CN106226033A - Method and device for detecting transmittance of transparent substrate - Google Patents
Method and device for detecting transmittance of transparent substrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN106226033A CN106226033A CN201610557181.7A CN201610557181A CN106226033A CN 106226033 A CN106226033 A CN 106226033A CN 201610557181 A CN201610557181 A CN 201610557181A CN 106226033 A CN106226033 A CN 106226033A
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- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims description 9
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a device for detecting the transmittance of a transparent substrate. The method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps that a preset gray-scale picture is displayed on a screen of the electronic equipment for detection, the gray-scale picture comprises more than two gray scales, and a light-transmitting substrate to be detected is arranged in front of the screen of the electronic equipment in a covering mode; acquiring an image displayed after passing through the light-transmitting substrate, and determining actual brightness corresponding to each gray scale area in the image; and judging whether the transmittance of the light-transmitting substrate to be detected is qualified or not according to the actual brightness corresponding to each gray scale region in the image and the standard output brightness corresponding to each gray scale in the gray scale picture. The invention can improve the detection accuracy and the detection efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of measurement and test, particularly relate to detect the method and device of transparent substrates transmitance.
Background technology
In recent years, along with transparent substrates demand is increased rapidly by market, no matter the production of transparent substrates is from quality, product
Kind, or production technology all changes.The development of the most existing production technology, especially electronic product is to glass etc.
The prescription of transparent substrates is more and more higher, and therefore the quality of general warranty transparent substrates is even more important.
During the transparent substrates exfactory inspections such as current glass, one is artificial on-line checking, and detection error is big, and efficiency is low.Separately
One is by specific instrument test, and transmitting terminal is launched Ray Of Light and irradiated detected transparent substrates, and detection is by described
Arrive energy loss during receiving terminal after transparent substrates medium, confirm whether the transmitance of this transparent substrates meets requirement；But
This mode is limited by laboratory environment, and is only suitable for testing fritter transparent substrates, is specifically only limitted to certain on transparent substrates
The detection of a little points, detection efficiency is relatively low.
Summary of the invention
Based on this, the method and device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance that the embodiment of the present invention provides, it is possible to increase detection
Accuracy, and improve detection efficiency.
One aspect of the present invention provides the method for detection transparent substrates transmitance, including:
Obtain and show the image that the electronic equipment screen region of preset gray scale picture shows, described GTG picture bag
Include plural GTG, cover before the screen of described electronic equipment and be provided with transparent substrates to be detected；
Determine the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
According to the mark that the intrinsic brilliance that gray-scale areas each in described image is corresponding is corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture
Quasi-output brightness, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a kind of device detecting transparent substrates transmitance, including:
Image collection module, shows, for obtaining, the figure that the electronic equipment screen region of preset gray scale picture shows
Picture, described GTG picture includes plural GTG, covers and be provided with printing opacity to be detected before the screen of described electronic equipment
Substrate；
Luminance Analysis module, for determining the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
Detection module, each in the intrinsic brilliance corresponding according to gray-scale areas each in described image and described GTG picture
The standard output brightness that GTG is corresponding, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
Technique scheme, by showing the GTG picture preset, described GTG for the screen of the electronic equipment of detection
Picture includes plural GTG, covers and be provided with transparent substrates to be detected before the screen of described electronic equipment；Obtain logical
Cross the image shown after described transparent substrates, and determine the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
Bright according to the standard output that the intrinsic brilliance that gray-scale areas each in described image is corresponding is corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture
Degree, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.The scheme of the above embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to big face
The transmitance of long-pending transparent substrates is tested, and can improve accuracy in detection, and improves detection efficiency.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the indicative flowchart of the method for the detection transparent substrates transmitance of an embodiment；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the GTG picture of an embodiment；
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance of an embodiment.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, right
The present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Fig. 1 is the indicative flowchart of the method for the detection transparent substrates transmitance of an embodiment；In this embodiment it is that
It is applied in this way as a example by the electronic equipment of detection illustrate.As it is shown in figure 1, the detection printing opacity base in the present embodiment
The method of plate transmitance includes step:
S11, obtains and shows the image that the electronic equipment screen region of preset gray scale picture shows, described gray-scale figure
Sheet includes plural GTG, covers and be provided with transparent substrates to be detected before the screen of described electronic equipment.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the electronic equipment for detection is large-size screen monitors electronic equipment, such as education/meeting flat board, intelligence
Energy TVs etc., to detect the transparent substrates of larger area.Complete machine environment is, transparent substrates to be detected and the display of electronic equipment
Between screen, gap is 2～4mm, and transparent substrates only allows front printing opacity, and lateral edge is sealed light tight by complete machine.By this electricity
The screen of subset shows the GTG picture preset, and described GTG picture includes plural GTG, described electronic equipment
Cover before screen and be provided with transparent substrates to be detected.
