CN106364521B - The special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle and the rail vehicle provided with the device - Google Patents

The special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle and the rail vehicle provided with the device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106364521B
CN106364521B CN201610913674.XA CN201610913674A CN106364521B CN 106364521 B CN106364521 B CN 106364521B CN 201610913674 A CN201610913674 A CN 201610913674A CN 106364521 B CN106364521 B CN 106364521B
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plate
energy
component
thin
absorbing
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CN106364521A (en
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谢素超
王宁
谢俊
刘国伟
杨蔚林
李海红
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Central South University
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Central South University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61FRAIL VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS, e.g. UNDERFRAMES, BOGIES OR ARRANGEMENTS OF WHEEL AXLES; RAIL VEHICLES FOR USE ON TRACKS OF DIFFERENT WIDTH; PREVENTING DERAILING OF RAIL VEHICLES; WHEEL GUARDS, OBSTRUCTION REMOVERS OR THE LIKE FOR RAIL VEHICLES
    • B61F19/00Wheel guards; Bumpers; Obstruction removers or the like
    • B61F19/04Bumpers or like collision guards

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle and rail vehicle, energy absorption device includes punch component, cavity plate component and energy-absorbing component;Energy-absorbing component is installed in cavity plate component, including thin-walled flow endergonic structure and crushing type energy-absorbing structure, and the side wing of thin-walled flow endergonic structure is inserted in cavity plate component and is sheathed on the outside of crushing type energy-absorbing structure.Punch component includes anti-creep tooth plate, impact bar and guide rod, the other end of impact bar is provided with the even power plate of rectangle, guide rod is inserted in the pilot hole of cavity plate component, even power plate is contacted with the blind end fitting of thin-walled flow endergonic structure, and punch component is uniformly transferred the longitudinal impact force born to the thin-walled flow endergonic structure and crushing type energy-absorbing structure by even power plate.Two groups of energy absorption devices are equiped with the rail vehicle of the present invention.The present invention has the advantages that structure and manufacture craft is relatively easy, easy for installation and stabilization is controllable, bigger than energy-absorbing.

Description

The special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle and the track provided with the device Vehicle
Technical field
The present invention relates to the field of safety protection of rail truck, is more particularly to exclusively used in the energy absorption device of rail vehicle and sets There is the rail truck of the device.
Background technology
The Crash of Railway Passenger Vehicles accident frequently occurred both at home and abroad, has brought heavy and bitter lesson.Especially Recently as the continuous rise of road surface tramcar, collision on the ground probability greatly increases.Railway is important as national economy Infrastructure and the popular vehicles, it should be transported all the time using the security of the lives and property of protection passenger and driver and conductor as track traffic The starting point of row safety.Therefore, when train collision accident can not avoid, need the passive security protection of development rail truck badly and grind Study carefully.
In vehicle collisions, due to the needs of security protection, impact kinetic energy will be absorbed or be dissipated completely, therefore be needed Special element to be used as energy absorbing structure, to meet the requirement of the crash-worthiness of vehicle structure.One is designed well resistance to Hitting property structure, which must controllably absorb or dissipate, all hits kinetic energy, in these of material and structure energy absorption machine In system, metal thin-wall structure and aluminium honeycomb obtain as a kind of inexpensive, high ratio of strength to weight, the endergonic structure of high energy absorbing efficiency Extensive practical application is arrived.
Endergonic structure is divided into carrying endergonic structure and special endergonic structure, so-called carrying endergonic structure:In normal operation bar Under part, there is good transmission longitudinal force performance, METHOD FOR LARGE DEFORMATION ELASTOPLASTIC is produced when shock accident occurs and absorbs energy;It is so-called special Endergonic structure:Used not as structural bearing, METHOD FOR LARGE DEFORMATION ELASTOPLASTIC is produced only when shock accident occurs and absorbs energy, to increase energy-absorbing " than the energy-absorbing " of structure, special endergonic structure can be replaced after failing in an impact.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided a kind of structure and manufacture craft letter It is single, easy for installation, stabilization is controllable, can be with composite endergonic and the combined type special energy-absorbing for rail vehicle bigger than energy-absorbing Device;A kind of rail vehicle provided with the energy absorption device is also provided.
