CN106179286B - A kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon - Google Patents

A kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106179286B
CN106179286B CN201610545191.9A CN201610545191A CN106179286B CN 106179286 B CN106179286 B CN 106179286B CN 201610545191 A CN201610545191 A CN 201610545191A CN 106179286 B CN106179286 B CN 106179286B
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furnace
boiling
activation
activated carbon
carbon
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CN106179286A (en
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林鹏
林楷
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FUJIAN XINSEN CARBON Co Ltd
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FUJIAN XINSEN CARBON Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/34Regenerating or reactivating
    • B01J20/3416Regenerating or reactivating of sorbents or filter aids comprising free carbon, e.g. activated carbon
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/34Regenerating or reactivating
    • B01J20/3483Regenerating or reactivating by thermal treatment not covered by groups B01J20/3441 - B01J20/3475, e.g. by heating or cooling

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  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to activated carbon preparation fields, and in particular to a kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon.Useless powder absorbent charcoal material is entered drying converter, then through carbon collector, dust-precipitator and hopper and feeder, powder after drying is sent into boiling activation furnace, useless burgy is activated in the boiling activation furnace of high temperature by the method for the present invention through feeding system.Activation powder and furnace gas are formed by overheating steam heater in pipeline, steam is reheated, the activation powder of higher temperatures and furnace gas enter back into cyclone separator later, and postprocessing working procedures are packed or sent to collected activated carbon material through cooling down feed appliance or sending.The activated carbon drying that regenerating active carbon is at low cost in technical solution of the present invention, reproduction quality is good, is configured and superheated steam boiling activation equipment system integration reasonable design, operation is simple, it is environmental-friendly, heat recovery, production cost is saved, regenerating active carbon production can be automated on a large scale by realizing.

Description

A kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon
This case is using the applying date as 2014-06-11, and application No. is 201410257431.6, entitled " a kind of activated carbon is again The divisional application that the patent of invention of generating apparatus and regeneration method " is carried out for female case.
Technical field
The present invention relates to activated carbon preparation fields, and in particular to a kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon.
Background technology
With the manufacturing development of activated carbon and its expansion of application field, from economic benefit still from environmental angle Consider, the regeneration for carrying out activated carbon is all very necessary, oneself becomes Activated Carbon Production and using the important composition portion in technology for this Point.Activated carbon is using being discarding or regeneration Posterior circle after primary using being not only the reflection important mark of activated carbon level of industrial technology Will and activated carbon need to face select permeability using enterprise.In recent years, domestic research, exploitation, implementation to regenerating active carbon Oneself has certain effect, wherein the more molding skill and technique of regenerating active carbon have hot recycling method, extraction method of reproduction, oxidation reclaiming process, Bio-regeneration method etc..Certainly, it is industrial at this stage it is common it is multi-purpose be still hot recycling method.
Conventional high-temperature hot recycling method includes multilayer oven process, tube oven method, fluid bed oven process, smoldering oven process, disc type oven process, stream Dynamic conveying oven process etc..The medium that high-temperature thermal regeneration generally uses is the gas such as water vapour, flue gas, carbon dioxide.High warm is again The advantages of thinking of a way be:Regeneration efficiency is high, and the recovery time is short, the basic non-selectivity to adsorbate.
The deficiency of high-temperature thermal regeneration method is:The loss of charcoal is larger during hot recycling, generally in 5-10%, regenerated carbon machinery Intensity declines, and carbon surface chemical constitution changes;In addition, equipment is complex needed for hot recycling, running expense is higher, is not easy Miniaturization.
In order to keep and develop the strong point of high-temperature thermal regeneration method, overcome the shortcomings of high-temperature thermal regeneration method, publication number is following Chinese invention patent:CN101992079A, CN102553554A etc. use continuous circulation regeneration method to waste powdered activated carbon, Although mainly dry and activation equipment and technique are different for it, result all obtains comparatively ideal effect.It utilizes air The high-temperature gas generated with fuel gas buring regenerates activated carbon, contains partial oxidation in the high-temperature gas, in hot conditions Under can make activated carbon oxidation burn lose, it is inefficient.