As a rule, a point of people's finding of naked eye on display screen, i.e. one pixel, it is by red, green, blue (RGB)
Three sub-pixel compositions.Each sub-pixel, its light source behind can show different gray scales, and GTG is then
Represent by the most secretly to the stratum level of brightness different the brightest.GTG picture in the embodiment of the present invention, refer to wraps exactly
Containing the gray level image in some different light and shade regions, the most corresponding GTG in light and shade region, can be even between each GTG
Continue, it is also possible to be discontinuous.GTG picture as shown in Figure 2, including five equally distributed GTGs, and continuous two ashes
Shading value difference between rank is equal, and i.e. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%.
S12, determines the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
In the embodiment of the present invention, can shoot by described printing opacity by being arranged on the camera head in described electronic equipment front
The image shown after substrate, measures, by picture analyzing, the brightness that different gray-scale areas is corresponding.The present invention is to analyzing not
Be not construed as limiting with the specific algorithm of brightness corresponding to gray-scale areas, can be existing arbitrary in can be by pixel in gray level image
Grayvalue transition is the algorithm of brightness value.
S13 is corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture according to the intrinsic brilliance that gray-scale areas each in described image is corresponding
Standard output brightness, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
It is understood that the embodiment of the present invention also needs to the standard that in predetermined described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding
Output brightness.The mode determined includes but not limited to following two:
One is, shows described ash when covering is provided with standard transparent substrates by obtaining the screen of described electronic equipment
The image of rank picture, calculates the mean flow rate that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding, as each GTG in described GTG picture
Corresponding standard output brightness.Described standard transparent substrates is the transparent substrates that light transmittance is qualified.Another kind is, by obtaining institute
The screen stating electronic equipment shows the image of described GTG picture when not covering and arranging transparent substrates, calculates in described image each
The mean flow rate that gray-scale areas is corresponding, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.Certainly, also can root
The standard output brightness that each GTG is corresponding is set according to the empirical value of described electronic equipment display gray scale image.
As a preferred implementation, based on a determination that normal brightness value, can be by by showing after described transparent substrates
The mean flow rate that in image out, each gray-scale areas is corresponding is compared with the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG, both detections
Difference whether in the range of specification error；If all the testing result of gray-scale areas is is then to be judged as described to be detected
The transmitance of transparent substrates qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that the transmitance for described transparent substrates to be detected is defective.Wherein, institute
State range of error to set according to practical situation, the size of this range set, by accurate for the detection affecting transparent substrates transmitance
Degree.
As another preferred implementation, also can by brightness corresponding for some Chosen Points in gray-scale areas each in image respectively
Compare with the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG, if the brightness that all Chosen Point is corresponding is bright with the standard output of corresponding GTG
The difference of degree is all in the range of specification error, it is determined that the detection for this gray-scale areas is qualified.Detection when whole gray-scale areas
Time the most qualified, just it is judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that for described printing opacity to be detected
The transmitance of substrate is defective.This mode is conducive to detecting the local defect of transparent substrates.
In conjunction with the statement of above-described embodiment, saturating to the detection of the embodiment of the present invention below by a concrete application scenarios
The method of photopolymer substrate transmitance is further described.
