CN106131597A - Streaming Media is the method for high efficiency of transmission on network - Google Patents
Streaming Media is the method for high efficiency of transmission on network Download PDFInfo
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- CN106131597A CN106131597A CN201610573474.4A CN201610573474A CN106131597A CN 106131597 A CN106131597 A CN 106131597A CN 201610573474 A CN201610573474 A CN 201610573474A CN 106131597 A CN106131597 A CN 106131597A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/64—Addressing
- H04N21/6405—Multicasting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N17/00—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details
- H04N17/004—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details for digital television systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/238—Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. adapting the transmission rate of a video stream to network bandwidth; Processing of multiplex streams
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/238—Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. adapting the transmission rate of a video stream to network bandwidth; Processing of multiplex streams
- H04N21/2385—Channel allocation; Bandwidth allocation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/442—Monitoring of processes or resources, e.g. detecting the failure of a recording device, monitoring the downstream bandwidth, the number of times a movie has been viewed, the storage space available from the internal hard disk
- H04N21/44209—Monitoring of downstream path of the transmission network originating from a server, e.g. bandwidth variations of a wireless network
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
- H04N21/64723—Monitoring of network processes or resources, e.g. monitoring of network load
- H04N21/64738—Monitoring network characteristics, e.g. bandwidth, congestion level
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- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Streaming Media method of high efficiency of transmission on network, comprise the following steps: obtain Streaming Media parameter needed for transmission over networks；Registered by multicast source logon mode convergence router in network；Carried and diffusion parameter by multicast protocol of router, dynamically distribute multicast address, generate the guarantee bandwidth path between data source of stream media to convergence router；Set up constrained parameters be ensure bandwidth and transmission start, the multicast tree of end time, and according to bandwidth and the emergency case of stream medium data, to ensureing that bandwidth and transmission time carry out self-adaptative adjustment；After streaming media terminates, delete multicast tree, the multicast group address that release uses.The present invention combines IP multicast and Application layer multicast, and parameter is sent the router to network or switch, it is achieved in network, multicast transmission ensures service so that the Internet provides the real time service ensureing time delay and bandwidth to be possibly realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to data communication technology field, be specifically related to Streaming Media method of high efficiency of transmission on network.
Background technology
Streaming Media application on the internet get more and more, use streaming technology transmission audio frequency, video and other
The continuous medias such as multi-medium data.Adopting in this way, voice, video information are after over-sampling, quantization and compression coding, from stream
The media server end cycle at certain intervals is sequentially transmitted to network, after receiving terminal user receives part multi-medium data
Just can start decoding and play out, the stream medium data of receipt of subsequent can be stored in local cache continuously, thus ties up
Hold the seriality of broadcasting.As long as user waits that a relatively small broadcast time-delay just can play multi-medium data, have and open
Dynamic time delay is short, the advantage that buffer memory capacity is little, but the play quality of streaming technology is easily subject to the shadow of network bandwidth fluctuation
Ring, when network congestion is serious, the phenomenons such as high time delay, shake, frame-skipping, mosaic occur when being easily caused broadcasting.
Therefore, real time flow medium is equal for aspects such as real-time, the network bandwidth, fault-tolerance, media sync, broadcasting flatness
There is strict demand, as when voice latency is more than 250ms, when slowed-down video is more than 1s, just can substantially feel pause；When network can
With bandwidth less time, use the Streaming Media after efficient coding compression technology to be still easily caused serious network congestion；When passing through
During Internet transmission, it is desirable to the generation of packet loss can be allowed to a certain extent, and keep the synchronizing information such as video, audio frequency；When
When there is fluctuation in network condition, it is desirable to shake can be eliminated by arranging play buffering mechanism etc., it is ensured that the stationarity etc. of broadcasting.
Current Internet is the heterogeneous network worked in Best-Effort mode, and its terminal access mode has many
Sample, and the factors such as its available bandwidth, delay jitter and packet loss are the most all dynamically changes and unpredictable, therefore based on
There is following problem demanding prompt solutions and challenge in the real time streaming of Internet network.
(1) Streaming Media is higher to the requirement of network availability bandwidth, and the most promising Streaming Media of current Internet is reserved
Going out bandwidth, conventional router uses the mode that storage forwards, queue passively abandons, and is provided without congestion control side actively
Formula, the fluctuation of the network bandwidth will easily cause the postponing greatly or be dropped of packet of Streaming Media, thus the transmission of streaming media
The biggest impact is caused with play quality.Such as, general Real Time Compression video invitation minimum available bandwidth is 28KbPs, but works as
The front the most promising real-time video of Internet reserves its available bandwidth, therefore when network availability bandwidth is less than real time flow medium
During required minimum bandwidth, it is easily caused Streaming Media bag the most congested and finally abandoned by router, thus
The quality of real-time video is greatly lowered.
(2) Streaming Media is significantly higher than general data for the requirement postponed.As real-time voice delay not above
250ms, real-time video then can not be more than ls, but Internet the most promising real time flow medium data provide delay guaranteed, stream
Media data is still the same with general data, needs to experience the storage of router, queuing, repeating process, when network occurs congested
Time, the only queue delay on the router of stream medium data often will exceed the minimum delay required by Streaming Media, postpones
The media data of arrival the other side can cause the unacceptable results of broadcast of user such as pause, shake when wrapping in broadcasting.
