CN106226766B - A kind of material classification method based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging - Google Patents
A kind of material classification method based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging Download PDFInfo
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- CN106226766B CN106226766B CN201610534007.0A CN201610534007A CN106226766B CN 106226766 B CN106226766 B CN 106226766B CN 201610534007 A CN201610534007 A CN 201610534007A CN 106226766 B CN106226766 B CN 106226766B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
- G06F18/20—Analysing
- G06F18/24—Classification techniques
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of material classification methods based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging；First with the Horizontal Polar Diagram and vertical polarization figure of millimeter wave radiometer imaging system scene in the case where non-polarized irradiates in environment and obtains given incidence angle；" linear polarization ratio " image is calculated further according to Horizontal Polar Diagram and vertical polarization figure；Then the regularity of distribution of statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " estimates " linear polarization ratio " threshold value using threshold estimation formula；Finally according to sorting criterion, the classification to metal material and nonmetallic materials in scene is realized.Energy of the invention is non-contact, passively effectively classifies to the progress of metal material and dielectric material, and it is not influenced by environmental radiation variation, with good robustness, it can be used for the fields such as remote sensing and detection, the safety detection of metal dangerous material and the early warning of metal target.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to passive microwave remote sensings and detection technology field, and passive millimeter wave is based on more particularly, to one kind
Polarize the material classification method being imaged.
Background technology
All naturally with manmade materials physical temperature be higher than absolute zero when all can in the form of an electromagnetic wave spontaneously to
Space radiation electromagnetic energy, millimeter wave radiometer realize the remote sensing and detection to target by receiving this electromagnetic signal, this
Kind technology is commonly known as passive millimeter wave radiometric technique.Millimeter-wave radiation measure with round-the-clock, quasi- all weather operations,
Concealment and the advantages of penetrate clothing to a certain extent, therefore have application to such as atmospheric remote sensing, marine monitoring, soil and vegetation
The fields such as remote sensing, agriculture test, safety check.
Millimeter wave radiometer receives the millimeter-wave radiation of scene of interest by antenna, and in proportion intuitively by its intensity
It displays, that is, realizes that millimeter-wave radiation measures imaging.The factor for influencing the spontaneous millimeter-wave radiation of substance in scene is multi-party
Face, object qualitative attribution, structure snd size etc. influence the electromagnetic wave that its spontaneous radiation comes out.The difference of these factors is led
The difference for causing radiated electromagnetic wave, displays in millimeter-wave radiation bright temperature image, to realize the detection to interesting target
With identification.
Acquisition for testee information is that the hot spot of current research is also difficult point.Usually utilize millimeter-wave radiometric image
The bright temperature difference of middle substance is different to be classified and is detected to target.For example, in the remote sensing of ground metal target and field of detecting, ground gold
Belong to target due to key reflections environmental radiation (such as atmospheric radiation), usually there is the bright temperature of lower millimeter-wave radiation, in highlighted temperature
Natural feature on a map in easily be detected.However, just because of metal target key reflections environment, when metal covering reflection the bright temperature of environment compared with
When high (for example, the bright temperature of the atmospheric radiation at the low elevation angle is larger, close to atural object radiation brightness), metal target is then easy to be buried in atural object
In, and be difficult to detect identification.It is, therefore, desirable to provide a kind of classifying identification method independent of environmental radiation.
Invention content
For current application demand and the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides one kind being based on passive millimeter wave pole
It is melted into the material classification method of picture, it is therefore intended that propose a kind of new gold with more preferable robustness from the angle of polarization characteristic
The sorting technique of category/nonmetallic materials.
This method propose a kind of new tagsort amount (" linear polarization ratio ") only it is related with material self property, without by
Reflection environment radiates the influence of size, has good robustness.Therefore, this method can be improved is surveyed using passive millimetre wave radiation
Amount technology is to being observed detection and the recognition capability of the metal/non-metal material in scene.
The present invention provides a kind of material classification methods based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging, include the following steps：
S1：Tested scene is imaged under incidence angle θ using millimeter wave radiometer imaging system, after being calibrated
The bright temperature figure of horizontal polarization and the bright temperature figure of vertical polarization (or the horizontal polarization output figure before calibration and vertical polarization voltage output figure)；
S2：According to the bright temperature figure (or voltage output figure) of horizontal polarization, the bright temperature figure (or voltage output figure) of vertical polarization and field
" linear polarization ratio " image is calculated in scene physical temperature (or radiometer voltage output of black matrix material)；
S3：Linear polarization ratio (i.e. P) regularity of distribution of all pixels point, utilizes threshold value in statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " image
Estimation formulas estimates the threshold value δ of P；
S4：According to sorting criterion, all pixels point in " linear polarization ratio " image is divided into metal and nonmetallic two class, is obtained
To classification image.