Invention content
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are:A kind of utilization superheated vapour is provided to regenerate useless powder absorbent charcoal material Active carbon regenerating unit and regeneration method with high absorption property activated carbon.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:
A kind of active carbon regenerating unit is provided, which is included through the sequentially connected feeding system of pipeline, dry collection charcoal Material system, activation system and activated material are collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system;
The dry collection charcoal material system include by the sequentially connected drying converter of pipeline, cyclone separator, dust-precipitator and High pressure positive blower, the drying converter are connect with feeding system pipeline;
The activation system is included through sequentially connected second hopper of pipeline, the second electric vibrating feeder and boiling activation Stove, second hopper receive the dry powdered carbon that cyclone separator and dust-precipitator are fallen, the boiling activation furnace and the second electricity shake to Material machine connects, and the boiling activation furnace is also connect with high pressure positive blower pipeline;
The activated material is collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system is included through the sequentially connected overheating steam heater of pipeline, one or two Grade cyclone separator, water cooling self-conveyor feed and packing machine, the overheating steam heater are connect with boiling activation furnace pipeline.
Another technical solution of the present invention is to provide the side that a kind of above-mentioned active carbon regenerating unit carries out regenerating active carbon Method includes the following steps:
1) after the preheating of boiling activation furnace, useless powder absorbent charcoal material is sent into the first hopper, then through first through belt conveyor Electric vibrating feeder is transmitted toward drying converter, and drying converter is dry that dry powdered carbon, dry powdered carbon are sent successively from drying converter output terminal Into cyclone separator and dust-precipitator;
2) it activates:Make step 1) cyclone collection to dry powdered carbon fall into the second hopper, then shake feeding through the second electricity Device is sent into boiling activation furnace, and control boiling activation in-furnace temperature is 800-850 DEG C, by the activation of the 5-10 seconds powder absorbent charcoals that must give up Material and furnace gas mixture;
3) collect charcoal:The activated material and furnace gas mixture of the useless powder absorbent charcoal of the step 2) pass through overheating steam heater, A secondary cyclone is sequentially entered again, and the furnace gas mixture is passed through overheating steam heater and adds the water vapour of outer confession Heat is passed through boiling activation furnace into superheated steam, and the activated material of useless powder absorbent charcoal therein is separated and collected into aggregate bin, passed through Aggregate bin lower part lock glassware enters in the self-conveyor feed with water cooling, discharging.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:Technical scheme of the present invention is added wet waste powdered activated carbon by drying converter Heated drying, then powdered activated carbon is collected and fed into boiling activation furnace and is activated, by I and II Cyclonic separating apparatus, and It discharges after cooling, so as to be regenerated very wet waste powdered activated carbon, obtains high performance activated material, obtain To iodine sorption value 1000mg/g more than powdered activated carbons.The method of the present invention is that activated carbon is dried using superheated vapour And activation, superheated vapour can not only provide the heat needed for regeneration, and water vapour has activation to activated carbon in itself And activated carbon is not easy to burn and lose, and has better activating and regenerating effect and higher yield.Technical solution of the present invention regenerating active carbon At low cost, reproduction quality is good, the drying of the activated carbon that is configured and superheated steam boil activation equipment system integration reasonable design, Operation is simple, environmental-friendly, heat recovery, saves production cost, and regenerating active carbon production can be automated on a large scale by realizing.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of the active carbon regenerating unit in the embodiment of the present invention;
Label declaration:1st, belt conveyor;2nd, the first hopper;3rd, the first electric vibrating feeder;4th, converter is dried;5th, whirlwind point From device;6th, dust-precipitator;7th, high pressure positive blower;8th, the second hopper;9th, the second electric vibrating feeder;10th, boil activation furnace;11st, overheat is steamed Vapour heater;12nd, packing machine;13rd, water cooling self-conveyor feed;14th, a secondary cyclone;15th, temperature adjuster.
Specific embodiment
In order to describe the technical content, the structural feature, the achieved object and the effect of this invention in detail, below in conjunction with embodiment And attached drawing is coordinated to be explained in detail.
The design of most critical of the present invention is:Activated carbon is dried to be set with superheated steam boiling activation equipment system integration Meter, adding in high pressure positive blower utilizes furnace atmosphere circulation, and heat recovery saves production cost.
Referring to Fig. 1, the present invention provides a kind of active carbon regenerating unit, the device include by pipeline it is sequentially connected on Material system, dry collection charcoal material system, activation system and activated material collection and furnace atmosphere circulation system;
The dry collection charcoal material system is included through the sequentially connected drying converter 4 of pipeline, cyclone separator 5, dust-precipitator 6 With high pressure positive blower 7, the drying converter 4 is connect with feeding system pipeline;The system is responsible for the drying of wet-milling charcoal and conveys drying oven Gas and powdered carbon.
