CN106348332B - A kind of method and device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle - Google Patents
A kind of method and device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle Download PDFInfo
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- CN106348332B CN106348332B CN201611047883.7A CN201611047883A CN106348332B CN 106348332 B CN106348332 B CN 106348332B CN 201611047883 A CN201611047883 A CN 201611047883A CN 106348332 B CN106348332 B CN 106348332B
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- agitating paddle
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
- C01F11/18—Carbonates
- C01F11/181—Preparation of calcium carbonate by carbonation of aqueous solutions and characterised by control of the carbonation conditions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method and device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle.Methods described is:Permanent magnet is arranged in order magnetic agitating paddle is made, the magnetic agitating paddle is placed in reactor, under agitation, carbonate solution is at the uniform velocity introduced into the calcium salt soln in reactor, the high-intensity magnetic field formed using permanent magnet on magnetic agitating paddle, the solution in reactor is set to carry out cutting magnetic line movement, then reaction solution obtains vaterite through filtering, wash, after drying.The method that the present invention prepares vaterite is pure physics promotion law, and compared with the methods of addition chemical additives are needed in conventional method and regulate and control pH, technique is simple, easy to operate, and cost is low, green without any additive, production process.Using dynamic rotary magnetic agitating mode, magnetic fields are strong, and product purity is high, 100% vaterite-type calcium carbonate that can be generated, and can be applied to the preparation of vaterite calcium carbonate on a large scale.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to prepare vaterite technical field, and in particular to a kind of to prepare vaterite using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle
Method and device.
Background technology
For calcium carbonate as biological ore, its cost vdiverse in function is low, is always important industrial production raw material.Paris white
End is widely used in medicine, detergent, biological medicine, rubber, plastics, papermaking, toothpaste, cosmetics, coating and food industry, is used as
Brightening agent, adsorbent, additive and biomedical material.The above purposes is decided by the feature category of prepared calcium carbonate material
Property, such as average grain diameter, particle diameter distribution, specific surface area, pattern or chemical purity.The physicochemical property of winnofil is walked by synthesis
Suddenly, method and the height of synthesis condition influence, therefore by controlling certain reaction condition, prepare different crystal forms and the carbon of granularity
Sour calcium, there will be considerable prospects for commercial application.
Carbon Dioxide calcium is a kind of polymorphic material, respectively calcite, aragonite and vaterite, and calcite and aragonite are present
In nature, and it is in the majority with calcite, and vaterite then needs to obtain by artificial synthesized.Calcite is trigonal system, generally
For rhombus;Aragonite is orthorhombic system, usually needle-like;Vaterite is hexagonal crystal system, generally spherical.Under normal temperature and pressure, Fang Xie
Stone is most stable, and aragonite takes second place, and vaterite is least stable.Vaterite is a kind of unstable phase thermodynamically, especially in the aqueous solution
In, precipitation of calcium carbonate is initially formed vaterite, but within several hours, vaterite can recrystallize quickly is changed into stable side
Xie Shi, and it is spherical generally to lose its.
Although vaterite is unstable, relative to calcite and aragonite, its soft texture, color and luster are good, proportion is small, compare table
Area is big, good dispersion, has critically important purposes in industries such as coating, plastics and rubber, can effectively improve the power of composite
Performance, mechanical strength and gloss etc. are learned, improves physical property, filling capacity and the printing performance of target product, particularly in tooth
It is used as grinding agent in cream product, supply falls short of demand.
The preparation method of calcium carbonate includes solid phase method and liquid-phase precipitation method, mainly based on the latter.Document and patent report
Vaterite preparation method have a lot, be (protein, ionic liquid, polyelectrolyte, hyperbranched using addition chemical additives mostly
Polymer and polysaccharide etc.) and transformation of the vaterite to calcite is prevented the methods of regulate and control pH, regulating and controlling temperature.Patent
The mixed solution of calcium chloride, gelatin and urea is freezed 24h by US20100215564 in advance at 4 DEG C, is then incubated at 70 DEG C
24h, the calcium carbonate that vaterite content is 98% is made.Patent CN102249281 is by aqueous sodium carbonate and calcium chloride water
Ionic Liquid as Surface Active Agent 1- butyl -3- methylimidazole laurilsulfate solution is added, it is 100% that content, which is made,
Vaterite.Patent CN102583485 and patent CN102557099 add hyperbranched glycidol ether in calcium saline solution respectively
With end carboxyl super branched polyethers, then add carbonate or vaterite is made in bicarbonate.Patent CN104692437 passes through control
Different morphologies calcium carbonate is made in temperature, and vaterite is made when temperature is 15 DEG C.
