CN106330998B - File sending and receiving method and device - Google Patents

File sending and receiving method and device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106330998B
CN106330998B CN201510345319.2A CN201510345319A CN106330998B CN 106330998 B CN106330998 B CN 106330998B CN 201510345319 A CN201510345319 A CN 201510345319A CN 106330998 B CN106330998 B CN 106330998B
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file
transmission
transmitted
mark
information
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CN106330998A (en
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张照康
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Yulong Computer Telecommunication Scientific Shenzhen Co Ltd
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Yulong Computer Telecommunication Scientific Shenzhen Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01Protocols
    • H04L67/06Protocols specially adapted for file transfer, e.g. file transfer protocol [FTP]

Abstract

The invention discloses a file sending and receiving method and device. The method is executed at the sending terminal and comprises the following steps: acquiring a file to be transmitted and file information thereof; sequentially transmitting a transmission start flag and file information to a receiving terminal; and sequentially transmitting the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to a receiving terminal. The method is executed at a receiving terminal and comprises the following steps: identifying a transmission mark sent by a sending terminal; if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission starting mark, preparing to receive file information; if the transmission mark is identified as the file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted; and if the transmission mark is identified as the transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted. The file body and the file related information are sent following the transmission mark, and are not limited by capacity, and the receiving terminal can accurately receive the file body and the file related information according to the transmission mark, so that the stability of file transmission is improved.

Description

File sending and receiving method and device
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of file communication technologies, and in particular, to a method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a file.
Background
When a sending terminal sends a file to a receiving terminal, a file body and related information thereof are assembled into a data frame strictly according to a structure specified by a transmission protocol.
In the prior art, the transmission protocol limits the size of data transmitted in each time slot of the frame structure, besides defining the structure of the data frame. For example: the file name, the file path, the file size and the number of files in the file related information are all only allowed to occupy 1 byte of the data frame.
However, the length of the file name and the file path may exceed 1 byte, which results in that the transmitting terminal can only transmit part of the file name or the file path to the receiving terminal. Furthermore, with the advent of the big data era, when a transmitting terminal transmits a large number of files, the file size and the number of files cannot be completely represented by only 1 byte. Therefore, the existing transmission protocol causes insufficient stability of file transmission, which easily results in that the receiving terminal cannot normally identify or store the file, for example: the number of identified files does not match the number of received files, or only partial file names can be stored after receiving the files.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a file sending and receiving method and device, and aims to solve the problem of insufficient stability of file transmission in the prior art.
Based on the technical problems, the invention is solved by the following technical scheme.
The invention provides a file sending method, which comprises the following steps executed at a sending terminal: step A, obtaining a file to be transmitted and file information thereof; step B, transmitting the transmission starting mark and the file information to a receiving terminal in sequence; and step C, sequentially transmitting the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal.
Wherein, the step A further comprises: acquiring attribute information of the file to be transmitted; the step C further comprises the following steps: and respectively transmitting the attribute transmission mark, the attribute information of the file to be transmitted, the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal in sequence.
Wherein, when the number of the files to be transmitted is multiple, the step C includes: circularly executing the step C until the transmission ending mark of the last file to be transmitted is transmitted to the receiving terminal; the file information corresponding to the plurality of files to be transmitted comprises the number of the files to be transmitted; said number minus 1 equals the number of cycles of said step C.
Wherein, the step C further comprises: and after the transmission of the transmission ending mark of the last file to be transmitted is finished, sending all the transmission ending marks of the files to be transmitted to the receiving terminal.
The invention also provides a file receiving method, which is executed at a receiving terminal and comprises the following steps: identifying a transmission mark sent by a sending terminal; if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission starting mark, preparing to receive file information; if the transmission mark is identified as a file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted; and if the transmission mark is identified as the transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted.
Wherein the method further comprises: and if the transmission mark is identified to be the attribute transmission mark, preparing to receive the attribute information of the file to be transmitted.
The present invention also provides a file transmitting apparatus, the apparatus provided at a transmitting terminal includes: the acquisition module is used for acquiring the file to be transmitted and the file information thereof; the transmission module is used for sequentially transmitting a transmission starting mark and the file information to a receiving terminal; and then sequentially transmitting the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal.
The obtaining module is further configured to obtain attribute information of the file to be transmitted; the transmission module is further configured to sequentially transmit the attribute transmission flag, the attribute information, the file transmission flag, the file to be transmitted, and the transmission end flag of the file to be transmitted to the receiving terminal.