(3) impact of packet loss streaming media play quality.Packet loss is almost unavoidable phenomenon in Internet, is also
It is operated in one of key character of Internet on the technical foundation such as statistic multiplexing, Route Selection, storage forwarding.Packet loss is existing
As being generally present on router, the packet loss strategy of router, the such as congestion condition according to network such as RED, DropTail come
Determining, when network occurs congested, packet loss can significantly raise, and during network bandwidth abundance, packet loss can reduce.Streaming Media is passing
Before defeated, typically can carry out packing or subpackage, such as, multiple speech frames are packaged in an IP bag, by a frame of video
It is divided into several IP bag to be transmitted, and corresponding subpackage or group bag can be carried out after receiving packet, such as, will receive
To a voice packet be divided into multiple speech frame, multiple video bags one frame of video of composition plays out.Obviously, each stream matchmaker
The loss of volume data bag all can affect playing to produce, and the codec of the error correction having had and fault tolerant mechanism can be in certain journey
Reduce packet loss on degree for the impact of play quality, but when packet loss is relatively big, codec cannot error correction with time fault-tolerant, example
If the packet loss when video bag is more than 1%, when audio pack packet loss is more than 3%, if ignoring the Streaming Media bag of loss, will easily make
The phenomenons such as appearance serious shake when becoming playback error or play, voice cannot be differentiated, mosaic, and if using certain weight
Pass strategy and retransmit the media bag of loss, then obviously can cause again bigger delay.
(4) isomerism of network is had higher requirement with the transmission of the isomerism streaming media of user.?
In Internet, Internet resources, the such as distribution of link bandwidth, storage capacity, disposal ability, congestion control policy etc. be non-all
Even, the network access mode of isomery, such as Ethernet, ADSL, WIFi, WIMax, GPRS, 3G network etc., the terminal of isomery sets
Standby, such as PC, notebook, PDA or mobile phone etc., and the user's request of isomery, as required audio priory, video priority or speed
Priority scheduling, all makes terminal use have diversity for transmission demand, the audio-visual quality demand of Streaming Media.
Summary of the invention
The method that it is an object of the invention to provide Streaming Media high efficiency of transmission, to solve in network streaming media efficiency relatively
Low problem.
For solving problem above, the scheme that the present invention provides is to provide a kind of Streaming Media side of high efficiency of transmission on network
Method, comprises the following steps:
Obtaining Streaming Media parameter needed for transmission over networks, described parameter includes bandwidth demand and transmission time started
And the end time；
Data source of stream media passes through multicast source logon mode, and the convergence router in network is registered；
By the way of multicast protocol of router carries and spreads described parameter, convergence router dynamically distributes multicast ground
Location, and generate the guarantee bandwidth path between data source of stream media to convergence router；
Setting up constrained parameters is to ensure bandwidth, transmission time started and the multicast tree of transmission end time, and at Streaming Media
In data transmission procedure, each transmission node of multicast tree according to bandwidth and the emergency case of stream medium data, to ensure bandwidth and
The transmission time carries out self-adaptative adjustment；
After streaming media terminates, delete multicast tree, the multicast group address that release uses.
In the above-mentioned methods, acquisition Streaming Media transmission needed for transmission over networks is calculated based on video quality assessment model
Bandwidth, video quality assessment model is as follows:
Score=Sq × (1-0.092 × (1+2e-St)×(5-St)-0.018×(1+2e-Ss)×(5-Ss))；
Wherein, Score represents video quality quantized values；
Sq states video source quantized values,
Qm represents the maximum of the video source quality score under current definition, for definition be 4K, 2K, 1080P,
The video of 720P, 480P and 360P, Qm value is respectively 4.9,4.8,4.5,4.0,3.6 and 2.8；
Vr represents video bandwidth numerical value, and its unit is Kbps, and numerical value is that video size is divided by video duration；
Vc represents the numerical value that video coding algorithm is corresponding, and H.264, H.265 corresponding with tri-kinds of encryption algorithms of VP9 numerical value divides
It is not 0,1 and 2；
Cp is the numerical value that Video coding grade is corresponding, and the numerical value that Base, Main are corresponding with High is respectively 0,1 and 2；
Vb is the numerical value that video definition is corresponding, 360p, 480p, 720p, 1080p, 2k numerical value corresponding with 4k respectively 0,
1,2,3,4 and 5；
St represents initial buffer duration quantized values, and its numerical value is calculated by transmission bandwidth and obtains；
Ss represents the longest quantized values of card, and its numerical value is calculated by video bandwidth and transmission bandwidth and obtains.
In the above-mentioned methods, the process that data source of stream media is registered to convergence router is as follows:
Data source of stream media sends multicast to convergence router and transmits request message, and this message is encapsulated as logon message, no
Comprise multicast address information, and be sent to convergence router by mode of unicast；
After convergence router receives logon message, analytic message content, and according to logon message type, it is judged that need distribution
Multicast address；
Convergence router, according to the service condition of multicast group address in network, distributes multicast from the multicast address pond of oneself
Address, and this multicast group address is noticed other routers, and declare the convergence router oneself being this multicast address；
The multicast address of distribution is sent to data source of stream media hop-by-hop and joins message by convergence router, is formed from converging road
Multicast tree by device to data source of stream media；
After data source of stream media receives the multicast address of distribution, continue to send logon message, this report to convergence router
Literary composition comprises multicast group address, time started, end time and minimum bandwidth requirement；
After convergence router receives logon message, according to multicast group address, time started, end time and minimum bandwidth,
The PATH carrying Bandwidth guaranteed information, time started and end time is sent to data source of stream media hop-by-hop；
From convergence router to data source of stream media after the router of process receives above PATH, configure based on
The ACL information of time, it is ensured that the streaming media Bandwidth guaranteed that this multicast group address is corresponding；
The transmission of message above, is switched over by state machine, without receiving corresponding response, then according to intervalometer
Mechanism retransmits, until being successfully established.
