CN106086521B - A kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106086521B CN106086521B CN201610461161.XA CN201610461161A CN106086521B CN 106086521 B CN106086521 B CN 106086521B CN 201610461161 A CN201610461161 A CN 201610461161A CN 106086521 B CN106086521 B CN 106086521B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
- C22C18/04—Alloys based on zinc with aluminium as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/02—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/04—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing tin or lead
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/06—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing zinc
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/053—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/165—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon of zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method, and it includes the raw material of following percentage by weight and is made:36.00% ~ 69.00% zinc, 31.00% ~ 64.00% aluminium, 0.01% ~ 1.00% bronze medal, 0.01% ~ 1.00% magnesium, 0.01% ~ 1.0% tin, 0.01% ~ 1.00% silver medal, 0.01% ~ 2.00% titanium, 0.01% ~ 0.50% boron, 0.01% ~ 0.70% cerium, 0.01% ~ 0.20% praseodymium;Above-mentioned percentage by weight sum is 100%.Gained allumen pipe can be used for making mould, complicated shape pipe fitting and make delay element for civil explosive industry, substitution presently, there are Heavy environmental pollution and the lead-antimony alloy pipe of toxicity according to composition and the difference of performance.Allumen light specific gravity simultaneously, it is cheaper than Cu alloy material, cost is can obviously reduce, is widely used in the fields such as metallurgy, mine, light industry, food, chemical industry, printing, plant equipment.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nonferrous metal new material to shape field, and in particular to a kind of allumen pipe composition design and
Its preparation method.
Background technology
Allumen is free of toxic heavy metal, cheap, has excellent performance and processing characteristics, some performances
Index has noticeable advantage.First, having good Production Practice of Casting Technologies, given birth to available for sand mold, metal mold and die casting
Production;Second, fusing point is low, fusing and process energy consumption are low, and the fusing point of pure zinc is only 419.5 DEG C, latent heat of fusion 117.04J/g,
The energy consumption of molten zinc is only the 1/4 of aluminum melting energy consumption;Third, recrystallization temperature is low, deformation processing is hardened without processing substantially, it is not necessary in
Between anneal, can substantially reduce production cost, improve production efficiency;Fourth, having good mobility, surface brightness, use extensively
Protected in the coating of steel, zinc forms ZnO, Zn (OH) in an atmosphere2Or ZnCO3Isopyknic corrosion product, it is adhered tightly to plating
Layer surface, effectively prevent the further corrosion of coating;Fifth, having good wear resistant friction reducing performance, bronze can be substituted as resistance to
Grind material;Sixth, having preferable damping capacity, strong vibration can be made to decay quickly, can be used as damping damping material;Seventh,
Be hit no-spark, available for workplace that need to be explosion-proof.With the understanding to allumen gradually deeply, allumen it is excellent
Gesture receives more and more attention, and has worldwide started the upsurge of research and development allumen.
In the delay element manufacturing technology of industrial delay detonator, poisonous soft heavy metal lead antimony alloy is widely used that
Pipe.But lead-antimony alloy pipe is either in production, using link, or remained in mine or soil, all in the presence of serious pollution
And toxicity, harm are extremely serious.As the reinforcing of environmental consciousness both domestic and external and the implementation, lead antimony etc. of environmentally friendly laws and regulations are poisonous
Heavy metal contaminants and product finally will be eliminated and disable.Tang Wei is in Master's thesis《Zn-22wt.%Al alloys are in detonator delay
Feasibility application study in body》Middle exploration substitutes lead-antimony alloy pipe with allumen, is made that prediction sex work, Tian Weiping exists
Periodical《The development of rear earth zinc-aluminium alloy》In mention, the addition of rare earth element can significantly improve the physics and mechanicalness of alloy
Can, Zn-Al eutectoid alloy room temperature superplasticity also have it is widely studied, on this basis by heterogeneity zinc-aluminum based alloy add it is dilute
Earth elements, and improvement is made to mould early stage and technique, its compo pipe machine-shaping property is probed into, for making mould
Tool, complicated shape pipe fitting and for civil explosive industry make delay element, substitution presently, there are Heavy environmental pollution and the lead of toxicity
Antimony alloy pipe.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method.Gained allumen has high-plastic
Property, soft the advantages of, can be used for make mould, complicated shape pipe fitting and for civil explosive industry make delay element, can
Lead-antimony alloy pipe used by existing delay element is substituted, reduces environmental pollution, lumber recovery is improved, there are very big market prospects.