In order to solve the above technical problems, technical scheme proposed by the present invention is:
A kind of special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle, including punch component, vehicle bottom can be fixed on Cavity plate component on frame and the energy-absorbing component being installed in cavity plate component;The energy-absorbing component includes thin-walled flow endergonic structure With crushing type energy-absorbing structure, described crushing type energy-absorbing structure one end is detachably installed in the cavity plate component, the thin-walled modeling Become tubular structure of the endergonic structure into one end open, its side wall offers a plurality of opening trough_like into a plurality of independent side wing;Institute The openend for stating tubular structure is inserted in cavity plate component by the side wing and is sheathed on the another of crushing type energy-absorbing structure End outside, the punch component include anti-creep tooth plate, the impact bar in the middle part of the anti-creep tooth plate back side and located at anti-creeps The guide rod of tooth plate back side surrounding, the other end of the impact bar is provided with the rectangle even power plate parallel with anti-creep tooth plate, described to lead It is inserted in bar in the pilot hole of the cavity plate component, even power plate contacts with the blind end fitting of thin-walled flow endergonic structure, institute Punch component is stated to uniformly transfer the longitudinal impact force born to the thin-walled flow endergonic structure and pressure by even power plate The formula of bursting endergonic structure.
As the further improvement to above-mentioned technical proposal:
Preferably, the thin-walled flow endergonic structure is thin-wall metal harden structure, and the blind end is a cross bottom plate, The side wing is four, and four side wings are formed by the four edges of the cross bottom plate after the bending of 90 degree of relevant position.
Preferably, the guide rod is set to four and the rectangular corner for being distributed in the anti-creep tooth plate back side, the cavity plate group Part includes cavity plate base, and the cavity plate base includes rectangular base plate and four hollow guiding branch for being located at rectangular base plate surrounding Post, the other end of guide stanchion is integral by four square mutagenesis beams connections, and the both ends of each mutagenesis beam are equipped with a projection Step, forms a stopper slot between two raised steps, and four side wings of the thin-walled flow endergonic structure pass through corresponding Stopper slot is inserted in the cavity of cavity plate base, and end contacts with rectangular base plate;The rectangular base plate both sides are provided with multiple energy The connecting hole being connected with floor underframe for vehicle, rectangular base plate middle part are provided with the rectangle limitting casing of protrusion, the crushing type energy-absorbing knot One end of structure is embedded in the rectangle limitting casing.
Preferably, the cavity plate component also includes cavity plate cover plate, and the cavity plate cover plate includes rectangular-shaped top plate and enclosed to be located at The edge guard of top plate surrounding, the edge guard are covered on the outside of the mutagenesis beam, and the corner of the top plate, which offers, leads Hole and the first bolt hole, square hole is offered in the middle part of top plate, and the guide rod is inserted in described lead after being passed from the guide hole Into the central hollow hole of pillar, the even power plate passes through the square hole and the cross bottom plate of the thin-walled flow endergonic structure Contact;Top plate is fixed on mutagenesis beam by the bolt being arranged in first bolt hole.
Preferably, the crushing type energy-absorbing structure is thin-wall metal crushing type energy-absorbing structure or concrete dynamic modulus endergonic structure;Institute It is honeycomb aluminum, cellular steel or foamed aluminium to state concrete dynamic modulus endergonic structure;When crushing type energy-absorbing structure is honeycomb aluminum or cellular steel, its Hole direction is consistent with impact of collision direction.
Preferably, it is welded with deep floor between impact bar and the anti-creep tooth plate and even power plate.
Preferably, the front of the anti-creep tooth plate is evenly arranged with anti-climbing tooth.
Preferably, the impact bar is prismatic impact bar.
Preferably, the guide rod is cylinder or prismatic structures;The hollow of the guide stanchion is to match somebody with somebody with guide rod The cylindrical hole of conjunction or prismatic hole.
