quick lime mixture block intensity.
The present invention makes into compound cake firm by ramming using coal charge and quick lime and is pyrolyzed, because making the bonding that can improve coal firm by ramming
Property, so some weakly caking coals can be allocated into (for example in right amount：Jet coal, bottle coal etc.) produce for carbide, it is possible to reduce bonding
The consumption of agent, thus reduce carbide production cost.
Inventor finds, the time of the temperature of pyrolysis and pyrolysis does not need to be particularly limited to, but hot through substantial amounts of experiment
Solution temperature is 600-1000 DEG C, pyrolysis time is not for, under conditions of 16-22h, by pyrolysis of coal fully also can wasting heat energy.
In the present invention, the compound cake that coal dust and calcium lime powder obtain after making firm by ramming, then grain can be become after pyrolysis
Spend the block for 20mm-50mm.Pyrolysis material from pyrolysis installation out when, temperature be about 1000 DEG C, the present invention makes full use of
The sensible heat of up to 1000 DEG C of pyrolysis of coal, makes the thermal efficiency that carbide produces significantly improve.
Below with reference to specific embodiment, the present invention will be described.In following embodiments, institute's taking technique condition value is
Exemplary, its desirable numerical range is as shown in foregoing summary.Detection method used by following embodiments is one's own profession
The conventional detection method of industry.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment provides a kind of system producing carbide and the method producing carbide with this system.
The structural representation of this system is as shown in Figure 1.This system includes coal disintegrating machine 1, dehydrator 2, coal pulverizer 3, life
Lime crusher 4, quick lime pulverizer 5, mixer 6, tamping charging car 7, coke oven 8 and furnace of calcium carbide 9.
Pyrolysis installation used is 5.5 meters of coke ovens.The size making coal bin firm by ramming of tamping charging car is：Length=15000mm,
Width 500mm, height 5200mm.
The method is as shown in Fig. 2 specific as follows：
S1：Prepare coal dust and calcium lime powder.
Coking coal, rich coal, jet coal are 3mm through crusher in crushing to granularity, transport storage respectively to coking coal coal bunker, rich coal coal
Storehouse, jet coal coal bunker.Coking coal, rich coal, jet coal press 1 through coal blending belt:1:2 ratio is mixed into mixing coal charge dehydrator and takes off
Water drying to water content is 0.5wt%, then is crushed to granularity for 1mm through coal charge pulverizer, sends into the blending bunker of mixer.Calculogenesis
Grey block becomes, through crusher in crushing, the calcium lime powder that granularity is 5mm, is then transported to quick lime feed bin；Size-reduced machine is crushed to grain again
Spend for 1mm, the blending bunker of feeding mixer.It is 1mm that modified coal tar pitch is crushed to granularity, sends into the blending bunker of mixer.
S2：Coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent are respectively fed in mixing arrangement, prepared compound.
In blending bunker, coal dust, calcium lime powder and modified coal tar pitch are pressed 1:2:0.03 ratio carries out batch mixing.
S3：Feed the mixture in tamping unit and make firm by ramming, prepared compound cake.
The compound of mix homogeneously be transported to stamp charging in-car make coal bin firm by ramming, compound is in in-car the smashing of stamp charging
Gu the uniform blowing of coal bin length direction, to when making coal bin coal coal seam firm by ramming and highly reaching 500mm, the tamping tool on tamping charging car top leaves
Open, while blowing, while make firm by ramming；The time of fiddling with of each compound cake is 6 minutes (number of times made firm by ramming is 50 times).
S4：Compound cake is sent in pyrolysis installation and is pyrolyzed, pyrolysis material is obtained.
S5：Pyrolysis material is sent into and in carbide smelting device, produces carbide.