Under described application scenarios, the described electronic equipment for detection is education flat board, and its screen size is more preferably greater than 40
Inch, such as, can be 55/65/70/75/80/86 inch.Its screen size is the biggest, disposably can detect the most large-area printing opacity
Substrate.As in figure 2 it is shown, the GTG picture of the present embodiment includes the GTG of five uniform difference, respectively 0%, 25%, 50%,
75%, 100%.Complete machine environment: before transparent substrates to be detected is arranged on the display screen of education flat board, with display screen gap about
For 4mm, after installing, transparent substrates only has the front can be with printing opacity, and remainder is sealed light tight by complete machine.Based on this
Scape, the method detecting this transparent substrates transmitance is: be first 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% brightness of image
GTG picture education flat pannel display, captures a pictures by digital camera shooting, then measures difference by picture analyzing
The brightness that gray-scale areas is corresponding, the change of definition between contrast different brightness.Such as: for the GTG of 50%, if by this religion
The standard output brightness educating flat pannel display is (100 × 50%) cd/m2, after outer surface adds this transparent substrates, if the figure obtained
If the test brightness of corresponding gray-scale areas is at more than the 89% of 50cd/m2 in Xiang, it is the test passes of 50% GTG；For
The GTG of 25%, if being (100 × 25%) cd/m2 by the standard output brightness of this education flat pannel display, outer surface is plus being somebody's turn to do
After transparent substrates, if if the test brightness of corresponding gray-scale areas is more than 25cd/m2 × 89% in the image obtained, being 25%
The test passes of GTG；For brightness 75%, if being (100 × 75%) by the standard output brightness of this education flat pannel display
Cd/m2, outer surface is plus after this transparent substrates, if if the test brightness of corresponding gray-scale areas is at 75cd/m2 in the image obtained
More than × 89%, it is the test passes of 75% GTG.Use same method, respectively whole GTGs in detection GTG picture
It is qualified to test whether；If the test of five GTGs is the most qualified, just it is judged as that the transmitance of this transparent substrates is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that
Transmitance for this transparent substrates is defective.It should be understood that described range of error (89%) also can be carried out according to practical situation
Adjust.
Additionally, the transmitance of new transparent substrates is checked also by this method, i.e. plus new printing opacity
The picture obtained after substrate compares with plus the picture before new transparent substrates, analyzes definition the most identical, perhaps
Whether difference is in allowed band, the most qualified by judging the transmitance of new transparent substrates.
It should be noted that the GTG quantity of the GTG picture used is relevant to the precision of detection, GTG quantity is the biggest,
The precision of detection is the highest, but the complexity of the detection of correspondence is the biggest, and the GTG picture therefore used can be based on actual feelings
Condition sets.
Method by the detection transparent substrates transmitance of the above embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to large area transparent substrates
Transmitance is tested, and can improve accuracy in detection, and improves detection efficiency.
It should be noted that for aforesaid each method embodiment, in order to simplicity describes, it is all expressed as a series of
Combination of actions, but those skilled in the art should know, and the present invention is not limited by described sequence of movement, because depending on
According to the present invention, some step can use other order or carry out simultaneously.
Based on the thought identical with the method for the detection transparent substrates transmitance in above-described embodiment, the present invention also provides for inspection
Survey the device of transparent substrates transmitance, the method that this device can be used for performing above-mentioned detection transparent substrates transmitance.For the ease of
Illustrate, in the structural representation of the device embodiment of detection transparent substrates transmitance, illustrate only and embodiment of the present invention phase
The part closed, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that schematic structure is not intended that the restriction to device, can include than diagram more
Many or less parts, or combine some parts, or different parts are arranged.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance of one embodiment of the invention；Such as Fig. 3 institute
Show, the present embodiment detection transparent substrates transmitance device include: image collection module 310, Luminance Analysis module 320 and
Detection module 330, details are as follows for each module:
Described image collection module 310, shows for obtaining the electronic equipment screen region showing preset gray scale picture
Image out, described GTG picture includes plural GTG, and before the screen of described electronic equipment, covering is provided with to be checked
The transparent substrates surveyed；
Preferably, in the present embodiment, as in figure 2 it is shown, described GTG picture includes the equally distributed GTG of at least five, even
Shading value difference between continuous two GTGs is equal；The described electronic equipment for detection is education/meeting flat board or intelligent television,
Its screen size more preferably greater than 40 inches, such as, can be 55/65/70/75/80/86 inch.
Described Luminance Analysis module 320, for determining the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
Described detection module 330, for the intrinsic brilliance corresponding according to gray-scale areas each in described image and described GTG
The standard output brightness that in picture, each GTG is corresponding, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
Preferably, the device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance of the present embodiment may also include that normal brightness determines module (figure
Not shown in 3), for predefining the standard output brightness that in described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding, including obtaining described electricity
The screen of subset shows the image of described GTG picture when not covering and arranging transparent substrates, calculates each GTG in described image
The mean flow rate that region is corresponding, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.
