CN106382864B - A kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy - Google Patents
A kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy Download PDFInfo
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- CN106382864B CN106382864B CN201610955630.3A CN201610955630A CN106382864B CN 106382864 B CN106382864 B CN 106382864B CN 201610955630 A CN201610955630 A CN 201610955630A CN 106382864 B CN106382864 B CN 106382864B
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- cavity liner
- activity
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- containing energy
- penetration
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B33/00—Manufacture of ammunition; Dismantling of ammunition; Apparatus therefor
- F42B33/02—Filling cartridges, missiles, or fuzes; Inserting propellant or explosive charges
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy,Including shell,Powder charge,Buffer cavity liner,Activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner,It is axially symmetric structure,Its middle casing is the composite structure of round platform and cylinder,Frustum cone structure seals one end of cylindrical structure,Powder charge is seated in the composite structure of round platform and cylinder,And the other end of cylindrical structure sets gradually buffering cavity liner,Activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner,And buffering cavity liner,Powder charge is sealed in shell by activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner,The buffering cavity liner,Activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner are segment shape,The cone angle of segment is 10 °~175 °,The loaded constitution of power-assembling is other than having perforation effect,Also has effects that class detonation,Its detonation power to ammunition,To the ignition capability of fuel oil,To the burn of personnel,Smothering action and to the lateral damage effect of target considerably beyond inertia cavity liner.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to ammunition engineering technical fields, more particularly to a kind of activity composite liner beehive-shaped charge knot containing energy
Structure.
Background technology
It is the important development direction in conventional ammunition field, the oil faced to future battlefield that exploring, which has the ammunition efficiently injured,
The targets such as tank, oil carrier, armored vehicle, there is be difficult to reliable ignition to oil plant, be difficult to reliably to ammunition for traditional charge warhead
How the problems such as igniting, is relatively low to armored vehicle Kill capability realizes efficiently injuring to these targets, is ammunition industry needs
The problem urgently solved.When hitting the targets such as tank, plate armour mainly by armor piercing effect, damage effect is single for traditional warhead,
Kill capability is relatively low.
Invention content
It is an object of the invention to overcome the above-mentioned deficiency of the prior art, a kind of activity composite liner cumulative containing energy is provided
Charge constitution, compared with conventional metals cavity liner, which also has class detonation work(other than having perforation effect
Effect breaks the ignition capability of fuel oil to the burn of personnel, smothering action and to the transverse direction of target the detonation power of ammunition
Bad effect is considerably beyond inertia cavity liner.It is examined by numerical computations and ground experiment, the synthesis Kill capability of target is reached
To expected purpose.
What the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention was mainly achieved by following technical solution：
A kind of active composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, including shell, powder charge, buffering cavity liner, activity are containing energy
Cavity liner and penetration cavity liner, middle casing are the composite structure of round platform and cylinder, and frustum cone structure is close by one end of cylindrical structure
Envelope, powder charge are seated in the composite structure of round platform and cylinder, and the other end of cylindrical structure sets gradually buffering cavity liner, activity
The cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner, and buffer cavity liner, activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner and powder charge is sealed in shell
In vivo, the buffering cavity liner, activity containing can cavity liner and penetration cavity liner be segment shape, the cone angle of segment is 10 °~
175 °, the shell, powder charge, buffering cavity liner, activity cavity liner containing energy and penetration cavity liner are axially symmetric structure.
In above-mentioned activity contains energy composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling, buffers cavity liner, activity cavity liner containing energy and invade
The cone angle of thorough cavity liner segment is 30 °~160 °.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the buffering cavity liner, activity contain can cavity liner
Cover thickness with penetration cavity liner is 0.01~0.1 times of powder charge maximum gauge；It is preferred that 0.02~0.05 times.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the buffering cavity liner, activity contain can cavity liner
It is intimate contact with one another with penetration cavity liner adjacent two layers.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the bottom thickness of the shell is that powder charge is maximum straight
0.01~0.15 times of diameter；It is preferred that 0.03~0.08 times.