The activation system is included through sequentially connected second hopper 8 of pipeline, the second electric vibrating feeder 9 and boiling activation Stove 10, second hopper 8 receive the dry powdered carbon that cyclone separator 5 and dust-precipitator 6 are fallen, the boiling activation furnace 10 and second Electric vibrating feeder 9 connects, and the boiling activation furnace 10 is also connect with 7 pipeline of high pressure positive blower;
It is built into the boiling activation furnace 10 by refractory brick, middle part is equipped with 2 combustion of natural gas spouts, opposite straight line cloth It puts, and at a certain angle with furnace body circumference;Middle and lower part is provided with electricity and shakes feeder import in stove;10 bottom of activation furnace boil by resistance to Hot stainless steel plate makes reverse taper, and cone base sets several superheated vapors and dry converter gas spout, so as to by activation furnace Interior powdered activated carbon plays priming reaction in suspended dispersed and rotation propradation, instantaneous time.Form activated material and mixing furnace gas By activation furnace outlet pipe, overheating steam heater 11 is installed in activation furnace outlet pipe.
The activated material is collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system is included through the sequentially connected overheating steam heater 11, one of pipeline Secondary cyclone 14, water cooling self-conveyor feed 13 and packing machine 12, the overheating steam heater 11 are activated with boiling 10 pipeline of stove connects.
Further, in above-mentioned active carbon regenerating unit, the feeding system includes belt conveyor 1,2 and of the first hopper First electric vibrating feeder 3, first electric vibrating feeder 3 are connect with drying 4 pipeline of converter.It is continuous, fixed that the system is responsible for realizing Wet charcoal material is sent to dry converter on amount ground.
Further, in above-mentioned active carbon regenerating unit, a secondary cyclone include primary cyclone, Secondary cyclone and aggregate bin, the primary cyclone are made of two cyclone separators, the two level whirlwind point It is made of from device two cyclone separators, the primary cyclone and secondary cyclone are separately positioned on aggregate bin On, the aggregate bin lower part is in upside-down triangle shape, and bottom is equipped with lock glassware, and the lock glassware connects with water cooling self-conveyor feed 13 It connects.
Further, in above-mentioned active carbon regenerating unit, the activated material is collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system further includes and one The thermoregulator that secondary cyclone 14 connects, the thermoregulator are connect with drying converter 4.
Another technical solution of the present invention is to provide the side that a kind of above-mentioned active carbon regenerating unit carries out regenerating active carbon Method includes the following steps:
1) after boiling activation furnace 10 preheats, start to start feeding system, be sent into useless powder absorbent charcoal material through belt conveyor 1 In first hopper 2, then transmitted toward drying converter 4 through the first electric vibrating feeder 3, drying converter 4 it is dry dry powdered carbon, dry powdered carbon It is sent into cyclone separator 5 and dust-precipitator 6 successively from drying 4 output terminal of converter;
2) it activates:The dry powdered carbon that step 1) cyclone separator 5 is collected into is made to fall into the second hopper 8, then shakes and send through the second electricity Glassware is sent into boiling activation furnace 10, and temperature was 800-850 DEG C in control boiling activation furnace 10, by the 5-10 seconds powder absorbent charcoals that must give up Activated material and furnace gas mixture;
3) collect charcoal:The activated material and furnace gas mixture of the useless powder absorbent charcoal of the step 2) pass through overheating steam heater 11, then sequentially enter a secondary cyclone 14, the furnace gas mixture is passed through overheating steam heater 11 and by outer confession Steam heating is passed through boiling activation furnace 10 into superheated steam, and the activated material of useless powder absorbent charcoal therein is separated and collected to gathering materials In bucket, glassware is locked by aggregate bin lower part and is entered in the self-conveyor feed with water cooling, discharging.
Further, in the method for above-mentioned regenerating active carbon, the boiling activation furnace 10 in the step 1) preheats specifically For:Rise to 10 in-furnace temperature of boiling activation furnace the boiling burning preheating of activation furnace 10 by two nozzles using natural gas 800—1000℃。
Further, converter 4 is dried in the method for above-mentioned regenerating active carbon, in the step 2) and dries dry powdered carbon generation Converter gas using high pressure positive blower 7 according to need empty or return boiling activation furnace 10 use.
Further, in the method for above-mentioned regenerating active carbon, the furnace gas mixture in the step 4) is steamed by overheat Vapour heater 11, then heated after sequentially entering a secondary cyclone to drying 4 jet of converter.