As another preferred implementation, described normal brightness determines that module can be additionally used in predetermined described GTG picture
In standard output brightness corresponding to each GTG, including the screen obtaining described electronic equipment, covering is provided with standard transparent substrates
Time show the image of described GTG picture, calculate the mean flow rate that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding, as described GTG
The standard output brightness that in picture, each GTG is corresponding.
As a preferred implementation, described detection module 330 comprises the steps that
First detector unit 301, for by mean flow rate corresponding for gray-scale areas each in described image and described gray-scale figure
In sheet, the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG is compared, and detects both differences whether in the range of specification error；If all
The testing result of gray-scale areas is and is, then be judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that for
The transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is defective；
Second detector unit 302, for by brightness corresponding for some Chosen Points in gray-scale areas each in described image respectively
Compare with the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG, if the brightness that all Chosen Point is corresponding is bright with the standard output of corresponding GTG
The difference of degree is all in the range of specification error, it is determined that the detection for this gray-scale areas is qualified；Detection when whole gray-scale areas
Time the most qualified, then it is judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that for described printing opacity to be detected
The transmitance of substrate is defective.
It should be noted that in the embodiment of the device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance of above-mentioned example, each module/mono-
The contents such as the information between unit is mutual, execution process, due to preceding method embodiment of the present invention based on same design, it brings
Technique effect identical with preceding method embodiment of the present invention, particular content can be found in the narration in the inventive method embodiment,
Here is omitted.
Additionally, in the embodiment of the device of the detection transparent substrates transmitance of above-mentioned example, the logic of each functional module
Division is merely illustrative of, can as required in actual application, such as the configuration requirement of corresponding hardware or software
The convenient consideration realized, is completed above-mentioned functions distribution by different functional modules, will described detection transparent substrates transmitance
The internal structure of device be divided into different functional modules, to complete all or part of function described above.The most each
Function mould both can realize to use the form of hardware, it would however also be possible to employ the form of software function module realizes.
It will appreciated by the skilled person that all or part of flow process realizing in above-described embodiment method, be can
Completing instructing relevant hardware by computer program, described program can be stored in an embodied on computer readable storage and be situated between
In matter, as independent production marketing or use.Described program upon execution, can perform the complete of the embodiment such as above-mentioned each method
Portion or part steps.Wherein, described storage medium can be magnetic disc, CD, read-only store-memory body (Read-Only
Memory, ROM) or random store-memory body (Random Access Memory, RAM) etc..
In the above-described embodiments, the description to each embodiment all emphasizes particularly on different fields, and does not has the portion described in detail in certain embodiment
Point, may refer to the associated description of other embodiments.It is appreciated that the term " first " used in it, " second " etc. are at this
Literary composition is used for distinguishing object, but these objects should not be limited by these terms.
Embodiment described above only have expressed the several embodiments of the present invention, it is impossible to is interpreted as the scope of the claims of the present invention
Restriction.It should be pointed out that, for the person of ordinary skill of the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise,
Can also make some deformation and improvement, these broadly fall into protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, the protection domain of patent of the present invention
Should be as the criterion with claims.
Claims (10)
1. the method detecting transparent substrates transmitance, it is characterised in that including:
Obtaining and show the image that the electronic equipment screen region of preset gray scale picture shows, described GTG picture includes two
Individual above GTG, covers before the screen of described electronic equipment and is provided with transparent substrates to be detected；
Determine the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
Defeated according to the standard that the intrinsic brilliance that gray-scale areas each in described image is corresponding is corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture
Go out brightness, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
The method of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that also include:
The standard output brightness that in predetermined described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding, including the screen obtaining described electronic equipment
Show the image of described GTG picture when not covering and arranging transparent substrates, calculate corresponding the putting down of each gray-scale areas in described image
All brightness, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.
The method of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that also include:
The standard output brightness that in predetermined described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding, including the screen obtaining described electronic equipment
Show the image of described GTG picture when covering and being provided with standard transparent substrates, calculate each gray-scale areas in described image corresponding
Mean flow rate, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.