In the above-mentioned methods, convergence router sets up constrained parameters is to ensure that the process of multicast tree of bandwidth is as follows:
When recipient prepares from data source of stream media receiving stream media information, first pass through mode of unicast from stream medium data
Source obtains multicast group address, minimum bandwidth requirement and beginning, end time；
Recipient sends to the router direct-connected with it and joins message, and application adds the multicast group obtained, and by additional
Information carries minimum bandwidth requirement, multicast group address and beginning, end time；
After the router direct-connected with recipient obtains the recipient information of multicast group, to the convergence road corresponding to this multicast group
Sent by device direction hop-by-hop and join message, during sending, just for minimum bandwidth requirement when satisfied beginning, end time
Upstream router sends and joins message；
From router to convergence router process router formed multicast tree, generate simultaneously based on start, at the end of
Between guarantee bandwidth acl entry, it is ensured that the Bandwidth guaranteed of this Streaming Media；Multicast tree is with convergence router as root；
When stream medium data is by convergence router, stream medium data arrives along well-established multicast tree and receives
The router that person is direct-connected, and carry out Bandwidth guaranteed according to the ACL information of configuration, eventually arrive at recipient；
When certain recipient's streaming media is lost interest in, recipient sends the message leaving this multicast group, direct-connected with it
Router can send prune packet against multicast tree to the convergence router direction hop-by-hop of this multicast group；Upstream node receives this and cuts
Delete, in its outlet list, the interface being connected with downstream node after branch message, and check its oneself whether have this multicast group
He is recipient, without then continuing to forward this prune packet to its upstream；
Intermediate node, after sending prune packet, deletes the ACL information of corresponding Bandwidth guaranteed.
In the above-mentioned methods, the method that guarantee bandwidth and transmission time carry out self-adaptative adjustment is as follows:
During streaming media, according to the constraints configured on each router, configure time-based ACL,
The time started of this ACL is that Streaming Media starts the time of transmitting, and the end time is the streaming media end time, the data stream of coupling
Rule is Streaming Media multicast address, it is ensured that speed is the minimum bandwidth required for the transmission of this video flowing, it is ensured that burst buffer storage length
For video initial buffer storage length half, excess information rate and peak information rate are 2 times of guaranteed rate, and burst excess is long
Degree and peak value burst-length are 2 times of guarantee burst buffer storage length；
When time started arrives, corresponding ACL is issued in forwarding-table item by each router so that it is is capable of bandwidth and protects
Card；
When end time arrives, each router can delete corresponding ACL forwarding-table item；
In transmitting procedure, if congested fully loaded transportation condition occurs in router node, multicast group bandwidth is ensured, but uses
The pattern shared, if stream medium data bandwidth is less than ensureing bandwidth, excess bandwidth can be used for transmitting other data；If stream matchmaker
Body band data has exceeded guarantee bandwidth, then the priority of redundance stream medium data is set to the highest, together with other data
Carry out scheduling based on priority；
When the medium data packet number to be forwarded of buffer queue of multicast group reaches the half ensureing burst buffer storage length value,
Guarantee bandwidth, burst bandwidth are extended to 2 times；If the medium flow media data packet to be forwarded of buffer queue continues to increase, reach
To 3/4ths guarantee happen suddenly buffer storage length value time, thus it is ensured that bandwidth, burst bandwidth are extended to 4 times.
In the above-mentioned methods, the deletion process of multicast tree is as follows:
After the transmission of video end time arrives, convergence router sends, to video server, the message that transmission of video terminates；
If the video server end of transmission, response can be deleted；Convergence router receives answering of video server
After answering, this multicast tree is deleted；
Without receiving the response of video server, after waiting that time-out time terminates, delete corresponding multicast tree；
Video server is when the end time estimated can not complete, and before the end time reaches, needs to converging road
Sent by device and prolong request for a long time；
Convergence router receives after prolonging request for a long time, confirms in multicast tree, whether the reserved bandwidth of each node can prolong
Long, if there being the reserved bandwidth of node not extend, then the transmission of video within the extended period transmit only in doing one's best into
OK；If reserved bandwidth can extend, then the reserved of each node is ensured that bandwidth time extends；
If video request terminates in advance, then video server needs to send to convergence router to delete disappearing of multicast tree
Breath, multicast tree, after receiving deletion message, is deleted by convergence router.
The present invention, combines IP multicast and Application layer multicast, and by Streaming Media parameter needed for transmission over networks
Send the router to network or switch, it is achieved in network, multicast transmission ensures service so that the Internet provides and ensures
The real time service of time delay and bandwidth is possibly realized.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the entire flow figure of the specific embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2 is that client of the present invention adds receiving stream media transmission schematic diagram；
Detailed description of the invention
In network application, multicasting technology has IP multicast and two kinds of implementations of end-system multicast.Although IP multicast passes through
The development of nearly 30 years, does not the most obtain success in expectation.Therefore, the Internet seldom opens IP multicast service, and main cause exists
In:
(1) IP multicast communication mode needs the router of state complex (router to be provided that each group and each source
Status information), and along with Internet becomes increasingly complex, the development further of IP multicast encounters difficulty.
(2) IP multicast architecture lacks extensibility, and open IP multicast model is difficult in open internet environment
With effective management and control, safety cannot ensure, the most clearly business payment mode.
(3) IP multicast excessively relies on bottom-layer network infrastructure, but the transmission done one's best can not meet far away Streaming Media
The demand of business transmission.
End-system multicast is also called application layer multicast, is a kind of application layer services, and complicated multicast functionality is placed on end by it
System realizes, using multicast as the business of a kind of superposition.
Application layer multicast is with the difference of IP multicast, and the data of IP multicast replicate along physical link and forward,
The data of application layer multicast then realize replicating and forwarding in main frame, and data message forwards along logical links, a plurality of logic
Link may be through same physical link.Application layer multicast contains distributed data processing, distributed to a certain extent
The multiple technologies such as project software system, P2P cover layer net structure, grid computing, control of network flow quantity.