Further, in step sl, the scene should meet：As viewed from observed direction, measured target surface reflection
Environment millimeter wave heat radiation on direction is non-polarized.The scene is known as non-polarized irradiation scene.
Further, in step sl, the incidence angle θ should meet：60°≤θ≤70°.
Further, in step s 2, the calculation formula of described " linear polarization ratio (P) " is：P=(Thij-T0)/(Tvij-
T0), wherein ThijAnd TvijThe respectively element of the bright temperature figure matrix of horizontal polarization and vertical polarization, i, j be respectively matrix row and
Column number, T0For the physical temperature of scene, by thermometer measure.
Further, in step s 2, for linear millimeter wave radiometer, the calculating of " the linear polarization ratio (P) " is public
Formula can also be：P=(Vhij-V0)/(Vvij-V0), wherein VhijAnd VvijRespectively horizontal polarization and vertical polarization voltage output
The element of figure matrix, i, j are respectively the row and column number of matrix, V0It is directed at voltage output value when black matrix for radiometer, and protects
Demonstrate,proving black matrix has physical temperature identical with scene.
Further, in step s3, the statistical analysis refer to section [1,3], with 0.1 for interval, statistics is each
The number of P values in interval section.K-th of section [Pmink, Pmaxk] it is known as Rk。
Further, in step s3, the threshold estimation formula is：δ=(Pminp+Pmaxp)/2, wherein PminpWith
PmaxpRespectively refer to interval section RpLower and upper limit, in RpInterior, the statistics number of P values is minimum.
Further, in step s 4, the sorting criterion is：In " linear polarization ratio " image, the pixel of P >=δ
Indicate nonmetallic；P<The pixel of δ indicates metal.
The sorting technique of metal provided by the invention and nonmetallic materials is given by irradiating to obtain in scene in non-polarized
The Horizontal Polar Diagram of scene and vertical polarization figure under incidence angle；" line is calculated further according to Horizontal Polar Diagram and vertical polarization figure
Polarization ratio " image；Then the regularity of distribution of statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " estimates " linear polarization ratio " threshold using threshold estimation formula
Value；Finally according to sorting criterion, the classification to metal material and nonmetallic materials in scene is realized.It present invention can be suitably applied to appoint
What metal and nonmetallic attributive classification of the millimeter wave radiometer to measured material, can it is non-contact, passively to metal material and
Nonmetallic materials are effectively classified, and are not influenced by environmental radiation variation, are had good robustness, be can be used for remote sensing
With the object detection and recognition in safety check.
The classification of metal and nonmetallic materials, is of great significance for object detection and recognition, can be used for metal target
Remote sensing and the fields such as detection, the safety detection of metal dangerous material and early warning.It is provided by the invention a kind of based on passive millimeter wave
Polarize the material classification new method being imaged, and relies on passive millimeter wave imaging means, has round-the-clock, standard round-the-clock, low in energy consumption
Etc. operational advantages.Non-cooperating feature that is radiationless to human body when for safety check, meeting public place crowd, being existing active has
The strong supplement of source detection mode (such as X-ray) and hand-held metal detector means.When detection for metal military target, tool
Have the advantages that concealment (not emitting electromagnetic wave actively), air penetration capacity are strong.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is experiment scene and radiometer system, (a) experiment scene optical picture, (b) 94GHz radiometers image-formings system；
Fig. 2 is radiometer system imaging schematic diagram, and imaging region center incidence angle is 68 °；
Fig. 3 is the materials optical figure of imaging region；
Fig. 4 is the inclination angle schematic diagram of 5 plate materials when from the side；
For Fig. 5 to export figure before the calibration of 94GHz radiometers image-forming systems, (a) horizontal polarization voltage output figure is (b) vertical
Polarizing voltage output figure；
Fig. 6 is " linear polarization ratio " image calculated and statistical distribution, (a) " linear polarization ratio " image, (b) statistical of P values
Cloth；
Fig. 7 is the classification results of metal and nonmetallic materials.
Specific implementation mode
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Polarization characteristic in millimeter-wave radiometric image contains the more information of target, therefore, is carried out using polarization information
Millimeter-wave radiation measurement is gradually taken seriously, as Ocean Wind-field remote sensing in pass through Polarimetry acquisition ocean surface wind speed and wind direction
Etc. information, surface temperature distribution etc. is obtained by the measurement of multiband multipolarization in remote sensing of the earth.Milli is described from polarized angle
Metric wave radiation signal is intensity, the important supplement of frequency spectrum research.Most of natural and culture is generally namagnetic substance,
Metal and nonmetallic two class can be divided into.Metal and nonmetallic difference essentially consist in the difference of dielectric constant, and dielectric constant
Difference can cause the difference of substance heat radiation, this species diversity is particularly evident in the polarization of ele feature given off.Therefore, sharp
It is polarized to seem a kind of approach for distinguishing metal and nonmetallic materials with passive millimeter wave.