As same inventive concept, the present invention also provides a kind of rail vehicle, including vehicle body bottom frame, the vehicle body bottom frame Front end be symmetrical with the longitudinal midline direction of chassis and be equiped with two groups of special energy absorption devices of combinations of the above formula, wherein the cavity plate The rectangular base plate of base is detachably installed on the vehicle body bottom frame by the bolt being arranged in its both sides connecting hole.
Compared with prior art, the advantage of the invention is that:
The special energy absorption device of a kind of combined type of the present invention, except can be as the special endergonic structure of traditional rail truck Energy is absorbed using the plastic deformation of crushing type energy-absorbing structure, moreover it is possible to is made full use of the installing space in floor underframe for vehicle structure, is tied Syzygies compression moulding becomes principle, by installing thin-walled flow endergonic structure between punch component and cavity plate component, can also rush Press through Cheng Dangzhong produce plastic deformation apparatus with shock absorbing, make whole device when being impacted both can with composite endergonic, so as to Absorb more impact kinetic energies;METHOD FOR LARGE DEFORMATION ELASTOPLASTIC controllable in order can also be produced to absorb impact kinetic energy.Thin-walled flow energy-absorbing knot The energy consumption of structure can also be adjusted according to the pretightning force between cavity plate base and cavity plate cover plate:Pretightning force is bigger, and it occurs The energy that punching press absorbs when being plastically deformed is also bigger.And under normal operating conditions, the main composition structure in the device also has There is certain bearing capacity, bear certain transverse direction and vertical load.The present invention have structure and manufacture craft it is relatively easy, peace The advantages that facilitating is filled, and its stabilization is controllable, bigger than energy-absorbing, can be widely applied to the energy-dissipating structure of rail truck In.The chassis of rail vehicle front end of the present invention is equiped with two groups of above-mentioned special energy absorption devices, equally also has the advantages of above-mentioned.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the general assembly structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 2 is the decomposition texture schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 3 is the dimensional structure diagram of the convex mould punch-head assembly of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 4 is the dimensional structure diagram of thin-walled flow endergonic structure in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 5 is the dimensional structure diagram of the concave die cap plate of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 6 is the dimensional structure diagram of cavity plate base in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention 2.
Marginal data:
1st, punch component;11st, anti-creep tooth plate;12nd, guide rod;13rd, even power plate;14th, impact bar;15th, floor;2nd, it is recessed Die cap plate;21st, guide hole;22nd, the first bolt hole;23rd, square hole;24th, top plate;25th, edge guard;3rd, thin-walled flow endergonic structure; 4th, crushing type energy-absorbing structure;5th, cavity plate base;51st, mutagenesis beam;52nd, guide stanchion;53rd, rectangular base plate;54th, limitting casing;55th, even Connect hole;56th, central hollow hole;57th, stopper slot;58th, the second bolt hole;6th, the special energy absorption device of combined type.
Embodiment
For the ease of understanding the present invention, the present invention is made below in conjunction with Figure of description and preferred embodiment more complete Face, meticulously describe, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to embodiment in detail below.