To achieve these goals, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that:
A kind of allumen pipe, it includes the raw material of following percentage by weight and is made:36.00% ~ 69.00% zinc, 31.00% ~
64.00% aluminium, 0.01% ~ 1.00% bronze medal, 0.01% ~ 1.00% magnesium, 0.01% ~ 1.0% tin, 0.01% ~ 1.00% silver medal, 0.01% ~ 2.00%
Titanium, 0.01% ~ 0.50% boron, 0.01% ~ 0.70% cerium, 0.01% ~ 0.20% praseodymium;Above-mentioned percentage by weight sum is 100%.
It is designed and preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1)Alloying component, phase structure and mechanical property calculate design.Built based on crystallographic structure information and macroscopic property
Vertical appropriate thermodynamical model;Then the parameter in thermodynamical model is optimized with thermodynamic software, obtains dependent body
The thermodynamic data storehouse of system;On this basis, various forms of phasors, phase structure and occupy-place fraction, thermodynamics are further calculated
Function,
(2)By step(1)In predict occupy-place fraction of the alloy constituent element in each lattice, with first-principles method
Calculate the mechanical properties such as elasticity, hardness and the elongation percentage with optimization design alloy;
(3)By step(2)The material composition proportioning of optimization, melting obtain Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy ingot casting;Wherein alloy bar
Preparation process, dispensing relative error are no more than 0.3%, and casting mold material selects hot die steel or graphite, pays special attention to remove
Gas, removal of impurities ensure that melt is clean, and direct pouring cools down to obtain alloy bar, also can be high-quality by drawing pattern condensation acquisition under crystallizer
The alloy bar of amount;
(4)By step(3)Gained Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy ingot homogenization is heat-treated, and obtains composition and thing is mutually uniform, is organized
Fine and closely woven alloy;
(5)By step(4)Gained alloy carries out turnery processing, obtains alloy bar;
(6)By step(5)Gained alloy bar carries out extrusion process using three holes shunting mould, obtains As-extruded allumen
Tubing;
(7)By step(6)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, obtains soft, high-ductility
Allumen pipe.
The step(4)Homogenization heat treatment process specifically include:At 300 ~ 380 DEG C, soaking time 40 ~ 50 is small
When;Then quench in the mixture of ice and water between 0 ~ 15 DEG C, further the alloy pig of quenching state is placed in heat-treatment furnace,
Stress relief annealing 0.5 ~ 1 hour at 180 ~ 280 DEG C, then furnace cooling.
The step(6)In the Splicing Mechanism process conditions of allumen rod be:150 ~ 250 DEG C of alloy bar material temperature degree,
150 ~ 250 DEG C of mold temperature, 180 ~ 240 DEG C of recipient temperature, extrusion ratio 20 ~ 50,10 ~ 40mm/min of extrusion speed.
The step(7)The precision heat treatment process of As-extruded allumen tubing be specially:By gained allumen
Tubing, it is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 6 ~ 15 hours at 150 ~ 250 DEG C, then furnace cooling.
The Splicing Mechanism mould being related in the present invention, product specifications are Φ (16 ~ 18) x (2 ~ 4), and lower mould bonding container is highly
8~20mm。
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:A kind of high-ductility of gained of the invention, soft allumen pipe, according to composition
With the difference of performance, it can be used for making mould, complicated shape pipe fitting, be particularly used for civil explosive industry making delay element, substitution
Heavy environmental pollution and the lead-antimony alloy pipe of toxicity are presently, there are, promotes the unleaded process of delay element, reaches the purpose of environmental protection.Add
As-cast structure can be refined by entering rare earth metal cerium, praseodymium, and intensity and elongation percentage are improved;The diminishbb zinc of high aluminium zinc alloy simultaneously
Consumption, and strength character using characteristic with can be improved.Allumen light specific gravity simultaneously, it is cheaper than Cu alloy material, can
This is significantly reduced to, is widely used in the fields such as metallurgy, mine, light industry, food, chemical industry, printing, plant equipment.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1:For the embodiment of the present invention 1,2,3,4,5,6 design of alloy when referenced Zn-Al binary phase diagramls.