For addition chemical additives and regulate and control pH preparation method, its final product needs to remove controlling agent to purify
Product, not only technique is cumbersome, and increases production cost, and stability, the reliability of chemical additives influence very on product quality
Greatly.And the method for regulating and controlling temperature, operating process are complicated, limited by temperature control energy consumption, not only economy is impacted, and many situations
The vaterite of 100% purity can't be obtained down.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of method and device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle.Research and development
It is new without additive, high-purity, the vaterite preparation method of low cost, realize the greenization of vaterite preparation process.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:
A kind of method that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle, this method are:Permanent magnet is arranged in order and is made
Magnetic agitating paddle, the magnetic agitating paddle is placed in reactor, under agitation, carbonate solution is at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor
Calcium salt soln in, using on magnetic agitating paddle permanent magnet form high-intensity magnetic field, the reaction solution in reactor is carried out cutting magnetic
The line of force is moved, and then reaction solution is through filtering, washing, the obtained vaterite of drying process.
Preferably, the stir speed (S.S.) of the magnetic agitating paddle is 300-1000 revs/min.
Preferably, the magnetic agitating paddle by 2 pairs or more than 2 pairs of set of permanent magnets into the magnetic induction intensity of the permanent magnet
For 2000-6000 Gausses.
Preferably, the carbonate solution is 0.005-1.0mol/L Na2CO3Or NaHCO3Solution, the calcium salt soln
For 0.005-0.5mol/L CaCl2Solution.
Preferably, the speed that the carbonate solution at the uniform velocity introduces calcium salt soln is 1.0-7.5mL/min.
Preferably, the reaction solution, which is adopted, is washed with deionized;The drying temperature is 105 DEG C, drying time 2h.
Preferably, the time of the reaction solution stirring cutting magnetic line is 0.5-2h.
In technical scheme, paddle method is stirred using dynamic magnetic, by reaction solution stirring by magnetic agitating paddle
Mix and produce dynamic rotary high-intensity magnetic field, solution cutting magnetic line and is magnetized in high-intensity magnetic field, the effect of Lorentz force is by pole
The big nucleation for promoting calcium carbonate, so as to strengthen the generation for facilitating thermodynamic instability phase vaterite-type calcium carbonate, is prepared high-purity
The vaterite of degree.Vaterite prepared by the inventive method, its particle size range are 1-5 μm, purity 100%.
Present invention also offers a kind of device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle, the device includes:Reactor,
Magnetic agitating paddle and controller;
Installation magnetic agitating paddle, magnetic agitating paddle are connected with controller in the reactor, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle fast
Degree, is well mixed the reaction solution in reactor using the stirring of magnetic agitating paddle;
The magnetic agitating paddle is rearranged from top to bottom by the permanent magnet of 2 pairs or more than 2 pairs, and one piece forever in each pair permanent magnet
Upward, the S poles of another piece of permanent magnet are upward for the N poles of magnet.
Preferably, N, S pole of each pair permanent magnet on the magnetic agitating paddle are along stirring loom central axis direction and with center
Axial symmetry is set.
Preferably, the magnetic induction intensity of the permanent magnet is 2000-6000 Gausses.
The specific implementation step that vaterite is prepared using said apparatus is as follows:
The first step, magnetic agitating paddle is installed in reactor, and magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control magnetic agitating paddle
Rotary speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle is well mixed reaction solution.Permanent magnet magnetic induction is on magnetic agitating paddle
2000-6000 Gausses.