Embodiment 1
The active carbon regenerating unit of the present invention includes feeding system, dry sum aggregate charcoal material system, activation system and activation Material is collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system.Specifically by being sent on belt conveyor 1 in wet useless burgy material to the first hopper 2, then through In one electric vibrating feeder, 3 feeding to drying converter 4.Dried object enters cyclone separator 5 and dust-precipitator 6 after coming out of the stove, and dry powdered carbon is fallen Enter the second hopper 8, boiling activation furnace 10 is sent into the second electric vibrating feeder 9;Converter gas after dust-precipitator uses high pressure positive blower 7, it is used according to needs or emptying or return boiling activation furnace 10.Dry powdered carbon is in the boiling activation furnace 10 of high temperature with being sprayed from furnace bottom The superheated steam and segment converter gas to come up is activated;It forms activation powder and furnace gas passes through overheating steam heater in pipeline 11.The activation powder of higher temperatures enters back into a secondary cyclone 14 later;The furnace gas that the cyclone separator of the second level is gone out Drying converter 4 is sent after the reheating of temperature adjuster 15;Collected activated carbon material is cooled by water self-conveyor feed 13 or send To packaging facilities 12 or send postprocessing working procedures.
One secondary cyclone 14 is made of each 2 cyclone separators of firsts and seconds, and 4 separators are stood jointly On aggregate bin, aggregate bin lower part is in upside-down triangle shape, and bottom is equipped with lock charcoal device, and is connect with water cooling self-conveyor feed 13.
Waste powdered activated carbon integration regeneration method of the present invention includes the following steps:
1st, it preheats:High pressure positive blower is opened simultaneously to the boiling burning preheating of activation furnace 10 by two nozzles using natural gas 7, start drying converter 4 still to the entire each equipment of furnace atmosphere circulation system (except cooling spiral feeder, packing machine are temporary).
2nd, feeding:When preheating temperature rises to 800-1000 DEG C in boiling 10 stove of activation furnace, start to start feeding system, by Very wet useless burgy material (closing moisture content 45%-55% or so) is sent into the first hopper 2, then use by belt conveyor 1 First electric vibrating feeder, 34 quantification of past drying converter is continuously fed to wet-milling charcoal material;Due to the draft of high pressure positive blower 7, dry powdered carbon It will be sent into cyclone separator 5 and dust-precipitator 6 successively from the output terminal of drying converter 4, collected dry powdered carbon falls into the second material Bucket 8, then through the second electricity shake feed appliance 9 be sent into boiling activation furnace 10.Converter gas after dust-precipitator is using high pressure positive blower 7, according to need Boiling activation furnace 10 or is emptied or returns to use.
3rd, it activates:The powdered carbon and the superheated steam blown on stove lower part and part cycle furnace gas for falling into boiling activation furnace 10 mix It is in boiling situation to close, overturn, and in-furnace temperature should be controlled at 800-850 DEG C, when furnace temperature fluctuation is less than lower limit, then by natural gas at this time Torch firing regulates and controls;Furnace bottom jet amount is controlled, to be jetted through based on hot steam, regulates and controls powdered carbon residence time in stove, typically up to 3- It 10 seconds, then forms activated material, furnace gas mixture and goes out furnace body, into combustion flue, and pass through overheating steam heater 11, it will be outer For steam heating into superheated steam (supply activation furnace).
4th, collect charcoal:Activated material and furnace gas mixture are after overheating steam heater 11, then sequentially enter a two level whirlwind Separator 14, activated material are separated and collected into hopper, and locking glassware by hopper lower part enters the screw feeding with water cooling Machine 13 discharges and (goes to post-process) or enters packing machine 12, and activated material temperature is at 40-100 DEG C at this time.Furnace gas divides from second level whirlwind During from device upper pipe through temperature adjuster 15 in piping, when furnace temperature is less than 250 DEG C, that is, start natural gas second plus Heat, heating intensity are limited for 250-400 DEG C with furnace temperature, later the furnace gas with higher temperature under the pressure of wind turbine draft to drying converter 4 Interior jet heating, forms the recycling of thermal energy.