The carbonization that the compound cake made firm by ramming is transported to coke oven by the defeated coal plate on tamping charging car is indoor, carries out dry distilling heat
Solution.The heating-up temperature of coke oven combustion chamber is 1200 DEG C, the temperature of carbonization chamber is 1000 DEG C, and the time of pyrolysis is 16 hours.Coke oven
Combustor provide compound cookiess to evaporate required heat, mixing briquette is in the indoor pyrolysis through 16 hours of carbonization of coke oven
Afterwards, release carbonization chamber through ram, enter batch can, boosted device is the block of the coal dust for 20-50mm for the granularity and calcium lime powder
The lifting of shape compound loads in the elevated bunker of system for producing calcium carbide, reinstalls furnace of calcium carbide and completes carbide production.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment provides another kind of system producing carbide and the method producing carbide with this system.
The structural representation of this system is as shown in Figure 3.This system includes coal disintegrating machine 1, dehydrator 2, coal pulverizer 3, life
Lime crusher 4, quick lime pulverizer 5, mixer 6, tamping charging car 7, coke oven 8, furnace of calcium carbide 9 and heater 10.
Pyrolysis installation used is 5.5 meters of coke ovens.The size making coal bin firm by ramming of tamping charging car is：Length=15000mm,
Width 500mm, height 5200mm.
The method is as shown in figure 4, specific as follows：
S1’：Prepare coal dust and calcium lime powder.
Coking coal, rich coal, jet coal, bottle coal are 3mm through crusher in crushing to granularity, transport respectively storage to coking coal coal bunker,
Rich coal coal bunker, jet coal coal bunker, bottle coal coal bunker.Coking coal, rich coal, jet coal press 1 through coal blending belt:1:1:2 ratio is mixed into
Entering to mix coal charge dehydrator dehydrate to water content is 0.3wt%, then is crushed to granularity for 0.5mm through coal charge pulverizer, send
Enter the blending bunker of mixer.Caustic lime block becomes, through crusher in crushing, the calcium lime powder that granularity is 5mm, is then transported to calculogenesis ash material
Storehouse；Size-reduced machine is crushed to granularity again is 0.5mm, sends into the blending bunker of mixer.It is 1mm that modified coal tar pitch is crushed to granularity, send
Enter the blending bunker of mixer.
S2’：Coal dust, calcium lime powder and binding agent are respectively fed in mixing arrangement, prepared compound.
In blending bunker, coal dust, calcium lime powder and modified coal tar pitch are pressed 1:2.3:0.1 ratio carries out batch mixing.
S3’：Feed the mixture in heater and heated.
Heating-up temperature is：100 DEG C, heat time heating time be 10 minutes.
S4’：Compound after preheating is sent in tamping unit and makes firm by ramming, prepared compound cake.
Compound after preheating be transported to stamp charging in-car make coal bin firm by ramming, compound is in in-car the making firm by ramming of stamp charging
The uniform blowing of coal bin length direction, to when making coal bin coal coal seam firm by ramming and highly reaching 500mm, the tamping tool on tamping charging car top leaves
Open, while blowing, while make firm by ramming；The time of fiddling with of each compound cake is 8 minutes (number of times made firm by ramming is 90 times).
S5’：Compound cake is sent in pyrolysis installation and is pyrolyzed, pyrolysis material is obtained.
S6’：Pyrolysis material is sent into and in carbide smelting device, produces carbide.
The carbonization that the compound cake made firm by ramming is transported to coke oven by the defeated coal plate on tamping charging car is indoor, carries out dry distilling heat
Solution.The heating-up temperature of coke oven combustion chamber is 1200 DEG C, the temperature of carbonization chamber is 600 DEG C, and the time of pyrolysis is 22 hours.Coke oven
Combustor provides compound cookiess to evaporate required heat, mixing briquette coke oven carbonization indoor after the pyrolysis of 22 hours,
Release carbonization chamber through ram, enter batch can, the coal dust for 20-50mm is mixed with the bulk of calcium lime powder boosted device granularity
Close material lifting to load in the elevated bunker of system for producing calcium carbide, reinstall furnace of calcium carbide and complete carbide production.