Second step, opening controller, it is 0.005- by concentration under the conditions of stir speed (S.S.) is 300-1000 revs/min
1mol/L Na2CO3Or NaHCO3For solution with 1.0-7.5ml/min speed, it is 0.005- at the uniform velocity to introduce concentration in reactor
0.5mol/L CaCl2In solution.Reaction solution cuts under the stirring action of magnetic agitating paddle and is made up of permanent magnet on agitating paddle
High-intensity magnetic field, the stirring magnetic field of rotation promote calcium carbonate into nuclear reaction, and vaterite is provided and stablizes required energy.
3rd step, reaction solution stir 0.5-2h after, closing control device, solution through filter, deionized water washing, 105
DEG C dry 2h after obtain vaterite-type calcium carbonate powder.Analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument and electronic scanner microscope (SEM),
Its particle size range of the calcium carbonate powder is 1-5 μm, and vaterite purity is 100%.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1, the method for preparing vaterite that uses of the present invention compared with tradition addition chemical additives and the methods of regulate and control pH,
For pure physical method, without any additive, technique is simple, easy to operate, and cost is low, and production process is green.
2, the inventive method produces permanent magnetic strong magnetic field, compared with traditional static permanent magnetic field, magnetic using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle
Field action is strong, and product purity is high, can generate the vaterite-type calcium carbonate of 100% content, can be applied to vaterite on a large scale
The preparation of calcium carbonate.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation that the present invention prepares vaterite device using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle.
Fig. 2 a are the XRD of vaterite made from the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 2 b are that the SEM of vaterite made from the embodiment of the present invention 1 schemes.
Embodiment
Illustrate technical scheme with specific embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Referring to Fig. 1, the figure is the structural representation that the present invention prepares vaterite device using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle, real below
Apply the vaterite preparation being related in example and use the device.As shown in figure 1, the device includes:Reactor 1, magnetic agitating paddle 2 and control
Device 3 processed.Installation magnetic agitating paddle 2 in the reactor 1, magnetic agitating paddle 2 is connected with controller 3, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle 2
Speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle 2 are well mixed reaction solution, and make reaction solution cutting magnetic line.Described magnetic stirs
Oar 2 is mixed to be rearranged from top to bottom by the permanent magnet of 2 pairs or more than 2 pairs, in each pair permanent magnet the N poles of one piece of permanent magnet upward,
The S poles of another piece of permanent magnet are upward.N, S pole edge stirring loom central axis direction of each pair permanent magnet on the magnetic agitating paddle are simultaneously
With setting substantially symmetrical about its central axis.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment is directed to the Na of low concentration2CO3Reaction solution carries out the preparation of vaterite.
Magnetic agitating paddle is installed in reactor, and magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle
Speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle are well mixed reaction solution.Permanent magnet magnetic induction is 2000 high on magnetic agitating paddle
This.
Opening controller, under the conditions of stir speed (S.S.) is 300 revs/min, by 15ml concentration 0.005mol/L Na2CO3It is molten
For liquid with 1.0ml/min speed, the concentration at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor is 0.005mol/L 15ml CaCl2In solution.Reaction
Solution cuts the high-intensity magnetic field being made up of permanent magnet on agitating paddle under the stirring action of magnetic agitating paddle, and the stirring magnetic field of rotation promotes
Calcium carbonate into nuclear reaction, and vaterite is provided and stablizes required energy.
After reaction solution stirs 0.5h, closing control device, solution is through filtering, deionized water is washed, after 105 DEG C of dry 2h
Obtain vaterite-type calcium carbonate powder.Analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument and electronic scanner microscope (SEM), as a result such as Fig. 2 a
Shown in Fig. 2 b, Fig. 2 a are the XRD of obtained vaterite;Fig. 2 b are the SEM figures of obtained vaterite.To powder X-ray RD diffraction
Peak, which calculates, shows that the vaterite purity is 100%, and SEM image particle size range is 1-5 μm.
This example demonstrates that the Na using low concentration 0.005mol/L2CO3The CaCl of solution and 0.005mol/L2Solution,
The vaterite of 100% purity can be prepared.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment is directed to the NaHCO of low concentration3Reaction solution, change magnetic treatment condition, carry out the preparation of vaterite.
Magnetic agitating paddle is installed in reactor, and magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle
Speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle are well mixed reaction solution.Permanent magnet magnetic induction is 3000 high on magnetic agitating paddle
This.