Embodiment 1
As shown in figs 1 to 6, a kind of special energy-absorbing device embodiment of the combined type for rail vehicle of the invention, including Punch component 1, the cavity plate component that can be fixed on floor underframe for vehicle and the energy-absorbing component being installed in cavity plate component;Wherein Energy-absorbing component be used to be deformed to absorb impact energy, including thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 and crushing type energy-absorbing knot when colliding Structure 4, the one end of crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4 are detachably installed in cavity plate component inner bottom part, and thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 is one end open Tubular structure, its side wall offers a plurality of opening trough_like into a plurality of independent side wing;The openend of tubular structure passes through side Wing plate is inserted in cavity plate component and is sheathed on the outside of the other end of crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4.Punch component 1 includes anti-creep Tooth plate 11, the impact bar 14 in the middle part of the back side of anti-creep tooth plate 11 and four guide rods located at the back side surrounding of anti-creep tooth plate 11 12, the other end of impact bar 14 is provided with the rectangle even power plate 13 parallel with anti-creep tooth plate 11, and guide rod 12 is inserted in cavity plate component Pilot hole in, the blind end fitting of even power plate 13 and thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 contacts, and punch component 1 passes through even power Plate 13 uniformly transfers the longitudinal impact force born to thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 and crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4.In the present invention Energy-absorbing component makes it except as traditional rail truck by setting crushing type energy-absorbing structure and thin-walled flow endergonic structure simultaneously Special endergonic structure is the same to absorb energy using the plastic deformation of crushing type energy-absorbing structure, moreover it is possible to make full use of floor underframe for vehicle knot Installing space on structure, with reference to punching press flow principle, moulded by the thin-walled being arranged between punch component and cavity plate component Become endergonic structure, plastic deformation apparatus with shock absorbing occurs in punching course, whole device is answered when being impacted Energy-absorbing is closed, so as to absorb more impact kinetic energies.
In the present embodiment, cavity plate component includes cavity plate base 5 and cavity plate cover plate 2, and cavity plate base 5 includes rectangular base plate 53, A hollow cylinder structure directing pillar 52 is respectively equipped with the corner of rectangular base plate 53, the other end of four guide stanchions 52 leads to Cross four square shaft-like mutagenesis beams 51 and connect integral, whole cavity plate base is integral structure, Stability Analysis of Structures is reliable, leads It can also play a part of transmitting portions longitudinal force in addition to guide effect to pillar 52.It is convex that the both ends of each mutagenesis beam 51 are equipped with one Play step, formed between two raised steps a stopper slot 57 be used for side wing plug and limition orientation, in the present embodiment, limit The depth of position groove 57 is 4mm.Thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 is thin-wall metal harden structure, and its blind end is a cross bottom plate, side Wing plate is four, and four side wings are to be formed by the four edges of its cross bottom plate after the bending of 90 degree of relevant position.Thin-walled is moulded Four side wings for becoming endergonic structure 3 are inserted in the cavity of cavity plate base 5 out of corresponding stopper slot 57, end and rectangular base plate 53 contacts;Stopper slot 57 plays a part of positioning and is oriented to side wing.Side wing flows through the both ends of stopper slot 57 when by punching press Two square edges occur successively bending --- stretching --- again the plastic deformation of bending and absorb impact kinetic energy.Rectangular base plate 53 Both sides are provided with multiple connecting holes 55, and a whole set of energy absorption device can be fixed on floor underframe for vehicle by wearing bolt, can carry and Change longitudinal impact force to be transferred to vehicle body bottom frame.The middle part of rectangular base plate 53 is provided with the rectangle limitting casing 54 of protrusion, and crushing type is inhaled One end of energy structure 4 is embedded in rectangle limitting casing 54, plays fixed and position-limiting action.
In the present embodiment, cavity plate cover plate 2 is the structure being engaged with cavity plate base 5, and it includes rectangular-shaped top plate 24, top plate 24 Edge guard 25 is all around provided with, edge guard 25 is covered on the outside of mutagenesis beam 51.The corner of top plate 24 offers guide hole 21, Middle part offers square hole 23, and four guide rods 12 are inserted in the central hollow hole 56 of guide stanchion 52 after being passed from guide hole 21 In, cross contacts baseplate of the even power plate 13 through the square hole 23 and thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3;Also set on the corner of top plate 24 There is the first bolt hole 22, can be by cavity plate lid by wearing bolt in the second bolt hole 58 of the first bolt hole 22 and mutagenesis beam 51 Plate 2 is fixed on mutagenesis beam 51.The work of top plate 24 and the restricted deformation of thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 trend of edge guard 25 With.The energy consumption of thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 can also be adjusted according to the pretightning force between cavity plate base 5 and cavity plate cover plate 2 It is whole:Pretightning force is bigger, and the energy that it occurs to absorb during punching press plastic deformation is also bigger.