In above-mentioned activity containing can be in composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling, the material of the shell be steel or aluminium, described slow
The material for rushing cavity liner and penetration cavity liner is copper or aluminium.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the material of activity cavity liner containing energy is aluminium powder
With polytetrafluorethylepowder powder compacting sintering mixture, the wherein mass percentage content of aluminium powder is 10%~50%, polytetrafluoroethyl-ne
The mass percentage content of alkene powder is 50%~90%.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the buffering cavity liner, activity contain can cavity liner
It is connected and fixed by screw and inner walls face with the ring edge of penetration cavity liner, or passes through bonding way and inner walls
Face is connected and fixed.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, after powder charge detonation, buffering cavity liner, activity contain energy
Cavity liner and penetration cavity liner form the clad type EFP of high-speed flight, that is, buffer the EFP packets that cavity liner and penetration cavity liner are formed
Cover activity cavity liner containing energy.
In above-mentioned activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, the buffering cavity liner absorbs detonation wave energy,
It avoids activity from containing energy cavity liner and is crushed or occurs to early reaction, shield to activity cavity liner containing energy；The activity contains energy
Cavity liner chemically reacts after going deep into target, discharges chemical energy, and pilot fuel ignites ammunition, improves broken to the transverse direction of target
Bad effect；The penetration cavity liner carries out penetration to target, and shields to activity cavity liner containing energy.
The present invention has the advantages that compared with prior art：
(1), the present invention has carried out innovative design to loaded constitution of power-assembling, and charge constitution contains including buffering cavity liner, activity
Energy cavity liner and penetration cavity liner, compared with conventional metals cavity liner, activity composite liner containing energy is in addition to having perforation to make
With outer, also have effects that class detonation, the detonation power of ammunition makees burn, the asphyxia of personnel the ignition capability of fuel oil
It, considerably beyond inertia cavity liner, is examined by numerical computations and ground experiment, to target with the lateral damage effect to target
Synthesis Kill capability achieve the desired purpose；
(2), setting buffering cavity liner in charge constitution of the present invention, can absorb detonation wave energy, avoids cavity liner easily broken
It is broken or reaction occurs to early, to activity containing can cavity liner shield；
(3), be arranged in charge constitution of the present invention activity containing can cavity liner, can absorb detonation wave energy, going deep into after target can
It chemically reacts, discharges chemical energy, it can pilot fuel, ignition ammunition；
(4), penetration cavity liner is set in charge constitution of the present invention, density and the velocity of sound are higher, stronger to target Penetration Ability,
It can also shield to activity cavity liner containing energy；
(5), the present invention is by each component part of loaded constitution of power-assembling, especially buffering cavity liner, activity Types of Medicine containing energy
The optimization design of structure type, shape, proportional sizes and the material of cover and penetration cavity liner etc., further enhances beehive-shaped charge
Penetration Ability of the structure to target；
(6), the housing design of loaded constitution of power-assembling of the present invention is the structure of round platform+cylinder, by optimization design so that dress
Medicine structure does not reduce penetration effect while reducing explosive payload；
Retracting device of the present invention is examined by ground experiment, is achieved the desired purpose to the damage effectiveness of target.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is means for loading three dimensional sectional view of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is means for loading longitudinal sectional drawing of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is steel ingot of the present invention by perforative result of calculation figure；
Fig. 4 is steel ingot of the present invention by perforative experimental result picture；
Fig. 5 is ignition test result figure of the present invention to diesel oil；
Fig. 6 is the present invention to oil tank equivalent target target Incendiary effect figure；
Fig. 7 is that the present invention injures test result figure to oil tank equivalent target target, and wherein Fig. 7 a are the double-deck steelframe, and Fig. 7 b are oil
Case.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is described in further detail in the following with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments：
It is means for loading structural schematic diagram of the present invention as shown in Figure 1；Fig. 2 is means for loading longitudinal sectional drawing of the present invention, by
Charge constitution of the present invention known to figure includes shell 1, powder charge 2, buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 and penetration cavity liner 5 containing energy,
Its middle casing 1 is the composite structure of round platform and cylinder, and frustum cone structure seals one end of cylindrical structure, and powder charge 2 is seated in round platform
With the composite structure of cylinder, and the other end of cylindrical structure sets gradually buffering cavity liner 3, activity containing cavity liner 4 and capable of invading
Thorough cavity liner 5, and buffer cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 and powder charge 2 is sealed in shell 1, it is described
Buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 are segment shape, and the cone angle of segment is 10 °~175 °, excellent
Select 30 °~160 °.The shell 1, powder charge 2, buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 are axis pair
Claim structure.