Fig. 2:For zinc-aluminum based alloy as-cast microstructure low power electron scanning micrograph in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 3:For zinc-aluminum based alloy as-cast microstructure high power electron scanning micrograph in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 4:For zinc-aluminum based alloy As-extruded microscopic structure low power electron scanning micrograph in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 5:For zinc-aluminum based alloy As-extruded microscopic structure high power electron scanning micrograph in the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
A kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method, the B component of Zn-Al binary phase diagramls in accompanying drawing 1 is designed, its
Composition containing following percentage by weight:68.6% zinc, 31% aluminium, 0.03% bronze medal, 0.02% magnesium, 0.03% tin, 0.01% silver medal, 0.1%
Titanium, 0.01% boron, 0.05% cerium, 0.15% praseodymium;
Its preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1)The raw material proportioning gone out designed by more than, is placed in melting in smelting furnace, and enter in hot-work die by raw material
Row pours casting, obtains Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy ingot casting;The wherein preparation process of alloy bar, dispensing relative error are no more than 0.3%, poured
Note mold material select hot die steel or graphite, pay special attention to degasification, removal of impurities ensure melt it is clean, cooling obtain alloy bar;
(2)By step(1)The homogenization heat treatment of gained alloy cast ingot, obtains composition and thing is mutually uniform, organize fine and closely woven conjunction
Gold;The homogenization heat treatment process specifically includes:At 300 DEG C, soaking time 40 hours;Then quenched in 8 DEG C of frozen water
Fire, further the alloy pig of quenching state is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 0.5 hour, then cold with stove at 250 DEG C
But, its microscopic structure is observed in sampling, as shown in accompanying drawing 2, Fig. 3;
(3)By step(2)Gained alloy carries out turnery processing, obtains alloy bar;
(4)By step(3)Gained alloy bar carries out extrusion process using three holes shunting mould, obtains As-extruded allumen
Tubing;The step(4)In Splicing Mechanism processing conditions be:200 DEG C of alloy bar temperature, 230 DEG C of mold temperature, recipient temperature
240 DEG C of degree, extrusion ratio 20, extrusion speed 10mm/min;
(5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:By gained
As-extruded allumen tubing, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 150 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft
Allumen pipe Zn-31Al-RE-150;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness are measured, its is micro-
Tissue, as shown in accompanying drawing 4, Fig. 5.
Embodiment 2
Allumen pipe composition, preparation process(1)、(2)、(3)With(4)Such as embodiment 1;
5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:Gained is squeezed
State allumen tubing is pressed, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 250 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft zinc
Aluminium-alloy pipe Zn-31Al-RE-250;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, measure its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness.
Embodiment 3
A kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method, according to the C composition proportions of Zn-Al binary phase diagramls in accompanying drawing 1,
It contains the composition of following percentage by weight:56.6% zinc, 43% aluminium, 0.03% bronze medal, 0.02% magnesium, 0.03% tin, 0.01% silver medal, 0.1%
Titanium, 0.01% boron, 0.05% cerium, 0.15% praseodymium;
Its preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1)According to above raw material proportioning, raw material is placed in Casting Equipment and cast, obtain Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy casting
Ingot;The wherein preparation process of alloy bar, dispensing relative error are no more than 0.3%, and casting mold material selects hot die steel or stone
Ink, pay special attention to degasification, removal of impurities ensure melt it is clean, cooling obtain alloy bar;
(2)By step(1)The homogenization heat treatment of gained alloy cast ingot, obtains composition and thing is mutually uniform, organize fine and closely woven conjunction
Gold;The homogenization heat treatment process specifically includes:At 300 DEG C, soaking time 40 hours;Then quenched in 8 DEG C of frozen water
Fire, further the alloy pig of quenching state is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 0.5 hour, then cold with stove at 250 DEG C
But.
(3)By step(2)Gained alloy carries out turnery processing, obtains alloy bar;
(4)By step(3)Gained alloy bar carries out extrusion process using three holes shunting mould, obtains As-extruded allumen
Tubing;The step(4)In Splicing Mechanism processing conditions be:200 DEG C of alloy bar temperature, 230 DEG C of mold temperature, recipient temperature
240 DEG C of degree, extrusion ratio 20, extrusion speed 10mm/min;
(5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:By gained
As-extruded allumen tubing, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 150 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft
Allumen pipe Zn-43Al-RE-150;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, measure its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness.
Embodiment 4
Allumen pipe composition, preparation process(1)、(2)、(3)With(4)Such as embodiment 3;
5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:Gained is squeezed
State allumen tubing is pressed, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 250 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft zinc
Aluminium-alloy pipe Zn-43Al-RE-250;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, measure its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness.
Embodiment 5
A kind of allumen pipe composition design and preparation method, according to the A composition proportions of Zn-Al binary phase diagramls in accompanying drawing 1,
It contains the composition of following percentage by weight:35.6% zinc, 64% aluminium, 0.03% bronze medal, 0.02% magnesium, 0.03% tin, 0.01% silver medal, 0.1%
Titanium, 0.01% boron, 0.05% cerium, 0.15% praseodymium;
Its preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1)According to above raw material proportioning, raw material is placed in Casting Equipment and cast, obtain Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy casting
Ingot;The wherein preparation process of alloy bar, dispensing relative error are no more than 0.3%, and casting mold material selects hot die steel or stone
Ink, pay special attention to degasification, removal of impurities ensure melt it is clean, cooling obtain alloy bar;
(2)By step(1)The homogenization heat treatment of gained alloy cast ingot, obtains composition and thing is mutually uniform, organize fine and closely woven conjunction
Gold;The homogenization heat treatment process specifically includes:At 300 DEG C, soaking time 40 hours;Then quenched in 8 DEG C of frozen water
Fire, further the alloy pig of quenching state is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 0.5 hour, then cold with stove at 250 DEG C
But;
(3)By step(2)Gained alloy carries out turnery processing, obtains alloy bar;
(4)By step(3)Gained alloy bar carries out extrusion process using three holes shunting mould, obtains As-extruded allumen
Tubing;The step(4)In Splicing Mechanism processing conditions be:200 DEG C of alloy bar temperature, 230 DEG C of mold temperature, recipient temperature
240 DEG C of degree, extrusion ratio 20, extrusion speed 10mm/min;
(5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:By gained
As-extruded allumen tubing, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 150 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft
Allumen pipe Zn-64Al-RE-150;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, measure its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness.