In order to realize the differentiation to metal and nonmetallic materials, the present invention provides one kind to be polarized to based on passive millimeter wave
The material classification method of picture, it is therefore intended that propose a kind of new metal with more preferable robustness/non-from the angle of polarization characteristic
Thus metal material sorting technique is improved using passive millimeter wave radiometric technique to metal/non-gold for being observed in scene
Belong to detection and the recognition capability of material.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a kind of material classification method based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging, packet
Include following step：
S1：Tested scene is imaged under incidence angle θ using millimeter wave radiometer imaging system, after being calibrated
Horizontal polarization bright temperature figure and the bright temperature figure of vertical polarization (or the horizontal polarization voltage output figure before calibrating and vertical polarization voltage output
Figure)；
Wherein, scene should meet：As viewed from observed direction, the hot spoke of environment millimeter wave on measured target surface reflection direction
It is non-polarized to penetrate.The scene is known as non-polarized irradiation scene.Incidence angle θ should meet：60°≤θ≤70°.In the incident angle
Under, the vertical polarization output of the millimeter-wave radiation of nonmetallic materials is close to peak value, while horizontal polarization output is relatively small, to
The polarization difference of bigger is obtained, and this polarization difference is theoretically then not present in metal material.
S2：According to the bright temperature figure (or voltage output figure) of horizontal polarization, the bright temperature figure (or voltage output figure) of vertical polarization and field
" linear polarization ratio " image is calculated in scene physical temperature (or radiometer voltage output of black matrix material)；
Wherein, the calculation formula of " linear polarization ratio " is：P=(Thij-T0)/(Tvij-T0), ThijAnd TvijRespectively horizontal pole
Change and the element of the bright temperature figure matrix of vertical polarization, i, j are respectively the row and column number of matrix, T0For the physical temperature of scene, by
Thermometer measure.For linear millimeter wave radiometer, the calculation formula of " the linear polarization ratio (P) " can also be：P=(Vhij-
V0)/(Vvij-V0), wherein VhijAnd VvijThe respectively element of horizontal polarization and vertical polarization voltage output figure matrix, i, j difference
It is numbered for the row and column of matrix, V0Voltage output value when black matrix is directed at for radiometer, and it is identical as scene to ensure that black matrix has
Physical temperature.
Since under these conditions, close to peak value, (value connects the bright temperature of vertical polarization (or voltage output) of nonmetallic materials
Nearly T0Or V0), and it is more than the bright temperature of horizontal polarization (or voltage output).The bright temperature of vertically and horizontally polarization (or the voltage of metal material
Output) almost indifference.Therefore, it is calculated according to above-mentioned formula, may make that the P values of metal are theoretically 1, and nonmetallic P values
Theoretically it is much larger than 1.
S3：The P Distribution value rules of all pixels point, are estimated using threshold estimation formula in statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " image
Count the threshold value δ of P；
Wherein, statistical analysis refer to section [1,3], with 0.1 for interval, count the number of P values in each interval section.The
K section [Pmink, Pmaxk] it is known as Rk.The threshold estimation formula is：δ=(Pminp+Pmaxp)/2, PminpAnd PmaxpBetween respectively referring to
R between septal areapLower and upper limit, in RpInterior, the statistics number of P values is minimum, and threshold value δ is the intermediate value in the section.
Theoretically, metal and nonmetallic P value differences are different it is obvious that still needing the weighting of consideration antenna radiation pattern in practice
Influence with material surface roughness to P values, the two factors can reduce metal and nonmetallic P value differences are different, therefore utilize upper
It is for statistical analysis to P values to state method.
S4：According to sorting criterion, all pixels point in " linear polarization ratio " image is divided into metal and nonmetallic two class, is obtained
To classification image.
Wherein, sorting criterion is：In " linear polarization ratio " image, the pixel of P >=δ indicates nonmetallic；P<The pixel of δ
Indicate metal.The suitable threshold value δ of acquisition on the basis of the sorting criterion, the threshold value have been obtained by statistical analysis in step s3
, the pixel in image can be divided into according to the sorting criterion by metal and nonmetallic two class.
