CN106045123A - Resource utilization zero-emission recycling process method of chemical waste nickel liquid - Google Patents
Resource utilization zero-emission recycling process method of chemical waste nickel liquid Download PDFInfo
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- CN106045123A CN106045123A CN201610559755.4A CN201610559755A CN106045123A CN 106045123 A CN106045123 A CN 106045123A CN 201610559755 A CN201610559755 A CN 201610559755A CN 106045123 A CN106045123 A CN 106045123A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/16—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from metallurgical processes, i.e. from the production, refining or treatment of metals, e.g. galvanic wastes
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Abstract
The invention discloses a resource utilization zero-emission recycling process method of a chemical waste nickel liquid. The resource utilization zero-emission recycling process method is characterized by comprising the following steps: I, concentrating and separating the chemical waste nickel liquid, namely, adjusting the pH value of the chemical waste nickel liquid to be 3-5, performing low-temperature negative pressure evaporation concentration, and rising the temperature to 95-110 DEG C, wherein the negative pressure condition is minus 0.09 - minus 0.1MPa and the boiling temperature is not greater than 70 DEG C; II, separating sodium sulfate by an acid solution, namely, performing slow soaking dissolution on chemical nickel residues by a sulfuric acid solution in stirring so as to obtain a sulfuric acid leaching agent; after sufficient cooling, and performing filtration to obtain filtrate and sodium sulfate crystal; III, extracting and separating nickel sulfate, namely, adding ethanol into the filtrate, leaving to stand to layer, and performing solid-separation separation so as to obtain nickel sulfate solid for resource recycling and reuse; IV, recycling ethanol. By adopting the resource utilization zero-emission recycling process method disclosed by the invention, the chemical solid nickel waste can be completely recycled, the requirements of environment-friendliness of waste liquid recycling and zero emission are met indeed, and the required social environment capacity is greatly reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the recycling recovery process of chemical nickel waste liquid, particularly relate to the resource zero of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid
Drain back into process of knocking off.
Background technology
Nickel chemical plating technology technology is uniform with its chemical deposit, hardness is high, anti-corrosion, anti-wear performance good, and coated parts is not subject to
Size shape limits, and the advantage such as special magnetic performance applies particularly wiring board industry and plating row at each industrial circle
The use of industry is relatively broad.But along with chemical plating nickel technology range of application and production-scale continuous expansion, the environment of generation is asked
Inscribe the most increasingly severe.
In actual production process, coating bath occur redox reaction, i.e. nickel ion are reduced into metallic nickel, hypophosphorous acid
Root is oxidized into orthophosphite.Along with the carrying out of chemical plating, nickel ion and hypophosphorous acid root gradually use up, by-product orthophosphite
Constantly accumulation, plating speed is the most slack-off, and coating hole increases, and can produce phosphorous acid nickel precipitation, causes plating solution to lose efficacy, chemical nickel
Ageing solution thus produces;Coating bath carries out foam washing with concentrated nitric acid again, produces nitric acid and cleans waste liquid.Pollutant levels in both waste liquids
Higher, danger coefficient is relatively big, and intractability is the biggest.
Present stage mainly uses chemical precipitation method, ion exchange, electroosmose process, electrolysis to this type of process for treating waste liquor
Method, adsorbing material method and biology and their comprehensive use.Owing to concentration is higher, waste liquid must be added dropwise to low concentration in batches
Waste water in, in the process, both consumed substantial amounts of chemical agent, created again secondary pollution, produced nickel-containing sludge
Solid waste non-recovery again is worth, and final process result is difficult to accomplish qualified discharge.
Enterprise all uses committee's outer mode disposed to be shifted by waste liquid at present, entrusts and has the enterprise of qualification to be carried out by waste liquid
Process.Owing to technology requires higher, each side cost goes up, and adds the minimizing day by day of social environment capacity, to disposal
The enterprise qualification of this type of waste liquid specification day by day, when the river rises the boat goes up therewith for processing cost, and this liquid waste processing being just greatly increased enterprise becomes
This, cause burden.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of chemical nickel waste liquid, this process
On the one hand solve a chemical nickel liquid waste processing difficult problem for enterprise, reduce the treatment cost of waste liquor of enterprise, on the other hand be intended to stop
Secondary pollution, recycles chemical nickel effluent resource zero-emission, provides space for social environment capacity.