Opening controller, under the conditions of stir speed (S.S.) is 500 revs/min, by 150ml concentration 0.005mol/L NaHCO3
For solution with 7.5ml/min speed, the concentration at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor is 0.005mol/L 75ml CaCl2In solution.Instead
Solution is answered to cut the high-intensity magnetic field being made up of permanent magnet on agitating paddle under the stirring action of magnetic agitating paddle, the stirring magnetic field of rotation promotees
Enter calcium carbonate into nuclear reaction, and vaterite is provided and stablizes required energy.
After reaction solution stirs 1h, closing control device, solution is through filtering, deionized water is washed, is obtained after 105 DEG C of dry 2h
To vaterite-type calcium carbonate powder.Analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument and electronic scanner microscope (SEM), the results showed that the ball
Aragonite purity is 100%, and SEM image particle size range is 1-5 μm.
This example demonstrates that the NaHCO using low concentration 0.005mol/L3The CaCl of solution and 0.005mol/L2Solution,
Change magnetic treatment condition, the vaterite of 100% purity can be prepared.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment is directed to the Na of high concentration2CO3Reaction solution, carry out the preparation of vaterite.
Magnetic agitating paddle is installed in reactor, and magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle
Speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle are well mixed reaction solution.Permanent magnet magnetic induction is 4000 high on magnetic agitating paddle
This.
Opening controller, under the conditions of stir speed (S.S.) is 800 revs/min, by 150ml concentration 0.1mol/L Na2CO3It is molten
For liquid with 7.5ml/min speed, the concentration at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor is 0.1mol/L 150ml CaCl2In solution.Reaction
Solution cuts the high-intensity magnetic field being made up of permanent magnet on agitating paddle under the stirring action of magnetic agitating paddle, and the stirring magnetic field of rotation promotes
Calcium carbonate into nuclear reaction, and vaterite is provided and stablizes required energy.
After reaction solution stirs 1.5h, closing control device, solution is through filtering, deionized water is washed, after 105 DEG C of dry 2h
Obtain vaterite-type calcium carbonate powder.Analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument and electronic scanner microscope (SEM), the results showed that should
Vaterite purity is 100%, and SEM image particle size range is 1-5 μm.
This example demonstrates that the Na using high concentration 0.1mol/L2CO3The CaCl of solution and 0.1mol/L2Solution, change
Magnetic treatment condition, the vaterite of 100% purity can be prepared.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment is directed to the NaHCO of high concentration3Reaction solution, change magnetic treatment condition, carry out the preparation of vaterite.
Magnetic agitating paddle is installed in reactor, and magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control the rotation of magnetic agitating paddle
Speed, the stirring using magnetic agitating paddle are well mixed reaction solution.Permanent magnet magnetic induction is 6000 high on magnetic agitating paddle
This.
Opening controller, under the conditions of stir speed (S.S.) is 1000 revs/min, by 150ml concentration 0.1mol/L NaHCO3
For solution with 7.5ml/min speed, the concentration at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor is 0.1mol/L 75ml CaCl2In solution.Reaction
Solution cuts the high-intensity magnetic field being made up of permanent magnet on agitating paddle under the stirring action of magnetic agitating paddle, and the stirring magnetic field of rotation promotes
Calcium carbonate into nuclear reaction, and vaterite is provided and stablizes required energy.
After reaction solution stirs 2h, closing control device, solution is through filtering, deionized water is washed, is obtained after 105 DEG C of dry 2h
To vaterite-type calcium carbonate powder.Analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument and electronic scanner microscope (SEM), the results showed that the ball
Aragonite purity is 100%, and SEM image particle size range is 1-5 μm.