The cover thickness for buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 is the 0.01 of powder charge maximum gauge
~0.1 times；It is preferred that 0.02~0.05 times.The thickness for buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 can phase
It is same or different.
It is intimate contact with one another to buffer cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and 5 adjacent two layers of penetration cavity liner.
The bottom thickness of shell 1 is 0.01~0.15 times of powder charge maximum gauge；It is preferred that 0.03~0.08 times.Shell 1
Material can be steel or aluminium, and the material for buffering cavity liner 3 and penetration cavity liner 5 can be copper or aluminium, the material of activity cavity liner 4 containing energy
For aluminium powder and polytetrafluorethylepowder powder compacting sintering mixture, the wherein mass percentage content of aluminium powder is 10%~50%, is gathered
The mass percentage content of tetrafluoroethene powder is 50%~90%.The formula used in the embodiment of the present invention accounts for for aluminium powder quality
26%, polytetrafluorethylepowder powder quality accounts for 74%.
The ring edge of buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 passes through 1 inner wall of screw and shell
Face is connected and fixed, or is connected and fixed by bonding way and 1 internal face of shell.
After powder charge detonation, buffering cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 form the cladding of high-speed flight
EFP cladding activity cavity liner 4 containing energy that formula EFP, i.e. buffering cavity liner 3 and penetration cavity liner 5 are formed.
Buffering cavity liner 3 can absorb detonation wave energy, avoids cavity liner easily broken or reaction occurs to early, contain to activity
Energy cavity liner shields；Activity cavity liner 4 containing energy can absorb detonation wave energy, and chemistry can occur instead after going deep into target
It answers, discharges chemical energy, it can pilot fuel, ignition ammunition；5 density of penetration cavity liner and the velocity of sound are higher, to target penetration energy
Power is stronger, moreover it is possible to shield to activity cavity liner containing energy.
The mechanism of charge constitution of the present invention is as follows：
After powder charge detonation, cavity liner forms the clad type EFP of high-speed flight under the explosion product effect of high temperature and pressure,
Active energetic material is wrapped in EFP, head is the stronger EFP of Penetration Ability, and after EFP penetrates target, active material reaction is released
Chemical energy is put, there is kinetic energy, impact superpressure, high temperature to set on fire, suffocate etc. target and compound injure striking capabilities.
Embodiment 1
A kind of activity is described below containing can calculating and reality of the composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling to steel ingot, oil tank equivalent target
Test result.The cone angle that cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and 5 segment of penetration cavity liner are buffered in the present embodiment is 130 °, is delayed
The cover thickness for rushing cavity liner 3, activity cavity liner 4 containing energy and penetration cavity liner 5 is 0.03 times of powder charge maximum gauge.Activity contains energy
The group of cavity liner 4 accounts for 26% as aluminium powder quality, and polytetrafluorethylepowder powder quality accounts for 74%.The material of shell 1 can be steel, buffering
The material of cavity liner 3 and penetration cavity liner 5 is copper.
The calculating of 1 pair of steel ingot and experimental result
Using the two-dimensional axial symmetric computation model in finite-difference program AUTODYN to active cumulative charging explosion, buffering
Material cladding active material forms penetration body and is simulated to the penetration effect process of steel ingot.In computation model explosive,
Three kinds of drug-shaped covers and charge shell etc. use more substance EULER algorithms, and steel ingot uses Lagrangian Arithmetic, mutual between them
Fluid-structure coupling computation is acted through to simulate.The reaction of active material is not considered in computation model.
The detonation and energy release process of explosive are described with JWL state equations：
In formula：E is unit quality interior energy；V is specific volume；A、B、R1、R2, ω be constant.
Atmospheric density is 1.225kg/m3, using The Ideal-Gas Equation, γ=1.4.Initial pressure in setting air
For 1 atmospheric pressure.
Detonation lower structure dynamic response is related to large deformation and high strain-rate, herein, shell, target plate, drug-shaped cover
Using Johnson-Cook strength models, dynamic yield stress is represented by：
Wherein, A is material static yield limit, and B, n are strain hardening parameter, and C is and the relevant parameter of strain rate, εpFor
Equivalent plastic strain,For normalized equivalent plastic strain rate, m is that temperature softens parameter, if room temperature is TRoom, melting temperature
For TMelt, then relative temperature THDefinition be：
TH=(T-TRoom)/(TMelt-TRoom) (3)
Shell, steel ingot, drug-shaped cover state equation be Linear：
P=Ku (4)
Here, u=ρ/ρ0- 1, K are the bulk moduluses of material.