To achieve the above object of the invention, the technical solution used in the present invention is: the resource zero-emission of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid
Put back to process of knocking off, it is characterised in that: described recycling and zero discharge recovery process method comprises the steps of:
The first step, carries out concentrating and separating to chemical nickel waste liquid:
The pH value of described chemical nickel waste liquid is regulated to 3 ~ 5, so that the ammonia nitrogen in chemical nickel waste liquid is presented in ammonium salt;So
After the chemical nickel waste liquid adjusting pH value is carried out low-temperature negative-pressure evaporation and concentration again, extraneous heating-up temperature is 95 ~ 110 DEG C, negative pressure
Condition is-0.09~-0.1 MPa, ensures that the boiling temperature of chemical nickel waste liquid is less than 70 DEG C, when chemical nickel waste liquid during heat supply
When volume is the 8 ~ 12% of original volume, stops evaporation, obtain chemical nickel residue, the condensed rear discharge of steam evaporated;
Second step, sour molten separating sodium sulfate:
With sulfuric acid solution, described chemical nickel residue is soaked dissolving under being stirred continuously slowly so that described chemical nickel is residual
Slag all dissolves, and obtains sulphuric leachate, and wherein, added sulfuric acid solution amount is just by the most molten for all of chemical nickel residue
Solution is as the criterion;After sufficiently cool, filtering, obtain filtrate and white crystal, it is brilliant that this white crystal is rough sodium sulfate
Body;
3rd step, extract and separate nickel sulfate:
Adding ethanol in the described filtrate of described second step, the ethanol of addition and the volume ratio of filtrate are 1:0.9 ~ 1.1, fully
Mixing, solution turned cloudy, after standing, layering, upper organic phase is water white transparency filtrate, and the ethanol i.e. containing ortho phosphorous acid is molten
Liquid, lower floor's solid phase is green solid, i.e. nickel sulfate solid, carries out solid-liquid separation through phase separator and obtains described containing ortho phosphorous acid
Ethanol solution and nickel sulfate solid, nickel sulfate solid recycles for resource;
4th step, recovery ethanol:
Being separated through low-temperature evaporation by the ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid of described 3rd step, the ethanol obtained can be back to
Reusing in described 3rd step, after evaporation, the residual liquid of gained is ortho phosphorous acid.
Relevant content in technique scheme is explained as follows:
1, in such scheme, in described second step, when adding sulfuric acid solution, described chemical nickel residue is heated, heating temperature
Degree is 50 ~ 100 DEG C.
2, in such scheme, in described second step, the mass concentration of added sulfuric acid solution is 45 ~ 55%.
3, in such scheme, in described second step, chilling temperature is 0~5 DEG C, and chilling temperature is the lowest, the crystal of precipitation
The most, separating effect is the best.
4, in such scheme, in described 3rd step, the volumetric concentration of the described ethanol of addition is more than 95%.
5, in such scheme, the rough sodium sulfate crystal in described second step can reclaim or it as sodium sulfate is refined
His industrial chemicals.
6, in such scheme, the ortho phosphorous acid in described 4th step can reclaim and can act also as the former of chemical industry production of phosphate fertilizer
Material.
The design feature of the present invention is: the chemical nickel waste liquid of generation is by the aging waste liquid of chemical nickel coating bath and the nitric acid of washing trough
Waste liquid forms, and it is mainly composed of nickel sulfate, sodium hypophosphite, nitric acid, ammonium salt, organic acid etc..In order to allow enterprise reduce environmental protection
Processing cost, first from the angle of decrement, carries out solid-liquid separation to chemical nickel waste liquid, has been thusly-formed chemical nickel waste liquid dense
Contracting technique, forms two parts: a part is water, and another part is chemical nickel residue after the concentrated separation of waste liquid.This residue is
Green glue solid, this type of colloidal solid is mainly composed of nickel sulfate, sodium sulfate, ortho phosphorous acid, sodium nitrate and a small amount of its
His impurity, wherein the content of nickel is 4 ~ 5%, has Gao Zheke to more than 10%, and its nickel content is about before chemical nickel waste liquid stock solution concentrates
Ten times, its have resource recycling be worth.