The present invention further provides a file receiving apparatus, the apparatus provided at a receiving terminal includes: the identification module is used for identifying the transmission mark sent by the sending terminal; the receiving module is used for preparing to receive file information if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission starting mark by the identification module; if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted; and if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted.
Wherein the receiving module is specifically configured to: and if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is the attribute transmission mark, preparing to receive the attribute information of the file to be transmitted.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the file body and the file related information are sent following the transmission mark, and the received data is determined to be the file body and the file related information by identifying the transmission mark, so that the file body and the file related information are not limited by a frame structure, a receiving terminal can receive the complete file body and the file related information according to the transmission mark, and a file is rebuilt and stored at the receiving terminal, thereby increasing the stability of file transmission.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without limiting the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a flowchart of a file transmission method according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a file receiving method according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flowchart of a file transmitting method according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flowchart of a file receiving method according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a structural diagram of a file transmitting apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a structural diagram of a file receiving apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The main idea of the present invention is that a sending terminal sends transmission marks with different meanings to a receiving terminal to prompt the receiving terminal that the data to be received is a file body or related information of the file. The file main body and the file related information are sent following the mark, and the received data are determined by identifying the transmission mark, so that the file main body and the file related information have any size and are not limited by a frame structure, the problem that a receiving terminal cannot normally identify or store the file due to insufficient data quantity of the frame structure is avoided, the receiving terminal can accurately and completely receive the file main body and the file related information, and rebuild and store the file at the receiving terminal, and the stability of file transmission is further improved. The invention ensures that the size of the file and the size of the related information of the file are not limited by the limited capacity in the transmission protocol, and increases the expandability of the transmission protocol.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Example one
The embodiment provides a file sending method. Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a file transmission method according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The present embodiment is a procedure performed by the transmitting terminal side.
Step S110, a file to be transmitted and file information thereof are acquired.
The file to be transmitted refers to a file body stored in the transmitting terminal. For example: the files to be transmitted are telephone directory, favorite, short message, photo album, etc.
The file information is information of all files to be transmitted. The number of the files to be transmitted is one or more, and the file information comprises: the number of files to be transmitted.
Step S120 sequentially transmits the transmission start flag and the file information to the receiving terminal.
In other words, the transmitting terminal transmits the transmission start flag to the receiving terminal, and then transmits the file information to the receiving terminal.
The transmission start flag is used to indicate that the transmitting terminal is about to transmit the file information. The start transmission flag is a predetermined hexadecimal number, for example: the start transmission flag is: 0x0A0A0A0A 0x0A0A 4349. Where 0x4349 is ASCII code of "CI," which represents the english name "cloneit" of a key switch.
The transmitting terminal transmits a transmission start flag to the receiving terminal, indicating that file information is about to start being transmitted, and prompts the receiving terminal to prepare to receive the file information.
Step S130, sequentially transmitting the file transmission flag, the file to be transmitted, and the transmission end flag to the receiving terminal.
In other words, the sending terminal sends the file transmission flag first, then sends the file to be transmitted, and finally sends the transmission end flag.
The file transmission mark is used for indicating that a sending terminal is about to send a file to be transmitted. The file transmission mark is a preset hexadecimal number. For example: the file transfer flag is: 0x0A0A0A0A 0x46494c 45. Here, 0x46494c45 is ASCII code of "file". The sending terminal sends a file transmission mark to the receiving terminal, the file transmission mark indicates that a file to be transmitted is to be sent, and the receiving terminal is prompted to prepare for receiving the file to be transmitted.
The transmission ending mark is used for indicating that the transmission of the file to be transmitted is finished. The end transmission flag is a preset hexadecimal number. For example: 0x0D0D0D0D 0x46494c45 indicates the end transmission flag.
The end transmission flag, the file transmission flag and the start transmission flag are not the same hexadecimal numbers.
If the number of the files to be transmitted is multiple, the step S130 may be executed in a loop after the transmission ending flag of the first file to be transmitted is sent by the sending terminal, until the transmission ending flag of the last file to be transmitted is sent by the sending terminal, so as to realize the transmission of multiple files to be transmitted. The number of cycles of step S130 is equal to the number of files to be transmitted minus 1.
Further, after all the files to be transmitted are transmitted, the sending terminal may also send a transmission flag indicating that all the files to be transmitted are transmitted to the receiving terminal.