Application layer multicast there is also many to be limited to:
(1) end system is limited to the understanding of IP network, when node participates in networking, can only obtain some internetworkings by detection
Energy parameter, the logical links chosen is difficult to optimize；
(2) main frame does not knows about the topological structure of IP network, can only pass through the characterisitic parameter that bandwidth and time delay etc. are external, to open
The mode of hairdo sets up overlay network, and logical links can not preferably utilize matter measured bottom-layer network resource, overlay network a plurality of
Link may be through same physical link.
Application layer multicast additionally there is also the node in the presence of P2P network " freely get a lift " phenomenon, be not easy to pipe
Reason.
The invention provides a kind of Streaming Media method of high efficiency of transmission on network, combine IP multicast and application layer multicast
Technology, utilizes IP multicasting technology, provides QoS to support by the router in network or switch, it is ensured that the bandwidth of network, prolong
Time, shake meet the requirement of media flow transmission with packet loss, it is to avoid the detection of Internet is produced bigger by application layer multicast
Retardance；In application layer, according to Streaming Media characteristic, the parameter of streaming media transmission calculates, and sends this parameter to net
Router in network or switch, it is achieved that multicast transmission service guarantees in network so that the Internet provide ensure time delay and
The real time service of bandwidth is possibly realized.Below in conjunction with specification drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is made specifically
Bright.
Streaming Media method of high efficiency of transmission on network that the present invention provides, mainly comprises the steps that
Obtain Streaming Media parameter needed for transmission over networks, including bandwidth demand and transmission the time started and at the end of
Between；
Data source of stream media passes through multicast source logon mode, and the convergence router in network is registered；
By the way of multicast protocol of router carries and spreads above-mentioned parameter, convergence router is dynamic according to above-mentioned parameter
Distribution multicast address, and generate the guarantee bandwidth path between data source of stream media to convergence router；
Setting up constrained parameters is to ensure bandwidth, transmission time started and the multicast tree of transmission end time, and at Streaming Media
In data transmission procedure, each transmission node of multicast tree according to bandwidth and the emergency case of stream medium data, to ensure bandwidth and
The transmission time carries out self-adaptative adjustment；
After streaming media terminates, delete multicast tree, the multicast group address that release uses.
In the above-mentioned methods, it is ensured that bandwidth refers to set up bandwidth reserved during multicast tree, and the size of reserved bandwidth is by flowing matchmaker
Volume data source server end determines, in subsequent transmission, during the data that in all multicast tree, node-node transmission is relevant to this video flowing, all
Use this reserved bandwidth.RSVP is to determine before multicast tree is set up.
In order to effectively utilize the network bandwidth, and provide more preferable Video service quality, need Video service quality is carried out
Effective assessment, and adjust network parameter according to assessment result, improve QoS of customer and more preferable bandwidth availability ratio.Existing
Speech business, due to the high time-consuming length of subjective evaluation method cost, generally use objective evaluation method to obtain MOS and divide, thus
Assessment voice quality.The present invention is referred from this, have employed and calculates acquisition Streaming Media on network based on video quality assessment model
Parameter needed for transmission.
Found by research: video source quality, initial buffer time delay and card length immediately is affect Consumer's Experience most important
External factor, to this end, three above factor is mapped by the present invention with experimenter's subjective feeling, establishes based on video quality assessment
Model, by video quality assessment model quantum chemical method, it is thus achieved that meet the parameter of video quality demands, this parameter is video quality
Quantized values.
The quantized values of video quality includes video source quality Sq, initial buffer duration St and card the longest accounting Ss tri-
Factor, each factor numerical value 1～5 weighs, and the computing formula of video quality quantized values Score is as follows:
Score=Sq × (1-0.092 × (1+2e-St)×(5-St)-0.018×(1+2e-Ss)
×(5-Ss))
The key factor affecting video source quality includes: Video coding compression algorithm, as H.264, H.265, VP9；Video
Source code grade, such as Base, Main, High Profile；Video resolution and code check.Video source quality Sq quantization formula
As follows:
In above formula: Vr represents video bandwidth numerical value, its unit is Kbps, and numerical value is that video size is divided by video duration；
Vc represents the numerical value that video coding algorithm is corresponding, and H.264, H.265 corresponding with tri-kinds of encryption algorithms of VP9 numerical value divides
It is not 0,1 and 2；
Cp is the numerical value that Video coding grade is corresponding, and the numerical value that Base, Main are corresponding with High is respectively 0,1 and 2；
Vb is the numerical value that video definition is corresponding, 360p, 480p, 720p, 1080p, 2k numerical value corresponding with 4k respectively 0,
1,2,3,4 and 5；
St represents initial buffer duration quantized values, and its numerical value is calculated by transmission bandwidth and obtains；
Ss represents the longest quantized values of card, and its numerical value is calculated by video bandwidth and transmission bandwidth and obtains.
During video source quality quantification calculates, the Streaming Media determined for video source, video bandwidth is to promoting video
Source quality plays pivotal role.