This example demonstrates that the NaHCO using high concentration 0.1mol/L3The CaCl of solution and 0.1mol/L2Solution, change
Magnetic treatment condition, the vaterite of 100% purity can be prepared.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention are above are only, the present invention is not limited in the content of embodiment.For in this area
Technical staff for, can have various change and change in the range of technical scheme, any change made and
Change, within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of method that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle, this method are:Permanent magnet is arranged in order magnetic is made
Agitating paddle, the magnetic agitating paddle is placed in reactor, under agitation, carbonate solution is at the uniform velocity introduced in reactor
In calcium salt soln, using the high-intensity magnetic field of permanent magnet composition on magnetic agitating paddle, the reaction solution in reactor is set to carry out cutting magnetic force
Line moves, and then reaction solution is through filtering, washing, the obtained vaterite of drying process;
The stir speed (S.S.) of the magnetic agitating paddle is 300-1000 revs/min;
The magnetic agitating paddle is by 2 pairs or more than 2 pairs of set of permanent magnets into the magnetic induction intensity of the permanent magnet is 2000-6000
Gauss;
The carbonate solution is 0.005-1.0mol/L Na2CO3Or NaHCO3Solution, the calcium salt soln are 0.005-
0.5mol/L CaCl2Solution;
The speed that the carbonate solution at the uniform velocity introduces calcium salt soln is 1.0-7.5mL/min.
2. the method for preparing vaterite using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:The reaction is molten
Liquid, which is adopted, to be washed with deionized;The drying temperature is 105 DEG C, drying time 2h.
3. the method for preparing vaterite using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:The reaction is molten
The time of liquid stirring cutting magnetic line movement is 0.5-2h.
4. a kind of device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle, the device are included:Reactor, magnetic agitating paddle and control
Device;
Installation magnetic agitating paddle in the reactor, magnetic agitating paddle is connected with controller, to control the rotary speed of magnetic agitating paddle, profit
The reaction solution in reactor is well mixed with the stirring of magnetic agitating paddle;
The magnetic agitating paddle is rearranged from top to bottom by the permanent magnet of 2 pairs or more than 2 pairs, one piece of permanent magnet in each pair permanent magnet
N poles upward, the S poles of another piece of permanent magnet are upward.
5. the device of vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that:The magnetic stirring
N, S pole of each pair permanent magnet on oar are along stirring loom central axis direction and with setting substantially symmetrical about its central axis.
6. the device that vaterite is prepared using dynamic magnetic agitating paddle as described in claim 4 or 5, it is characterised in that:It is described forever
The magnetic induction intensity of magnet is 2000-6000 Gausses.
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CN107162032B (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-07-10 | 宁波普莱斯帝金属制品有限公司 | A kind of method that ultrasonic wave added prepares vaterite-type calcium carbonate nano particle |
CN107117639B (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-04-13 | 宁波普莱斯帝金属制品有限公司 | A kind of method that ultrasonic wave added prepares vaterite-type calcium carbonate nanometer package assembly |
CN107162033B (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-07-10 | 宁波普莱斯帝金属制品有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of vaterite-type calcium carbonate nano-particles self assemble film |
TWI643818B (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2018-12-11 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | Method for preparing needle-shaped calcium carbonate particles |
CN113351132B (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2023-01-03 | 西北矿冶研究院 | Device for degrading ziram through photo-magnetic synergistic effect and using method |
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CN2894819Y (en) * | 2006-04-30 | 2007-05-02 | 周绍芳 | Permanent-magnet mixer |
CN201558681U (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2010-08-25 | 湖南科美达电气有限公司 | Bipolar permanent magnetic stirrer |
CN102295454A (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2011-12-28 | 深圳航天科技创新研究院 | Microreaction system for preparing ferrite nano powder and preparation method of ferrite nano powder |
CN104692437A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2015-06-10 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Preparation method of morphology controllable calcium carbonate based on temperature control |
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US9505629B2 (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2016-11-29 | Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resources | Method of preparing calcium carbonate using direct carbonation reaction |
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CN2894819Y (en) * | 2006-04-30 | 2007-05-02 | 周绍芳 | Permanent-magnet mixer |
CN201558681U (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2010-08-25 | 湖南科美达电气有限公司 | Bipolar permanent magnetic stirrer |
CN102295454A (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2011-12-28 | 深圳航天科技创新研究院 | Microreaction system for preparing ferrite nano powder and preparation method of ferrite nano powder |
CN104692437A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2015-06-10 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Preparation method of morphology controllable calcium carbonate based on temperature control |
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