The embodiment can transmit the file body and the file related information in the form of data stream, and identify each data part by the transmission mark, which is not limited by the frame structure and is convenient for the receiving terminal to receive.
Example two
The present implementation provides a file receiving method. Fig. 2 is a flowchart of a file receiving method according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The present embodiment is a step performed by the receiving terminal side.
Step S210, receiving the transmission flag sent by the sending terminal.
The transmission flag includes: a start transmission flag, a file transmission flag, and an end transmission flag.
After receiving the transmission mark sent by the sending terminal, the transmission mark is identified, the type of the received transmission mark is determined, and the data to be received is further determined according to the type of the transmission mark.
Step S220, judging whether the received transmission mark is a transmission starting mark; if yes, go to step S230; if not, go to step 240.
Step S230, receiving the file information. After receiving the file information, step S210 is executed to receive the file to be transmitted after receiving the file transmission flag.
Step S240, judging whether the received transmission mark is a file transmission mark; if yes, go to step S250; if not, go to step S260.
Step S250, receiving a file to be transmitted. After receiving the file to be transmitted, the step S210 is executed continuously, so that after receiving the transmission ending flag, the reception of the file to be transmitted is ended.
Step S260, judging whether the received transmission mark is a transmission ending mark; if yes, go to step S270; if not, step S210 is executed to wait for receiving the transmission ending flag corresponding to the file to be transmitted.
Step S270, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted.
Because the number of the files to be transmitted can be multiple, after the file information is received, the number of the files to be transmitted can be analyzed in the file information. If the number of the files to be transmitted is multiple, after receiving one file to be transmitted, the transmission flag sent by the sending terminal needs to be continuously received, then, after executing step S270, step S210 may be continuously executed to receive the transmission start flag of the next file to be transmitted, and so on until the multiple files to be transmitted are completely received.
EXAMPLE III
The number of the files to be transmitted is one or more, and when the number of the files to be transmitted is more than one, the files to be transmitted can be separated through the transmission marks, so that the receiving terminal can receive each file to be transmitted respectively.
Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a file transmission method according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
Step S310, obtaining the file to be transmitted and the file information thereof, and sequentially transmitting the transmission starting mark and the file information to the receiving terminal.
The file information may include, in addition to the number of files to be transmitted: the method comprises the steps of sending terminal information, the total data volume of all files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all files to be transmitted, receiving terminal information and the like. The sending terminal information is a sending terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname. The receiving terminal information is a receiving terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname.
Specifically, the sending terminal and the receiving terminal establish a virtual Wireless access point (SoftAP) connection. In the process of establishing a connection, the transmitting terminal may obtain the receiving terminal information. The sending terminal selects part of files or all files in the stored files as files to be transmitted. The sending terminal can calculate the total data volume and the predicted transmission time of all the files to be transmitted according to the selected files.
The number of the files to be transmitted, the information of the sending terminal, the total data volume of all the files to be transmitted, the estimated transmission time of all the files to be transmitted and the information of the receiving terminal respectively occupy preset byte numbers. The occupied byte is int variable length. In this embodiment, the number of bytes occupied is preferably an integer multiple of 4 bytes. If the length of the information is less than the preset number of bytes, 0 is complemented behind the information.
In an embodiment, the transmission flag corresponding to each piece of information may be sent before sending each piece of information, so that the receiving terminal receives the corresponding piece of information according to the flag, and thus, the number of bytes occupied by each piece of information may not be set, thereby avoiding data capacity waste caused by 0 complementing and increasing the scalability of the communication protocol. For example: the method comprises the steps of sequentially transmitting a number transmission mark, the number of files to be transmitted, a sending terminal information transmission mark, sending terminal information, a total data volume transmission mark, the total data volume of all files to be transmitted, a predicted transmission time transmission mark, the predicted transmission time of all files to be transmitted, a receiving terminal information transmission mark and receiving terminal information.
Step S320, obtaining attribute information of each file to be transmitted.
The attribute information of the file to be transmitted includes: the amount of data of the file to be transmitted. Further, the attribute information of the file to be transmitted further includes: the file type and the file name of the file to be transmitted. The file types include: pictures, video, text, etc.
Step S330, the attribute transmission mark, the attribute information, the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark of each file to be transmitted are sequentially transmitted to a receiving terminal.