In the present embodiment, crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4 is thin-wall metal crushing type energy-absorbing structure or concrete dynamic modulus endergonic structure;It is more Hole endergonic structure is honeycomb aluminum, cellular steel or foamed aluminium;When crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4 is honeycomb aluminum or cellular steel, its hole Gap direction is consistent with the impact of collision direction born.After colliding, the He of thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 in the energy absorption device Crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4 occurs plastic deformation under the impact of collision effect of punch component 1 and absorbs impact kinetic energy, because of plasticity The thin-walled flow endergonic structure 3 and crushing type energy-absorbing structure 4 of deformation wear can replace, and whole energy absorption device can weigh again It is multiple to use.
In the present embodiment, deep floor 15 is welded between impact bar 14 and anti-creep tooth plate 11 and even power plate 13.Impact Bar 14 is prismatic impact bar 14.Guide rod 12 is cylinder or prismatic structures;The hollow of guide stanchion 52 be and guide rod 12 cylindrical holes coordinated or prismatic hole.
The operation principle of the special energy absorption device of combined type of the present invention:
As shown in figure 1, when punch component is acted on by impact of collision, impact bar is with speedv 1Along longitudinal fortune OK, on the one hand by the thin-walled flow endergonic structure behind square even power plate punching press, the middle part ten of thin-walled flow endergonic structure is made To cavity plate component internal linear deformation occurs for font bottom plate, and four side wings of thin-walled flow endergonic structure are at mutagenesis beam both ends The plastic deformation that bending --- stretching --- bending again occurs at two right angle corners successively absorbs impact kinetic energy;On the other hand, Even power plate is moved inward by punched thin-wall flow endergonic structure to extrude crushing type energy-absorbing structure, sends out crushing type energy-absorbing structure Raw plastic deformation then absorbs more impact kinetic energies.
The combined type energy absorption device can not only produce METHOD FOR LARGE DEFORMATION ELASTOPLASTIC controllable in order when crashing to absorb Impact kinetic energy, and under normal operating conditions, punch component, cavity plate component in the device also have certain carrying Ability, bear certain transverse direction and vertical load.
Embodiment 2
As shown in fig. 7, the present invention also provides a kind of rail vehicle, including vehicle body bottom frame, the front end installation of vehicle body bottom frame is empty The interior special energy absorption device 6 of combined type being equiped with two groups of embodiments 1, the special energy absorption device 6 of two groups of combined types are symmetrical with car The longitudinal midline direction installation of body chassis.Wherein, the rectangular base plate 53 of cavity plate base 5 is by being arranged in its both sides connecting hole 55 Bolt be detachably installed on vehicle body bottom frame, punch component 1 protrudes horizontally up vehicle body bottom frame front end.
The rail vehicle of the present invention can make full use of the installing space in floor underframe for vehicle structure, by group when being impacted The impact of collision single compressed effect of impact bar is converted to the bending work of thin-walled flow endergonic structure in box-like special energy absorption device 6 With the conquassation metamorphosis with crushing type energy-absorbing structure, whole device is set to produce energy-absorbing when bending and conquassation are plastically deformed Effect, so as to absorb more impact kinetic energies.Thin-walled flow endergonic structure and crushing type energy-absorbing structure are after the plastic deformation occurs It can replace, whole energy absorption device may be reused again, and simple installation is cost-saved.