Initial buffer duration is from clicking on " broadcasting " waiting time to video playback, poor communication network bandwidth meeting
Causing the longer video buffer time, this buffering is the important of video quality assessment for impact produced by Video service quality
Index.Video flowing is divided into video and audio two spike-type cultivars to transmit, and each video segmentation makes requests on as individual, but
Video and audio two spike-type cultivars is not alternate transport, and video segment major part is according to point transmission such as time, segmentation
Duration is about 5s or 10s (relevant with transmission mode), a length of 2-10s when also having small part video segmentation, and each segmentation pair
Answering a URL, need first demand staging index file m3u8 before first video segmentation request, initial buffering data amount is about 2s
Film source.For same video, the video fragment data amount difference of different resolution is relatively big, and audio fragment data amount base
This is identical, and video with audio fragment number is identical.Video server is by big media data piecemeal, and each video block can quilt
Individually decode and play.In order to reduce initial latency, accelerate the transmission of initial buffering data as far as possible, if original block size
For Binit, transmission ensures to carry a width of Vb, and the quantization formula of video quality St is as follows:
Card refers to that in playing process, the data volume of buffering is depleted that produced video playback stops, card pause for
It is very big that impact is experienced at family, and relevant with the factor such as card length, number of times immediately, and the factor relevant with network transmission is then time delay and packet loss
Rate.In the case of ensureing bandwidth, time delay size should be able to keep constant.When initial expected, ignore the impact of time delay, network
The drop probabilities that transmission equipment occurs due to physical link is extremely low, and main packet loss reason is because in network occurring congested.Net
Congestion situation in network can be predicted according to the ratio SR of video bandwidth with transmission bandwidth.Video card pauses the meter of quantized values Ss
Calculation formula is as follows:
The analysis quantified according to above video quality, network transmission is embodied in network transmission to the main impact of video quality
Bandwidth demand.In order to improve video transmission quality, when initial transmission, bigger bandwidth should be provided, during to shorten initial buffer
Long, in transmitting procedure, monitoring transmission speed and the caching situation of packet, dynamically adjust reserved video transmission bandwidth, reduce
Block the longest accounting.
Video source server end prediction needed for bandwidth time, for fixed size video file, according to playing duration, can
Minimum video bandwidth Vr (kbps) demand required for calculating is that video file size is divided by playing duration.For real-time live broadcast
Deng video file, according to video source quality, estimate reserved bandwidth.Discreet value refers to as follows: for MPEG-1 coded system, institute
A width of 2Mbps need to be carried；MPEG-2 coded system, 4.3Mbps on desire bandwidth video；MPEG-4 coded system, desire bandwidth
128Kbps～38.4Mbps；WMV coded format, desire bandwidth 128Kbps～38.4Mbps；H.261 coded format 64kbps～
1.92Mbps；H.263 coded format, desire bandwidth 20～24kbps；H.264 coded format, desire bandwidth 1Mbps.For with
The upper bigger coded system of bandwidth demand span, if concrete bandwidth demand value can not be obtained, can pass according to high definition high-quality
Defeated needs 5～10Mbps, low bandwidth needs 2.5～5Mbps bandwidth.The 4000p that will use and above transmission of video, by existing
Coding techniques, bandwidth needs about 20Mbps.
After estimating bandwidth, according to the quantized values of video, if numerical value is more than 3, expression can accept, wherein: number
When value is 5, representing fabulous, numerical value represents preferable when 4, and numerical value is that 3 expressions are general, and numerical value is that 2 expressions are poor, and numerical value is 1 table
Show very poor.If numerical value is below 3, need to rise to 2 times estimate bandwidth and network ensures that bandwidth recalculates, until
Video quality meets requirement (more than 3).
In the above-mentioned methods, the process that data source of stream media is registered to convergence router is as in figure 2 it is shown, include following step
Rapid:
(1) data source of stream media S sends multicast to convergence router and transmits request message, and this message is encapsulated as registration report
Literary composition, different from usual registration message, this message does not comprise multicast address information, and is sent to converge accordingly by mode of unicast
Router；
(2), after the multicast processing module of convergence router receives this logon message, analytic message content, according to logon message
Type, it is judged that need the multicast address of distribution；
(3) convergence router is according to the service condition of multicast group address in network, distributes from the multicast address pond of oneself
Multicast address, and this multicast group address is noticed other routers, and declare the convergence router oneself being this multicast address；
(4) multicast address of distribution is joined message by convergence router to data source of stream media S hop-by-hop transmission (S, G), this
Sample, from convergence router to data source of stream media the intermediate router of process define multicast tree, these intermediate routers are all
(S, G) list item is generated in its forward table.
(5), after data source of stream media receives the multicast address of distribution, continue to send logon message to convergence router, this
Time this message in comprise the information such as multicast group address, transmission time started, end time and minimum bandwidth requirement；
(6) after convergence router receives this logon message, according to specifying constraint, such as multicast group address, time started, end
Time and minimum bandwidth requirement etc., send the Path message carrying Bandwidth guaranteed information and path to data source of stream media S hop-by-hop；
(7) from convergence router to data source of stream media after the intermediate router of process receives above routing information,
Configure time-based ACL information, it is ensured that the multicast group address Bandwidth guaranteed that this Streaming Media is corresponding；
The transmission of message above, switching over by state machine, without receiving corresponding response, then according to timing
Device mechanism retransmits, until being successfully established.
The process that convergence router sets up multicast tree is as follows:
(1) when recipient's (client) prepare data source of stream media receiving stream media information time, first pass through mode of unicast from
Data source of stream media S obtains the information such as multicast group address G, minimum bandwidth requirement and beginning and ending time；
(2) recipient joins message to the router DR transmission IGMP/MLD direct-connected with it, and application adds the multicast obtained
Group G, and carry minimum bandwidth requirement, multicast source address and the information such as beginning, end time by additional information；
(3) after direct-connected with recipient router DR obtains the recipient information of multicast group G, to corresponding to this multicast group
Convergence router RP direction hop-by-hop sends and joins message, during sending, just for small band when satisfied beginning, end time
The upstream router of wide demand sends and joins message；
(4) from the router DR to convergence router RP direct-connected with recipient the router of process be formed for multicast tree,
These routers all generate (S, G) list item in its forward table, generate based on beginning, the ACL of end time guarantee bandwidth simultaneously
Entry, it is ensured that the bandwidth of the multicast group address that this Streaming Media is corresponding, multicast tree RPT is with convergence router RP as root.