The attribute transmission mark is used for indicating the attribute information of the file to be transmitted by the transmitting terminal. The attribute transfer flag is, for example, a hexadecimal number 0x0B0B 0x46494c 45.
The file transmission mark is used for indicating that the sending terminal is about to send the file to be transmitted. The file transfer flag is, for example, 0x0C0C 0x46494C 45.
Specifically, when a first file to be transmitted is transmitted, an attribute transmission mark, attribute information, a file transmission mark, the first file to be transmitted and a transmission ending mark are sequentially transmitted; transmitting an attribute transmission mark, attribute information, a file transmission mark, a second file to be transmitted and a transmission ending mark of the second file to be transmitted; and repeating the steps until the transmission ending mark of the last file to be transmitted is transmitted to the receiving terminal.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart of a file receiving method according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
Step S410, analyzing the received file information to obtain the number n (n is more than or equal to 1) of the files to be transmitted.
The receiving terminal receives the transmission start mark sent by the sending terminal and then receives the file information. The file information includes the number of files to be transmitted.
If the file information further includes: the method comprises the steps of sending terminal information, the total data volume of all files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all files to be transmitted, receiving terminal information and the like. The file to be transmitted that is to be received can be checked on the basis of this information.
Step S420, receiving the file transmission flag sent by the sending terminal.
Step S430, judging whether the received transmission mark is an attribute transmission mark; if yes, go to step S440; if not, go to step S450.
Step S440, receiving the attribute information of the file to be transmitted. After receiving the attribute information, step S420 is performed to receive the file to be transmitted after receiving the file transmission flag.
Step S450, judging whether the received transmission mark is a file transmission mark; if yes, go to step S460; if not, go to step S420.
Step S460, receiving the file to be transmitted, and subtracting 1 from the number of the file to be transmitted, that is, n is n-1.
Step S470, judging whether the number of the files to be transmitted after subtracting 1 is 0; if yes, the process is ended, otherwise, step S420 is executed.
If the number of the files to be transmitted after subtracting 1 is 0, it indicates that there are no files to be transmitted that need to be received, and the process may be ended.
If the number of the files to be transmitted after subtracting 1 is not 0, the files to be transmitted which are not received still exist.
In an embodiment, to avoid performing the subtraction 1 calculation, when the transmission of the transmission end flag of the last file to be transmitted is completed, the sending terminal may send the transmission end flags of all files to be transmitted to the receiving terminal. The flag for indicating that all the files to be transmitted are completely transmitted is, for example: the hexadecimal number 0x0E0E0E0E 0x46494c 45. And after the receiving terminal receives the mark indicating that the transmission of all the files to be transmitted is finished, the flow is directly finished.
Example four
The present invention also provides a document sending apparatus, as shown in fig. 5, which is a structural diagram of a document sending apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
The device includes:
the obtaining module 510 is configured to obtain a file to be transmitted and file information thereof.
A transmission module 520, configured to transmit a transmission start flag and the file information to a receiving terminal in sequence; and then sequentially transmitting the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal.
The obtaining module 510 is further configured to obtain attribute information of the file to be transmitted; the transmission module 520 is further configured to sequentially transmit the attribute transmission flag, the attribute information of the file to be transmitted, the file transmission flag, the file to be transmitted, and the transmission end flag to the receiving terminal.
The number of the files to be transmitted is one or more; the file information includes: the number of files to be transmitted. When the number of the files to be transmitted is multiple, the apparatus further includes a loop module (not shown), and the loop module is configured to loop the obtaining module 520 and the transmission module 520 until the transmission end flag of the last file to be transmitted reaches the receiving terminal. And subtracting 1 from the number of the files to be transmitted to be equal to the number of times of cyclic calling of the cyclic module.
The functions of the apparatus in this embodiment have already been described in the method embodiments shown in fig. 1 and fig. 3, so that reference may be made to the related descriptions in the foregoing embodiments for details in the description of this embodiment, which are not repeated herein.
EXAMPLE five
The present invention also provides a document receiving apparatus, as shown in fig. 6, which is a structural diagram of a document receiving apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
The device includes:
the identifying module 610 is configured to identify a transmission flag sent by the sending terminal. The identification module 610 may identify the transfer flag as a start transfer flag, a file transfer flag, or an end transfer flag. Further, the identification module 610 may also identify the transmission flag as an attribute transmission flag or a file transmission flag.
A receiving module 620, configured to prepare to receive file information if the identifying module identifies that the transmission flag is a transmission start flag; if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted; and if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted.