In conclusion useless powder absorbent charcoal material is entered drying converter, then through carbon collector, dust-precipitator by the present invention through feeding system With hopper and feeder, powder after drying is sent into boiling activation furnace.Converter gas high pressure positive blower after dust-precipitator is according to needs Emptying or reuse.Useless burgy is activated in the boiling activation furnace of high temperature.It forms activation powder and furnace gas passes through in pipeline Overheating steam heater reheats (reuse) to steam;The activation powder of higher temperatures and furnace gas enter back into cyclone separator later; The furnace gas that cyclone separator is gone out is sent to drying converter after temperature adjuster reheating, and collected activated carbon material is sent through cooling Glassware send packaging or send postprocessing working procedures.Technical solution of the present invention regenerating active carbon is at low cost, reproduction quality is good, is configured Activated carbon drying and superheated steam boil activation equipment system integration reasonable design, operation is simple, and environmental-friendly, the energy follows Ring utilizes, and saves production cost, and regenerating active carbon production can be automated on a large scale by realizing.
The foregoing is merely the embodiment of the present invention, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, every to utilize this hair The equivalent structure or equivalent flow shift that bright specification and accompanying drawing content are made directly or indirectly is used in other relevant skills Art field, is included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

  1. A kind of 1. method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon, which is characterized in that the method, which uses, has superheated steam The active carbon regenerating unit of heater carries out hot recycling activated carbon;
    The active carbon regenerating unit with overheating steam heater is included through the sequentially connected feeding system of pipeline, drying Collect charcoal material system, activation system and activated material collection and furnace atmosphere circulation system;
    The dry collection charcoal material system is included through the sequentially connected drying converter of pipeline, cyclone separator, dust-precipitator and high pressure Wind turbine, the drying converter are connect with feeding system pipeline;
    The activation system includes connecing by the sequentially connected hopper of pipeline, electric vibrating feeder and boiling activation furnace, the hopper The dry powdered carbon that cyclone separator and dust-precipitator are fallen is received, the boiling activation furnace is connect with electric vibrating feeder, the boiling activation Stove is also connect with high pressure positive blower pipeline;
    The activated material is collected and furnace atmosphere circulation system is included through the sequentially connected overheating steam heater of pipeline, one cyclonic Separator, secondary cyclone, water cooling self-conveyor feed and packing machine, the overheating steam heater and boiling activation furnace Pipeline connects;
    Described method includes following steps:
    1) boiling activation furnace preheating after, by useless powder absorbent charcoal material drying converter it is dry dry powdered carbon, dry powdered carbon from drying converter Output terminal is sent into cyclone separator and dust-precipitator successively;
    2) it activates:The dry powdered carbon that step 1) cyclone separator and dust-precipitator are collected into is made to be sent into boiling activation furnace, control boiling is lived It is 800-850 DEG C to change in-furnace temperature, by the activated material and furnace gas mixture of the 5-10 seconds powder absorbent charcoals that must give up;
    3) collect charcoal:The activated material and furnace gas mixture of the useless powder absorbent charcoal of the step 2) pass through overheating steam heater, then according to It is secondary enter a secondary cyclone, the furnace gas mixture be passed through overheating steam heater and by the steam heating of outer confession into Superheated steam is passed through boiling activation furnace, and the activated material of useless powder absorbent charcoal therein is separated and collected into aggregate bin, by gathering materials The lower part lock glassware that struggles against enters in the self-conveyor feed with water cooling, discharging.
  2. 2. the method according to claim 1 using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon, which is characterized in that the step 1) In boiling activation furnace preheating be specially:Boiling is made to live boiling activation furnace burning preheating by two nozzles using natural gas Change stove in-furnace temperature and rise to 800-1000 DEG C.
  3. 3. the method according to claim 1 using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon, the converter gas of the drying converter After dust-precipitator, boiling activation furnace is emptied or returned according to needs using high pressure positive blower and use.
  4. 4. the method according to claim 1 using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon, which is characterized in that the step 3) In furnace gas mixture after overheating steam heater, then after sequentially entering primary cyclone and secondary cyclone To drying converter jet heating.
CN201610545191.9A 2014-06-11 2014-06-11 A kind of method using superheated steam hot recycling activated carbon Active CN106179286B (en)

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CN201610544449.3A Active CN106179285B (en) 2014-06-11 2014-06-11 A kind of method of high-temperature thermal regeneration activated carbon
CN201610544041.6A Active CN106000369B (en) 2014-06-11 2014-06-11 A kind of active carbon regenerating unit with overheating steam heater
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CN107913689A (en) * 2017-11-16 2018-04-17 于伟军 A kind of dangerous waste solid waste method for regenerating activated carbon
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CN108126680A (en) * 2017-12-14 2018-06-08 南平元力活性炭有限公司 A kind of powdery Regenevating Waste Activated Carbon System and method for of high-efficient energy-saving environment friendly
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CN106000369A (en) 2016-10-12
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