Claims (8)

  1. A kind of 1. special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle, it is characterised in that:Including punch component, can fix In the cavity plate component on floor underframe for vehicle and the energy-absorbing component being installed in cavity plate component;The energy-absorbing component includes thin-walled flow Endergonic structure and crushing type energy-absorbing structure, described crushing type energy-absorbing structure one end are detachably installed in the cavity plate component, institute The tubular structure that thin-walled flow endergonic structure is one end open is stated, its side wall offers a plurality of opening trough_like into a plurality of independent side Wing plate;The openend of the tubular structure is inserted in cavity plate component by the side wing and is sheathed on crushing type energy-absorbing structure The other end on the outside of, the punch component includes anti-creep tooth plate, the impact bar in the middle part of the anti-creep tooth plate back side and setting In the guide rod of anti-creep tooth plate back side surrounding, the other end of the impact bar is provided with the rectangle even power plate parallel with anti-creep tooth plate, The guide rod is inserted in the pilot hole of the cavity plate component, and even power plate is bonded with the blind end of thin-walled flow endergonic structure and connect Touch, the punch component is uniformly transferred the longitudinal impact force born to the thin-walled flow endergonic structure by even power plate With crushing type energy-absorbing structure;
    The thin-walled flow endergonic structure is thin-wall metal harden structure, and the blind end is a cross bottom plate, the side wing For four, four side wings are formed by the four edges of the cross bottom plate after the bending of 90 degree of relevant position;
    The guide rod is set to four and the rectangular corner for being distributed in the anti-creep tooth plate back side, and the cavity plate component includes cavity plate bottom Seat, the cavity plate base include rectangular base plate and four hollow guiding pillars for being located at rectangular base plate surrounding, guide stanchion The other end is integral by four square mutagenesis beams connections, and the both ends of each mutagenesis beam are equipped with a raised step, two projections Form a stopper slot between step, four side wings of the thin-walled flow endergonic structure are inserted in recessed by corresponding stopper slot In the cavity of mould base, and end contacts with rectangular base plate;The rectangular base plate both sides can be connected provided with multiple with floor underframe for vehicle Fixed connecting hole, rectangular base plate middle part are provided with the rectangle limitting casing of protrusion, and one end of the crushing type energy-absorbing structure is embedded at In the rectangle limitting casing.
  2. 2. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The cavity plate component also includes cavity plate Cover plate, the cavity plate cover plate include rectangular-shaped top plate and enclose the edge guard located at top plate surrounding, and the edge guard is covered on The outside of the mutagenesis beam, the corner of the top plate offer guide hole and the first bolt hole, square hole, institute are offered in the middle part of top plate State after guide rod passes from the guide hole and be inserted in the central hollow hole of the guide stanchion, the even power plate passes through described The cross contacts baseplate of square hole and the thin-walled flow endergonic structure;Top plate passes through the spiral shell that is arranged in first bolt hole Bolt is fixed on mutagenesis beam.
  3. 3. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:The crushing type energy-absorbing structure is thin Wall metal crushing type energy-absorbing structure or concrete dynamic modulus endergonic structure;The concrete dynamic modulus endergonic structure is honeycomb aluminum, cellular steel or foam Aluminium;When crushing type energy-absorbing structure is honeycomb aluminum or cellular steel, its hole direction is consistent with impact of collision direction.
  4. 4. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:The impact bar and anti-creep tooth plate and Deep floor is welded between even power plate.
  5. 5. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim any one of 1-4, it is characterised in that:The anti-creep tooth plate Front is evenly arranged with anti-climbing tooth.
  6. 6. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim any one of 1-4, it is characterised in that:The impact bar is rib Cylindricality impact bar.
  7. 7. the special energy absorption device of combined type according to claim any one of 1-4, it is characterised in that:The guide rod is circle Cylindricality or prismatic structures;The hollow of the guide stanchion is the cylindrical hole or prismatic hole coordinated with guide rod.
  8. 8. a kind of rail vehicle, including vehicle body bottom frame, it is characterised in that:It is symmetrical with the front end installing space of the vehicle body bottom frame The longitudinal midline direction of chassis is equiped with two groups of special energy absorption devices of the combined type as any one of claim 1-4, its Described in the rectangular base plate of cavity plate base the car body bottom is detachably installed in by the bolt being arranged in its both sides connecting hole On frame, punch component level stretches out in vehicle body bottom frame front end.
CN201610913674.XA 2016-10-20 2016-10-20 The special energy absorption device of combined type for rail vehicle and the rail vehicle provided with the device Active CN106364521B (en)

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CN113361003B (en) * 2021-05-07 2023-02-24 中南大学 Design method of bearing type energy absorption structure of railway vehicle
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