The receiving module 620 is specifically configured to: if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is an attribute transmission mark, preparing to receive attribute information of the file to be transmitted; and if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a file transmission mark, preparing to receive the file to be transmitted.
The functions of the apparatus in this embodiment have already been described in the method embodiments shown in fig. 2 and fig. 4, so that reference may be made to the related descriptions in the foregoing embodiments for details in the description of this embodiment, which are not repeated herein.
The above description is only an example of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A file transmission method, characterized in that the steps executed at a transmission terminal include:
step A, obtaining a file to be transmitted and file information thereof;
step B, transmitting the transmission starting mark and the file information to a receiving terminal in sequence;
step C, sequentially transmitting a file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and a transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal;
the transmission ending mark, the file transmission mark and the transmission starting mark are different hexadecimal numbers;
the step A further comprises the following steps: acquiring attribute information of the file to be transmitted;
the step C further comprises the following steps: sequentially transmitting an attribute transmission mark, attribute information of the file to be transmitted, a file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and a transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal;
the file information includes: the number of the files to be transmitted, the information of the sending terminal, the total data volume of all the files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all the files to be transmitted and the information of the receiving terminal; the sending terminal information is a sending terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname; and the receiving terminal information is a receiving terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname.
2. The method of claim 1,
when the number of the files to be transmitted is multiple, the step C comprises the following steps:
circularly executing the step C until the transmission ending mark of the last file to be transmitted is transmitted to the receiving terminal; the file information corresponding to the plurality of files to be transmitted comprises the number of the files to be transmitted; said number minus 1 equals the number of cycles of said step C.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein step C further comprises:
and after the transmission of the transmission ending mark of the last file to be transmitted is finished, sending all the transmission ending marks of the files to be transmitted to the receiving terminal.
4. A file receiving method characterized in that the steps performed at a receiving terminal include:
identifying a transmission mark sent by a sending terminal;
if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission starting mark, preparing to receive file information;
if the transmission mark is identified as a file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted;
if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted;
if the transmission mark is identified to be the attribute transmission mark, preparing to receive the attribute information of the file to be transmitted;
the transmission ending mark, the file transmission mark and the transmission starting mark are different hexadecimal numbers;
the file information includes: the number of the files to be transmitted, the information of the sending terminal, the total data volume of all the files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all the files to be transmitted and the information of the receiving terminal; the sending terminal information is a sending terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname; and the receiving terminal information is a receiving terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname.
5. A file transmission apparatus, characterized in that the apparatus provided at a transmission terminal comprises:
the acquisition module is used for acquiring the file to be transmitted and the file information thereof;
the transmission module is used for sequentially transmitting a transmission starting mark and the file information to a receiving terminal; then sequentially transmitting the file transmission mark, the file to be transmitted and the transmission ending mark to the receiving terminal;
the transmission ending mark, the file transmission mark and the transmission starting mark are different hexadecimal numbers;
the acquisition module is further used for acquiring the attribute information of the file to be transmitted;
the transmission module is further configured to sequentially transmit the attribute transmission flag, the attribute information, the file transmission flag, the file to be transmitted, and the transmission end flag of the file to be transmitted to the receiving terminal;
the file information includes: the number of the files to be transmitted, the information of the sending terminal, the total data volume of all the files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all the files to be transmitted and the information of the receiving terminal; the sending terminal information is a sending terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname; and the receiving terminal information is a receiving terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname.
6. A file receiving apparatus, characterized in that the apparatus provided at a receiving terminal comprises:
the identification module is used for identifying the transmission mark sent by the sending terminal;
the receiving module is used for preparing to receive file information if the transmission mark is identified as a transmission starting mark by the identification module; if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a file transmission mark, preparing to receive a file to be transmitted; if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is a transmission ending mark, ending the reception of the file to be transmitted;
the transmission ending mark, the file transmission mark and the transmission starting mark are different hexadecimal numbers;
the receiving module is specifically configured to:
if the identification module identifies that the transmission mark is an attribute transmission mark, preparing to receive attribute information of the file to be transmitted;
the file information includes: the number of the files to be transmitted, the information of the sending terminal, the total data volume of all the files to be transmitted, the predicted transmission time of all the files to be transmitted and the information of the receiving terminal; the sending terminal information is a sending terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname; and the receiving terminal information is a receiving terminal user name, a user ID or a user nickname.
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