The method of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described according to described image
In the standard output brightness corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture of intrinsic brilliance corresponding to each gray-scale areas, it is judged that described in treat
The step that the transmitance of the transparent substrates of detection is the most qualified includes:
By bright with the standard output of corresponding GTG in described GTG picture for mean flow rate corresponding for gray-scale areas each in described image
Degree is compared, and detects both differences whether in the range of specification error；If all the testing result of gray-scale areas is and is,
Then it is judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that saturating for described transparent substrates to be detected
Cross rate defective.
The method of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described according to described image
In the standard output brightness corresponding with each GTG in described GTG picture of intrinsic brilliance corresponding to each gray-scale areas, it is judged that described in treat
The step that the transmitance of the transparent substrates of detection is the most qualified includes:
By brightness corresponding for some Chosen Points in gray-scale areas each in described image respectively with the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG
Compare, if the difference of the brightness that all Chosen Point is corresponding and the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG is all in specification error scope
In, it is determined that the detection for this gray-scale areas is qualified；
When the detection of whole gray-scale areas is the most qualified, then it is judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；No
Then, it is judged that the transmitance for described transparent substrates to be detected is defective.
6. according to the method for the arbitrary described detection transparent substrates transmitance of claim 1 to 5, it is characterised in that described GTG
Picture includes the equally distributed GTG of at least five, and the shading value difference between continuous two GTGs is equal；Described for detection
Electronic equipment is education/meeting flat board or intelligent television.
7. the device detecting transparent substrates transmitance, it is characterised in that including:
Image collection module, shows, for obtaining, the image that the electronic equipment screen region of preset gray scale picture shows,
Described GTG picture includes plural GTG, covers and be provided with printing opacity base to be detected before the screen of described electronic equipment
Plate；
Luminance Analysis module, for determining the intrinsic brilliance that in described image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding；
Detection module, each GTG in the intrinsic brilliance corresponding according to gray-scale areas each in described image and described GTG picture
Corresponding standard output brightness, it is judged that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is the most qualified.
The device of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that also include:
Normal brightness determines module, for predefining the standard output brightness that in described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding, including
The screen obtaining described electronic equipment shows the image of described GTG picture when not covering and arranging transparent substrates, calculates described figure
The mean flow rate that in Xiang, each gray-scale areas is corresponding, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.
The device of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that also include:
Normal brightness determines module, for predefining the standard output brightness that in described GTG picture, each GTG is corresponding, including
The screen obtaining described electronic equipment shows the image of described GTG picture when covering and being provided with standard transparent substrates, calculates institute
State the mean flow rate that in image, each gray-scale areas is corresponding, as the standard output brightness that each GTG in described GTG picture is corresponding.
The device of detection transparent substrates transmitance the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that described detection module bag
Include:
First detector unit, for corresponding with described GTG picture by mean flow rate corresponding for gray-scale areas each in described image
The standard output brightness of GTG is compared, and detects both differences whether in the range of specification error；If all gray-scale areas
Testing result to be then to be judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that for described to be checked
The transmitance of the transparent substrates surveyed is defective；
Second detector unit, for grey with corresponding respectively by brightness corresponding for some Chosen Points in gray-scale areas each in described image
The standard output brightness on rank is compared, if the difference of the brightness that all Chosen Point is corresponding and the standard output brightness of corresponding GTG
All in the range of specification error, it is determined that the detection for this gray-scale areas is qualified；When the detection of whole gray-scale areas is the most qualified,
Then it is judged as that the transmitance of described transparent substrates to be detected is qualified；Otherwise, it is judged that saturating for described transparent substrates to be detected
Cross rate defective.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN108007674A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-05-08 | 南昌与德通讯技术有限公司 | A kind of screen test system, method, apparatus and control device |
| CN109816621A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2019-05-28 | 富士通株式会社 | The detection device and method of abnormal hot spot, electronic equipment |
| CN112161956A (en) * | 2020-09-25 | 2021-01-01 | 重庆金山医疗器械有限公司 | Lens detection method, device and system and readable storage medium |
| JP2021181889A (en) * | 2020-05-18 | 2021-11-25 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Visual inspection system |
| CN117589726A (en) * | 2023-11-23 | 2024-02-23 | 深圳市正承科技有限公司 | Method, device and system for detecting light transmittance of adhesive tape |
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