(5) when stream medium data flows through convergence router RP, stream medium data will be along well-established multicast tree
RPT arrives the router DR direct-connected with recipient, and carries out Bandwidth guaranteed according to the ACL information of configuration, eventually arrives at recipient.
(6) when certain recipient's streaming media is lost interest in, recipient sends the message leaving this multicast group G, straight with it
Router DR even can send prune packet against multicast tree RPT to the convergence router RP direction hop-by-hop of this multicast group；Upstream
Node (router) deletes, in its outlet list, the interface being connected with downstream node (router) after receiving this prune packet, and
Check whether oneself has the recipient of this multicast group, without then continuing to forward this prune packet to its upstream.
(7) intermediate node (router) is after sending prune packet, deletes the ACL information of corresponding Bandwidth guaranteed.
The transmitting procedure of Streaming Media multicast traffic stream is as follows:
After multicast tree has been set up, when transmitting time started arrival, stream medium data server sends multicast packet, depending on
Frequency stream and audio stream separately transmit, and each video block or audio block are made up of multiple packets, the destination of these packets
Location is the multicast address of distribution when setting up multicast tree, and the transmission node in network can be according to video and the characteristic statistics of audio frequency
Video block and audio block bag number and byte number.
When just commencing play out, stream medium data server transport one piece initially passes video block soon, and this passes video block word soon
Joint number is strong with video code rate dependency, can pass as early as possible, reduces initial buffer time delay and Ka Dun event.It addition, video block and sound
Frequently block is one to one, therefore, in view of the code check of audio block is fixing, can substantially know according to audio block byte number and regard
Frequently the reproduction time of block, the video preventing some playing duration indefinite is misidentified, as at the end of broadcasting or when switching resolution
Video block.
When stream medium data forwards along multicast tree, this Streaming Media ensures bandwidth due to each node reserves, as
Really server transmission rate is less than ensureing bandwidth, then can avoid in network due to congested and cause packet loss, it is ensured that stream medium data
Transmission quality.
Each transmission node of multicast tree, after setting up multicast group link, needs to ensure transmission bandwidth, the group to this video flowing
Unicast data transmission speed is less than when ensureing bandwidth, it is ensured that prioritised transmission, when occurring congested, loses other non-guaranteed data
Abandon.For not realizing the node of RSVP, multicast traffic stream is set to higher priority, it is achieved prioritised transmission.
The control plane of each transmission node safeguards multicast forwarding entry, this entry records multicast group address, reception
Number of users, needs replicate the information such as the port of forwarding, multicast packet source port.On Forwarding plane then essential record multicast group ground
Location, data source port and needs replicate the port forwarded.When carrying out video stream data forwarding, search the multicast that destination address is corresponding
Group address, to go out port carry out data duplication forward.
In the transmitting procedure of above-mentioned Streaming Media multicast traffic stream, ensure bandwidth and time by adaptive mode, tool
Body is as follows:
During streaming media, the constraints configured according to Streaming Media on each router, as the time started,
End time and minimum bandwidth requirement etc., configure time-based ACL, and the time started of this ACL is that Streaming Media is when starting to transmit
Between, the end time is the streaming media end time, and the data stream rule of coupling is this Streaming Media multicast address, it is ensured that speed
Cir (Committed Information Rate) is the minimum bandwidth required for the transmission of this video flowing, it is ensured that burst caching is long
Degree CBS (Committed Burst Size) is video initial buffer storage length half, excess information rate EIR (Excess
Information Rate) and peak information rate PIR (Peek Information Rate) be 2 times of guaranteed rate, super
It is prominent that volume burst-length EBS (Excess Burst Size) and peak value burst-length PBS (Peak Burst Size) are guarantee
Send out buffer storage length 2 times.
When the time started arrives, corresponding ACL is issued in forwarding-table item by each router so that it is be capable of bandwidth
Ensure；Before ACL issues, although there is this multicast entry, but do not ensure that bandwidth, pass only in the mode of doing one's best
Defeated.
When the end time arrives, each router can delete corresponding ACL forwarding-table item, and stream medium data bandwidth no longer obtains
Ensure, but multicast entry is not yet deleted, and transmits only in the mode of doing one's best.
In transmitting procedure, if congested fully loaded transportation condition occurs in router node, multicast group bandwidth is ensured, but is adopted
By shared pattern, if stream medium data bandwidth is less than ensureing bandwidth, excess bandwidth can be used for transmitting other data.If stream
Media bandwidth data have exceeded guarantee bandwidth, then the priority of redundance stream medium data is set to 5, enter together with other data
Row scheduling based on priority；
When the medium data packet number to be forwarded of buffer queue in multicast group reaches the half of CBS value, need to ensure
Bandwidth, burst bandwidth are extended to 2 times, in order to accelerate transmission；If the medium flow media data packet to be forwarded of buffer queue continues
Increase, reach the CBS value of 3/4ths, need further guarantee bandwidth, burst bandwidth to be extended to 4 times, in order to ensure stream matchmaker
The Bandwidth guaranteed of body.
After ensureing that bandwidth and peak bandwidth self adaptation expand, in order to avoid concussion, if the remaining time of Bandwidth guaranteed
Less than 1 hour, then before the end time arrives, even if follow-up stream medium data flow is less, after remaining expansion
Numerical value.If the medium data packet number to be forwarded of the buffer queue of multicast group is less than 1/4th of CBS value in continuous 1 hour
Time, then guarantee bandwidth and peak bandwidth are adjusted to initial setting.