The sorting technique of metal provided by the invention and nonmetallic materials is given by irradiating to obtain in scene in non-polarized
The Horizontal Polar Diagram of scene and vertical polarization figure under incidence angle；" line is calculated further according to Horizontal Polar Diagram and vertical polarization figure
Polarization ratio " image；Then the regularity of distribution of statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " estimates " linear polarization ratio " threshold using threshold estimation formula
Value；Finally according to sorting criterion, the classification to metal material and nonmetallic materials in scene is realized.
Metal and nonmetallic attributive classification of any millimeter wave radiometer to measured material are present invention can be suitably applied to, it can be non-
Contact passively effectively classifies to metal material and nonmetallic materials, and is not influenced by environmental radiation variation, has
Good robustness, the object detection and recognition that can be used in remote sensing and safety check.
The classification of metal and nonmetallic materials, is of great significance for object detection and recognition, can be used for metal target
Remote sensing and the fields such as detection, the safety detection of metal dangerous material and early warning.It is provided by the invention a kind of based on passive millimeter wave
Polarize the material classification new method being imaged, and relies on passive millimeter wave imaging means, has round-the-clock, standard round-the-clock, low in energy consumption
Etc. operational advantages.Non-cooperating feature that is radiationless to human body when for safety check, meeting public place crowd, being existing active has
The strong supplement of source detection mode (such as X-ray) and hand-held metal detector means.When detection for metal military target, tool
Have the advantages that concealment (not emitting electromagnetic wave actively), air penetration capacity are strong.
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is used only for explaining the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
The invention belongs to passive microwave remote sensings and detection technology field, and passive millimeter wave is based on more particularly, to one kind
Polarize the material classification method being imaged.Energy of the invention is non-contact, passively effectively divides the progress of metal material and dielectric material
Class, and do not influenced by environmental radiation variation, there is good robustness, can be used for remote sensing and detection, the gold of metal target
Belong to the fields such as safety detection and the early warning of dangerous material.In order to illustrate point of metal provided in an embodiment of the present invention and nonmetallic materials
Class method, below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiment is described in detail the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment：Aluminium sheet on soil and cement flooring and nonmetallic materials classification experiments
In the embodiment, as shown in Fig. 1 (a), three blocks of 1m × 1m squares aluminium sheets, one piece of diameter 0.7m round aluminium sheet,
Totally 5 plate materials are placed on soil and concrete floor the length direction plank of one piece of 0.4m × 0.7m.Millimeter wave radiometer imaging area
Domain is in dotted line frame, image-forming range 30m.Fig. 1 (b) is 94GH radiometers image-forming systems, the reflecting surface bore 0.3m of the system, angle
0.8 ° of resolution ratio, time of integration 5ms.As shown in Fig. 2, imaging is scanned to the scene with 68 ° of incidence angles, it is all on ground
Substance reflects air, and the millimeter wave heat radiation of air is non-polarized, therefore the scene belongs to non-polarized irradiation environment.Fig. 3 gives
The opposite placement position for having gone out measured material, when Fig. 4 is given from the side, the inclination conditions of 5 plate materials.Pass through setting
The aluminium sheet of different inclined degrees so that the radiation brightness of the aluminium sheet of acquisition is different, for illustrate the radiation brightness of aluminium sheet with
The variation of reflection environment is big, is unfavorable for directly detecting target according to the bright temperature difference is different.Aluminium sheet #1 and aluminium sheet #2 are tilted respectively
6 ° and 8 °.
Steps are as follows for the specific implementation of metal and nonmetallic materials sorting technique based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging：
(1) tested scene is imaged under 68 ° of incidence angle θ=using 94GHz radiometers image-formings system, is calibrated
Preceding horizontal polarization voltage output figure and vertical polarization voltage output figure, as shown in Figure 5.
In the present embodiment, skies of the aluminium sheet #1 due to reflecting the relatively low elevation angle in Fig. 5 (a) so that the radiation that radiometer receives
Radiation than horizontal positioned aluminium sheet is strong, and even cement eradiation is equal, it is seen that it is difficult to be differentiated from the difference of bright temperature merely
Go out metal aluminum sheet #1.
(2) the radiometer voltage according to horizontal polarization voltage output figure, vertical polarization voltage output figure and black matrix material is defeated
Go out V0, utilize calculation formula：P=(Vhij-V0)/(Vvij-V0), wherein VhijAnd VvijRespectively horizontal polarization and vertical polarization electricity
The element of pressure output figure matrix, i, j are respectively the row and column number of matrix, V0Voltage output when black matrix is directed at for radiometer
Value, and ensure that black matrix has physical temperature identical with scene." linear polarization ratio " image can be calculated, as shown in Fig. 6 (a).