Cavity liner overturns to form explosive formation projectiles class penetration body after the explosion of beehive-shaped charge bullet, with Jet Formation phase
Than internal pressure is opposite when explosive formation projectiles are formed wants low, the insensitiveness characteristic for being conducive to keep active material.Penetration body pair
The results are shown in Figure 3 for the calculation of penetration of the 45# steel ingots of 45mm thickness, and steel ingot is penetrated in a manner of shear plugging at height of burst 150mm：
Trepanning inlet diameter φ 29mm, outlet diameter φ 38mm, intermediate minimum diameter φ 22mm.Penetration body maximum before target
Speed is 1310m/s, and residual velocity is 350m/s after wearing target, still has certain penetration capacity.
Experiment arrangement is followed successively by from top to bottom：Active bullet, paper web, 45# steel ingots, hollow support structures.Paper web is for true
Determine the height of burst, the height of burst is 150mm under two schemes.Ingot thickness 45mm, diameter phi 180mm, the hollow support knot below steel ingot
The rag for dipping in diesel oil is placed in structure.
Steel ingot trepanning test result is closer to numerical result：Steel ingot is by completely through entrance has flange, outlet
Then there is more apparent avalanche phenomenon.Inlet diameter φ 33mm, outlet diameter φ 37mm, intermediate minimum diameter φ 20mm.By
Fig. 4 is as it can be seen that steel ingot entrance pass symmetry is preferable, and active penetration shape is complete before this explanation hits target, and padded coaming is to activity
Cavity liner plays a very good protection.There is radial ablation trace in steel ingot front, illustrate to hit target moment active material by
High temperature and pressure effect starts reaction and releases energy.By sooting around hole wall, this is that active material continues to put in Penetration
Thermal response is caused by hole wall ablation.Fig. 5 is to ignite diesel oil after target as a result, discharging a large amount of chemistry after active material reaction
Can, it generates high-temperature product and the rag for dipping in diesel oil after steel ingot ignites.The calculating of 2 pairs of oil tank equivalent targets and experimental result
To fill the double plate floating top oil tank of diesel oil as target of attack, and carried out with such as lower structure according to target property equivalent：
The 5mm thickness Q235 steel plates of two block gap 500mm are placed on the Q235 steel diesel fuel tanks of wall thickness 5mm.
Numerical result is as follows：Cavity liner overturns to form explosive formation projectiles after beehive-shaped charge charging explosion, and bullet is most
Big speed is 1310m/s.First and second pieces of Q235 steel plate opening diameters are respectively φ 35.6mm, φ 27.2mm, top of oil-tank
Steel plate opening diameter is φ 26.6mm, and residual velocity is 730m/s after penetration body passes through top of oil-tank steel plate, is still had centainly
Penetration Ability.
On testing Ground arrangement, fuel tank is welded with 5mm thickness Q235 steel plates, and length, width and height are 200mm, and top of oil-tank is opened
There are oil filler point, diesel oil to be injected by the oil filler point of top of oil-tank, filling to 80% expires.Fuel tank is placed above the double-deck steelframe, above and below steelframe
For the 5mm thickness Q235 steel plates of two block gap 500mm.Four reinforcing bars in steelframe quadrangle and nut are connected, and are convenient for changing steel plate.Fight
Portion is placed on steelframe, and the experiment height of burst is 35mm, is determined by paper web height.
Test result is as shown in Figure 7：The penetration body formed that explodes successively penetrates three layers of 5mm steel plates, then invades diesel oil
In.Steelframe upper layer Q235 steel plates center is ruptured in petal-shaped, and trepanning bore is φ 45mm；Lower layer Q235 steel plates opening bore is
40mm × 35mm, the downward slight depression of trepanning, periphery flawless, steel plate trepanning surrounding have multiple pittings, this is that penetration body lacks portion
The polylith transverse direction spray penetration formed after being crushed is divided to form；The top of oil-tank steel plate opening bore for containing diesel oil is φ 35mm,
Pit caused by having the shock of penetration body on the steel plate of bottom.Since computation model does not consider the reaction of active material, lead to numerical value meter
It calculates result and is much smaller than experiment opening bore open, it is anti-that this also absolutely proves that active material just has begun to occur in impingement interval target
It answers, penetration body swell diameter increases, and perforation on the steel plate also accordingly expands.