After streaming media terminates, deleting multicast tree, the deletion process of multicast tree is as follows:
(1) after the transmission of video end time arrives, convergence router RP sends transmission of video to video server to be terminated
Message；
(2) if the video server end of transmission, response can be deleted；
(3), after convergence router RP receives the response of video server, this multicast tree is deleted；
(4) without receiving the response of video server, after waiting that time-out time terminates, corresponding multicast tree is deleted；
(5) video server is when the end time estimated can not complete, and before the end time reaches, needs to convergence
Router RP sends and prolongs request for a long time；
(6), after convergence router RP receives and prolongs request for a long time, in confirmation multicast tree, whether the reserved bandwidth of each node
Can extend, if there being the reserved bandwidth of node not extend, then the transmission of video within the extended period is it cannot be guaranteed that bandwidth, can only be by
According to doing one's best, transmission is carried out；If reserved bandwidth can extend, then the reserved of each node is ensured that bandwidth time prolongs
Long.
(7) if video conference terminates in advance, then video server needs to send to convergence router RP to delete multicast tree
Message, convergence router RP receive deletion message after, multicast tree is deleted.
The present invention, in conjunction with the quality-controlling parameters of server end application layer multicast, is carried out the transmission node in network certainly
Adapt to arrange, it is achieved Streaming Media high quality applications.
Fig. 1 shows the complete procedure of the specific embodiment of the invention, is described as follows:
A101: calculate and obtain the transmission bandwidth of data source of stream media and transmit time started and end time；
A102: data source of stream media is registered to convergence router；
A103: convergence router sends multicast group address and Bandwidth guaranteed information thereof to data source of stream media；
A104: set up between convergence router and data source of stream media based on transmission time started and the band of end time
Wide guarantee path；
A105: client user obtains multicast address and Bandwidth guaranteed information from data source of stream media；
A106: recipient is receiving stream media data by the way of adding multicast group；
A107: form the multicast tree between convergence router to recipient；
A108: arrange each link in multicast tree based on transmission time started and the guarantee bandwidth of end time；
A109: data source of stream media sends streaming media data stream to recipient；
A110: judge whether transmission node exists Bandwidth guaranteed information？If it does, go to step A111, otherwise, go to step
A113；
A111: each transport network node carries out adaptive bandwidth guarantee according to multicast data flow media transmission situation；
A112: after the Bandwidth guaranteed end time arrives, deletes the Bandwidth guaranteed configuration of each node in multicast tree, goes to step
A109；
A113: carry out according to common transmission of flow media data, does not carry out Bandwidth guaranteed；
A114: judge that client all exits the reception of stream medium data, or the transmission without stream medium data？If
It is to delete multicast tree, carry out the recovery of multicast group address, terminates；Otherwise, A114 is gone to step；
When client exits receiving stream media data stream, client sends and leaves message, or does not reply for continuous 3 times and look into
Ask message, then delete in multicast tree and receive member accordingly, if this branch is without receiving member, then carries out beta pruning, then turn step
Rapid A109.
The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned preferred forms, and anyone should learn the knot made under the enlightenment of the present invention
Structure changes, and every have same or like technical scheme, within each falling within protection scope of the present invention with the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. Streaming Media method of high efficiency of transmission on network, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Obtaining Streaming Media parameter needed for transmission over networks, described parameter includes bandwidth demand and transmission time started and knot
The bundle time；
Data source of stream media passes through multicast source logon mode, and the convergence router in network is registered；
By the way of multicast protocol of router carries and spreads described parameter, convergence router dynamically distributes multicast address, and
Generate the guarantee bandwidth path between data source of stream media to convergence router；
Setting up constrained parameters is to ensure bandwidth, transmission time started and the multicast tree of transmission end time, and at stream medium data
In transmitting procedure, each transmission node of multicast tree is according to bandwidth and the emergency case of stream medium data, to ensureing bandwidth and transmission
Time carries out self-adaptative adjustment；
After streaming media terminates, delete multicast tree, the multicast group address that release uses.
2. the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that calculate based on video quality assessment model and obtain Streaming Media at net
Transmitting required transmission bandwidth on network, video quality assessment model is as follows:
Score=Sq × (1-0.092 × (1+2e-St)×(5-St)-0.018×(1+2e-Ss)×(5-Ss))；
Wherein, Score represents video quality quantized values；
Sq states video source quantized values,
Qm represents the maximum of the video source quality score under current definition, for definition be 4K, 2K, 1080P, 720P,
The video of 480P and 360P, Qm value is respectively 4.9,4.8,4.5,4.0,3.6 and 2.8；
Vr represents video bandwidth numerical value, and its unit is Kbps, and numerical value is that video size is divided by video duration；
Vc represents the numerical value that video coding algorithm is corresponding, and H.264, H.265 corresponding with tri-kinds of encryption algorithms of VP9 numerical value is respectively
0,1 and 2；
Cp is the numerical value that Video coding grade is corresponding, and the numerical value that Base, Main are corresponding with High is respectively 0,1 and 2；
Vb is the numerical value that video definition is corresponding, 360p, 480p, 720p, 1080p, 2k numerical value corresponding with 4k respectively 0,1,2,
3,4 and 5；
St represents initial buffer duration quantized values, and its numerical value is calculated by transmission bandwidth and obtains；
Ss represents the longest quantized values of card, and its numerical value is calculated by video bandwidth and transmission bandwidth and obtains.