In the present embodiment, the radiometer voltage output V of black matrix material0=3.78V, in experiment black matrix Material Physics temperature with
Scene physical temperature is equal, is 298K.
(3) it is interval with 0.1, counts the number of the P values in each interval section in " linear polarization ratio " image, such as Fig. 6
(b) shown in.In section [1,3], the section R of the statistics number minimum (i.e. 24) of P values is takenp=[2.2,2.3], utilize threshold value
Estimation formulas estimates threshold value δ=(P of Pminp+Pmaxp)/2=2.25 (i.e. the position marked in Fig. 6 (b)).
(4) according to sorting criterion：The pixel of P >=δ indicates nonmetallic；P<The pixel of δ indicates metal, by " linear polarization
Than " all pixels point in image is divided into metal and nonmetallic two class, classification image is obtained, as shown in Figure 7.
In the present embodiment, using the sorting technique provided by the invention based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging can by aluminium sheet and
Other nonmetallic materials are classified.In millimeter wave radiometer system output image (such as Fig. 5 (a)), inclined aluminium sheet #1 by
In the sky for reflecting the relatively low elevation angle so that the radiation that radiometer receives is stronger than the radiation of horizontal positioned aluminium sheet, even cement
Eradiation is equal, therefore is difficult individually to classify to metal and nonmetallic materials from radiation brightness difference.However, of the invention
The method of offer is not influenced by the factor, and classification can be effectively performed, and surface this method has good robustness.
The classification of metal and nonmetallic materials, is of great significance for object detection and recognition, can be used for metal target
Remote sensing and the fields such as detection, the safety detection of metal dangerous material and early warning.It is provided by the invention a kind of based on passive millimeter wave
Polarize the material classification new method being imaged, and relies on passive millimeter wave imaging means, has round-the-clock, standard round-the-clock, low in energy consumption
Etc. operational advantages.Non-cooperating feature that is radiationless to human body when for safety check, meeting public place crowd, being existing active has
The strong supplement of source detection mode (such as X-ray) and hand-held metal detector means.When detection for metal military target, tool
Have the advantages that concealment (not emitting electromagnetic wave actively), air penetration capacity are strong.
As it will be easily appreciated by one skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, not to
The limitation present invention, all within the spirits and principles of the present invention made by all any modification, equivalent and improvement etc., should all include
Within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of material classification method based on passive millimeter wave polarization imaging, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
S1：Tested scene is imaged under incidence angle θ using millimeter wave radiometer imaging system, obtains the bright temperature of horizontal polarization
Figure and the bright temperature figure of vertical polarization；
S2：According to the radiometer voltage output of the bright temperature figure of the horizontal polarization, the bright temperature figure of the vertical polarization and black matrix material
Scene physical temperature computation obtains " linear polarization ratio " image；
S3：The linear polarization ratio P regularities of distribution of all pixels point, utilize threshold estimation formula in statistical analysis " linear polarization ratio " image
Estimate the threshold value δ of P；
S4：The all pixels point in " linear polarization ratio " image is divided into metal and nonmetallic two class according to sorting criterion, is divided
Class image；
In step s 2, the linear polarization ratio P=(Thij-T0)/(Tvij-T0) or linear polarization ratio P=(Vhij-V0)/(Vvij-
V0),
Wherein, ThijAnd TvijThe respectively element of the bright temperature figure matrix of horizontal polarization and vertical polarization, i, j be respectively matrix row and
Column number, T0For the physical temperature of scene；VhijAnd VvijThe respectively member of horizontal polarization and vertical polarization voltage output figure matrix
Element, i, j are respectively the row and column number of matrix, V0Voltage output value when black matrix is directed at for radiometer, and black matrix has and field
The identical physical temperature of scape.
2. material classification method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step sl, the tested scene is electrodeless
Change irradiation scene, the non-polarized irradiation scene refers to the environment on measured target surface reflection direction as viewed from observed direction
Millimeter wave heat radiation is non-polarized.
3. material classification method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the incidence angle θ should meet：60°≤θ≤
70°。
4. material classification method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s3, the areas the statistical analysis Zhi
Between [1,3], with 0.1 be interval, count the number of P values in each interval section；K-th of section [Pmink, Pmaxk] it is known as Rk；
The threshold value δ=(Pminp+Pmaxp)/2, wherein PminpAnd PmaxpRespectively refer to interval section RpLower and upper limit, in Rp
Interior, the statistics number of P values is minimum.
5. material classification method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s 4, the sorting criterion is：
In " linear polarization ratio " image, the pixel of P >=δ indicates nonmetallic；P<The pixel of δ indicates metal.
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