In summary, what the present invention provided produces the system and method for carbide compared with traditional carbide production technology, fully
Make use of up to 1000 DEG C of pyrolysis of coal of sensible heat, so that the thermal efficiency that carbide produces is significantly improved；Ingenious utilization quick lime simultaneously
Desulfurization, sulfur fixation, make the content of hydrogen sulfide in the pyrolysis gas of pyrolysis of coal reach PPM level, eliminate complexity pyrolysis desulfurization
System, has saved equipment investment.
Additionally, tamping unit once accessible material is many, and process time short, with respect to accumulation of heat up-to-date at present
The carbide raw material preparatory stage of formula carbide new technology is compared, present invention eliminates pressure ball molding link, improves treatment effeciency.
Furthermore, the present invention makes into compound cake firm by ramming using coal charge and quick lime and is pyrolyzed, can change coal because making firm by ramming
Caking property, so some weakly caking coals can be allocated into (for example in right amount：Jet coal, bottle coal etc.) due to carbide production, thus reducing
Carbide production cost.
Simultaneously because coke oven, furnace of calcium carbide broadly fall into classical technique, have a high potential in terms of energy-conservation, this exactly solves carbide and produces
High energy consumption issues, the technology being badly in need of, so the technique of this combination among the strong ones, it is worth widely promoting.
It should be noted that each embodiment above by reference to described by accompanying drawing only limits this in order to illustrate rather than
The scope of invention, it will be understood by those within the art that, right under the premise without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention
Modification or equivalent that the present invention is carried out, all should cover within the scope of the present invention.Additionally, unless stated otherwise, that
All or part of of any embodiment can use in conjunction with all or part of of any other embodiment.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of system producing carbide it is characterised in that described system include mixing arrangement, tamping unit, pyrolysis installation and
Carbide smelting device；
Described mixing arrangement is provided with coal powder entrance, calcium lime powder entrance, binding agent entrance and compound outlet；
Described tamping unit is provided with compound entrance and the outlet of compound cake, and described compound entrance is mixed with described mixing arrangement
Close material outlet to be connected；
Described pyrolysis installation is provided with compound cake entrance, pyrolysis material outlet, described compound cake entrance and described tamping unit
The outlet of compound cake is connected；
Described carbide smelting device is provided with pyrolysis material entrance and carbide outlet, and the heat of entrance and described pyrolysis installation is expected in described pyrolysis
Solution material outlet is connected.
2. system according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described system also includes preheating device, described preheating device
It is provided with pre- heat mixture entrance and the outlet of pre- heat mixture, described pre- heat mixture entrance is connected with the outlet of described mixing arrangement,
Described pre- heat mixture outlet is connected with the compound entrance of described tamping unit.
3. a kind of system using described in claim 1 or 2 produce carbide method it is characterised in that methods described include as
Lower step：
Prepare coal dust and calcium lime powder；
Described coal dust, described calcium lime powder and binding agent are respectively fed in described mixing arrangement, prepared compound；
Described compound is sent in described tamping unit and makes firm by ramming, prepared compound cake；
Described compound cake is sent in described pyrolysis installation and is pyrolyzed, pyrolysis material is obtained；
Described pyrolysis material is sent into and in described carbide smelting device, produces carbide.
4. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that be re-fed into described tamping unit by after described preheating of mixed material
In make into described compound cake firm by ramming.
5. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that be set to 50-90 by the number of times of making firm by ramming of described tamping unit
Secondary.
6. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that by described coal dust drying to moisture≤0.5wt%.
7. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that being crushed to granularity by described coal dust and described calcium lime powder and being
0.5mm-1mm.
8. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that by described coal dust, described calcium lime powder and described binding agent
Ratio setting be 1:2-2.3:0.03-0.1.
9. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that prepare described coal with weak caking coal and no adhesion coal
Powder.
10. method according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that be 600- by the temperature setting of described compound cake pyrolysis
1000 DEG C, pyrolysis set of time be 16-22h.
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| CN201610872422.7A CN106395825A (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2016-09-30 | Calcium carbide production system and method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107971037A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-01 | 宁夏宝塔化工中心实验室(有限公司) | A kind of new calcium carbide production technology catalyst |
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