3. the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that the process that data source of stream media is registered to convergence router is such as
Under:
Data source of stream media sends multicast to convergence router and transmits request message, and this message is encapsulated as logon message, does not comprises
Multicast address information, and it is sent to convergence router by mode of unicast；
After convergence router receives logon message, analytic message content, and according to logon message type, it is judged that need the group of distribution
Broadcast address；
Convergence router, according to the service condition of multicast group address in network, distributes multicast ground from the multicast address pond of oneself
Location, and this multicast group address is noticed other routers, and declare the convergence router oneself being this multicast address；
The multicast address of distribution is sent to data source of stream media hop-by-hop and joins message by convergence router, is formed from convergence router
Multicast tree to data source of stream media；
After data source of stream media receives the multicast address of distribution, continue to send logon message, in this message to convergence router
Comprise multicast group address, time started, end time and minimum bandwidth requirement；
After convergence router receives logon message, according to multicast group address, time started, end time and minimum bandwidth, Xiang Liu
Media data source hop-by-hop sends the PATH carrying Bandwidth guaranteed information, time started and end time；
From convergence router to data source of stream media after the router of process receives above PATH, configuration is based on the time
ACL information, it is ensured that the streaming media Bandwidth guaranteed that this multicast group address is corresponding；
The transmission of message above, is switched over by state machine, without receiving corresponding response, then according to timer mechanism
Retransmit, until being successfully established.
4. the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that it is the multicast ensureing bandwidth that convergence router sets up constrained parameters
The process of tree is as follows:
When recipient prepares from data source of stream media receiving stream media information, first pass through mode of unicast and obtain from data source of stream media
Take multicast group address, minimum bandwidth requirement and beginning, end time；
Recipient sends to the router direct-connected with it and joins message, and application adds the multicast group obtained, and passes through additional information
Carry minimum bandwidth requirement, multicast group address and beginning, end time；
After the router direct-connected with recipient obtains the recipient information of multicast group, to the convergence router corresponding to this multicast group
Direction hop-by-hop sends and joins message, during sending, just for the upstream of minimum bandwidth requirement when satisfied beginning, end time
Router sends and joins message；
From router to convergence router the router of process form multicast tree, generate based on starting, the end time simultaneously
Ensure bandwidth acl entry, it is ensured that the Bandwidth guaranteed of this Streaming Media；Multicast tree is with convergence router as root；
When stream medium data is by convergence router, stream medium data arrives straight with recipient along well-established multicast tree
Router even, and carry out Bandwidth guaranteed according to the ACL information of configuration, eventually arrive at recipient；
When certain recipient's streaming media is lost interest in, recipient sends the message leaving this multicast group, the route direct-connected with it
Device can send prune packet against multicast tree to the convergence router direction hop-by-hop of this multicast group；Upstream node receives this beta pruning report
Delete, in its outlet list, the interface being connected with downstream node after literary composition, and check that other oneself whether have this multicast group connect
Receipts person, without then continuing to forward this prune packet to its upstream；
Intermediate node, after sending prune packet, deletes the ACL information of corresponding Bandwidth guaranteed.
5. the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that to ensureing that bandwidth and transmission time carry out the side of self-adaptative adjustment
Method is as follows:
During streaming media, according to the constraints configured on each router, configure time-based ACL, this ACL
Time started be that Streaming Media starts the time of transmitting, the end time is the streaming media end time, the data stream of coupling rule
For Streaming Media multicast address, it is ensured that speed is the minimum bandwidth required for the transmission of this video flowing, it is ensured that burst buffer storage length is for regarding
The initial buffer storage length half of frequency, excess information rate and peak information rate be 2 times of guaranteed rate, burst excess length and
Peak value burst-length is 2 times of guarantee burst buffer storage length；
When time started arrives, corresponding ACL is issued in forwarding-table item by each router so that it is be capable of Bandwidth guaranteed；
When end time arrives, each router can delete corresponding ACL forwarding-table item；
In transmitting procedure, if congested fully loaded transportation condition occurs in router node, multicast group bandwidth is ensured, but uses and share
Pattern, if stream medium data bandwidth less than ensure bandwidth, excess bandwidth can be used for transmitting other data；If Streaming Media band
Wide data have exceeded guarantee bandwidth, then the priority of redundance stream medium data is set to the highest, carries out together with other data
Scheduling based on priority；
When the medium data packet number to be forwarded of buffer queue of multicast group reaches the half ensureing burst buffer storage length value, will protect
Card bandwidth, burst bandwidth are extended to 2 times；If the medium flow media data packet to be forwarded of buffer queue continues to increase, reach four
/ tri-guarantee burst buffer storage length value time, thus it is ensured that bandwidth, burst bandwidth are extended to 4 times.
6. the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that the deletion process of multicast tree is as follows:
After the transmission of video end time arrives, convergence router sends, to video server, the message that transmission of video terminates；
If the video server end of transmission, response can be deleted；After convergence router receives the response of video server,
This multicast tree is deleted；
Without receiving the response of video server, after waiting that time-out time terminates, delete corresponding multicast tree；
Video server is when the end time estimated can not complete, and before the end time reaches, needs to convergence router
Request for a long time is prolonged in transmission；
Convergence router receives after prolonging request for a long time, confirms in multicast tree, whether the reserved bandwidth of each node can extend, as
Fruit has the reserved bandwidth of node not extend, then the transmission of video within the extended period is carried out only in transmission of doing one's best；As
The reserved bandwidth of fruit can extend, then the reserved of each node being ensured, bandwidth time extends；
If video request terminates in advance, then video server needs to send the message deleting multicast tree to convergence router, converges
Multicast tree, after receiving deletion message, is deleted by poly-router.
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| EP4181041A1 (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2023-05-17 | peiker Holding GmbH | Computer-implemented method for managing a digital information exchange related to emergency services and method for coordinating emergency services available in a notary pool |
| CN114630150A (en) * | 2022-02-17 | 2022-06-14 | 儒安物联科技集团有限公司 | Video stream ABR algorithm adaptive to user diversity |
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