Embodiment 6
Allumen pipe composition, preparation process(1)、(2)、(3)With(4)Such as embodiment 5;
5)By step(4)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, and its process is specially:Gained is squeezed
State allumen tubing is pressed, is placed in heat-treatment furnace, stress relief annealing 9 hours at 250 DEG C;Obtain high-ductility, soft zinc
Aluminium-alloy pipe Zn-64Al-RE-250;Sampling, and mechanics sample is prepared into, measure its elongation percentage and Vickers hardness.
The hardness of allumen pipe and elongation percentage are as shown in table 1 obtained by above-described embodiment:
The hardness of the allumen pipe containing different component obtained under table 1, different technology conditions, elongation percentage and tension are strong
Degree.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, all equivalent changes done according to scope of the present invention patent with
Modification, it should all belong to the covering scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
- A kind of 1. allumen pipe, it is characterised in that:The allumen pipe is made up of the raw material of following percentage by weight:The .00% magnesium of the .00% copper of 36.00% ~ 69 .00% zinc, 31.00% ~ 64 .00% aluminium, 0 .01% ~ 1,0 .01% ~ 1,0 .01% ~ 1 .0% tin, 0.01% ~ 1.00% silver medal, 0.01% ~ 2 .00% titaniums, 0.01% ~ 0 .50% boron, 0.01% ~ 0.70% cerium, 0.01% ~ 0.20% Praseodymium;Above-mentioned percentage by weight sum is 100%.
- A kind of 2. preparation method of allumen pipe as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:Comprise the following steps:(1)Appropriate thermodynamical model is established based on crystallographic structure information and macroscopic property, wherein the information of each thing phase and Property is calculated by heat analysis and microscopic examination and first principle;Then with thermodynamic software to thermodynamics Parameter in model optimizes, and obtains the thermodynamic data storehouse of related system;On this basis, various forms is further calculated Phasor, phase structure, occupy-place fraction and thermodynamic function;(2)By step(1)In predict occupy-place fraction of the alloy constituent element in each lattice, calculated with first-principles methodWith the elasticity, hardness and elongation percentage of optimization design alloy;(3)By step(2)The material composition proportioning of optimization, melting obtain Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy ingot casting;(4)By step(3)The Multielement zinc-aluminum alloy ingot homogenization heat treatment of gained, obtains composition and thing is mutually uniform, tissue is thinClose alloy;(5)By step(4)Gained alloy carries out turnery processing, obtains alloy bar;(6)By step(5)Gained alloy bar carries out extrusion process using three holes shunting mould, obtains As-extruded allumen pipe Material;(7)By step(6)Gained As-extruded allumen tubing carries out precision heat treatment, obtains allumen pipe.
- 3. preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:Step(4)Described in homogenization heat treatment it is specific Process is:At 300 ~ 380 DEG C, soaking time 40 ~ 50 hours;Then quenched in 0 DEG C of mixture of ice and water;Further will The alloy pig of quenching state is placed in heat-treatment furnace .5 ~ 1 hour of stress relief annealing 0 at 180 ~ 280 DEG C, then furnace cooling.
- 4. preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:Step(6)In allumen rod Splicing Mechanism Process conditions are:150 ~ 250 DEG C of alloy bar temperature, 150 ~ 250 DEG C of mold temperature, 180 ~ 240 DEG C of recipient temperature, extrusion ratio 20 ~ 50,10 ~ 40mm/min of extrusion speed.
- 5. preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:Step(7)In As-extruded allumen tubing Precision heat treatment process is specially:Gained allumen tubing is placed in heat-treatment furnace, at 150 ~ 250 DEG C destressing move back Fire 6 ~ 15 hours, then furnace cooling.
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CN102925752A (en) * | 2011-08-09 | 2013-02-13 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | High corrosion resistance spray forming zinc-aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN102409275A (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2012-04-11 | 南京理工大学 | Preparation method of superfine crystal lead-free delay element for detonator |
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