After the high speed penetration body intrusion diesel oil that explosion is formed, diesel oil is quickly arranged to surrounding, and the reaction was continued for active material, releases
Amplification quantity chemical energy makes diesel oil largely gasify and be atomized, is mixed with inner air and reach explosion limit and explode, lead to oil
Gross distortion after case is acted on by bulging tears apart to come from welding position, and structure is disintegrated into five blocks of steel plates, tank bottoms steel plate by
There is pit in the shock of remaining penetration body.Active material and diesel oil are splashed to each corner in room, and diesel oil is further atomized, and
Duration very long raging flames has been lighted on ground and wall after being sufficiently mixed with outside air.It is illustrated in figure 6 this
Invention is to oil tank equivalent target target Incendiary effect figure.
The present invention is examined by numerical computations and ground experiment, the opening capability to hard-to-hit target and the energy that ignites to fuel oil
Power achieves the desired purpose.
The above, best specific implementation mode only of the invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Any one skilled in the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, the change or replacement that can be readily occurred in,
It should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
The content that description in the present invention is not described in detail belongs to the known technology of professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy, it is characterised in that：Including shell (1), powder charge (2), buffering
Cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5), middle casing (1) are the composite structure of round platform and cylinder,
Frustum cone structure seals one end of cylindrical structure, and powder charge (2) is seated in the composite structure of round platform and cylinder, and cylindrical structure
The other end sets gradually buffering cavity liner (3), activity contains energy cavity liner (4) and penetration cavity liner (5), and buffering cavity liner (3),
Powder charge (2) is sealed in shell (1) by activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5), and the buffering cavity liner (3) is lived
Property containing can cavity liner (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) be segment shape, the cone angle of segment is 10 °~175 °, the shell (1),
Powder charge (2), buffering cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) are axially symmetric structure；
After powder charge detonation, buffering cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) form the packet of high-speed flight
Cover formula EFP, i.e., EFP cladding activity cavity liners containing energy (4) that buffering cavity liner (3) and penetration cavity liner (5) are formed.
2. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described slow
Rush cavity liner (3), the cone angle of activity cavity liner (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) segment containing energy is 30 °~160 °.
3. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described slow
The cover thickness for rushing cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) is the 0.01~0.1 of powder charge maximum gauge
Times.
4. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：It is described slow
Rush cavity liner (3), activity containing can cavity liner (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) cover thickness for powder charge maximum gauge 0.02~
0.05 times.
5. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described slow
It is intimate contact with one another to rush cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) adjacent two layers containing energy.
6. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The shell
The bottom thickness of body (1) is 0.01~0.15 times of powder charge maximum gauge.
7. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The shell
The bottom thickness of body (1) is 0.03~0.08 times of powder charge maximum gauge.
8. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The shell
The material of body (1) is steel or aluminium, and the cavity liner (3) and the material of penetration cavity liner (5) of buffering is copper or aluminium.
9. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1 or 8, it is characterised in that：Institute
The material for stating activity cavity liner containing energy (4) is aluminium powder and polytetrafluorethylepowder powder compacting sintering mixture, the wherein quality of aluminium powder
Degree is 10%~50%, and the mass percentage content of polytetrafluorethylepowder powder is 50%~90%.
10. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
The ring edge of buffering cavity liner (3), activity cavity liner containing energy (4) and penetration cavity liner (5) passes through screw and shell (1) inner wall
Face is connected and fixed, or is connected and fixed by bonding way and shell (1) internal face.
11. a kind of activity composite liner loaded constitution of power-assembling containing energy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
It buffers cavity liner (3) and absorbs detonation wave energy, avoid activity cavity liner containing energy (4) broken or reaction occurs to early, activity is contained
Energy cavity liner (4) shields；Activity cavity liner containing energy (4) chemically reacts after going deep into target, discharges chemical energy,
Pilot fuel ignites ammunition, improves the lateral damage effect to target；The penetration cavity liner (5) carries out penetration to target, and
It shields to activity cavity liner containing energy.
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| CN114160794A (en) * | 2021-10-20 | 2022-03-11 | 物华能源科技有限公司 | Energy-increasing active material shell, preparation method and outer sleeve type synergistic perforating charge matched with energy-increasing active material shell |
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| CN106382864A (en) | 2017-02-08 |
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