General heavy metal solid waste all uses high-temperature roasting and the method for Ore Leaching process integration, heavy metal is carried out
Reclaiming, but contain the ortho phosphorous acid of more amount in this solid waste, when heating-up temperature is more than 130 DEG C, ortho phosphorous acid then decomposes
Becoming orthophosphoric acid and hydrogen phosphide, hydrogen phosphide is extremely toxic substance, and the method is by formation secondary pollution and there is high risk;Additionally, it is secondary
Phosphorous acid is dissolved in acid during Ore Leaching the most therewith, is not reaching to separating effect, and nickel cannot reclaim.This solid waste is long
Postponing and easily deliquescence deliquescing, form waste liquid, as placed accidentally, heavy metal easily infiltrates in soil and water, severe contamination surface water
And subsoil water, endanger surrounding enviroment, damage human health.
Therefore, in this set process program, for solid waste described above, be designed as carrying out this residue again acid molten,
The means such as extract and separate, all reclaim the main chemical compositions in residue.This recycling recovery process, had both solved enterprise
Trouble and worry, thoroughly solves environmental issue for enterprise, compensate for again in present stage process insoluble to this type of solid
The resource reclaim of refuse and problem of environmental pollution.
(1) first chemical nickel waste liquid is concentrated to isolate overwhelming majority moisture by the solution of the present invention, evaporates
Becoming condensed water after the condensation of gas condensed device and enter exhaust system, the boiling point mainly utilizing each material is different, according to regulation pH
Controlling the amount of ammonia nitrogen in condensed water, low-temp low-pressure controls the amount of condensed water COD, because nickel, phosphorus, this type of material of nitrate anion are constituted
Chemical constituent relative boiling point higher, under low-temp low-pressure will not be evaporated, hereby it is ensured that the discharge quality of condensed water, dense
After sheepshank bundle, condensed water can discharge, and can act also as the source of recycle-water, and the gluey chemical nickel residue of gained thickness then enters the
Two steps.
In the described first step, in order to solid ammonia i.e. prevents from carrying in separated water a large amount of ammonia nitrogen, the most before concentration must
Must carry out chemistry adjustment, be mainly reflected in the adjustment of acid-base value, on the one hand ammonia nitrogen all exists with ammonium salts, will not be along with concentration
The carrying out of separation process and evaporate, be on the other hand also contemplated for the life-span of used separation equipment, so taking faintly acid
Condition i.e. pH adjusts to 3 ~ 5, and neutral and alkaline chemical nickel-plating waste liquid can use nitric acid washing trough waste liquid to be adjusted, and need not add volume
Outer medicament.Use negative pressure evaporation condition when evaporation and concentration, boiling temperature controls at 60 ~ 70 degrees Celsius, to ensure that nitrate nitrogen is not
Can overflow.
(2) second step of the present invention prepares the principles of chemistry of weak acid mainly by strong acid, and sodium sulfate is insoluble in strong acid
Principle, with strong acid dissolution chemical nickel residue, sodium sulfate chemically nickel residue will separate out, thus isolate sodium sulfate, acid is molten
The reaction equation separated out is:
2NaH2PO2 + H2SO4→Na2SO4↓+ 2H3PO2。
(3) the 3rd step of the present invention and the 4th step, also will be after sodium sulfate separates, and remaining nickel sulfate and ortho phosphorous acid can
To utilize nickel sulfate to be slightly soluble in ethanol, hypophosphorous acid is soluble in this feature of ethanol and carries out extraction and recrystallization, thus reaches sulphuric acid
Nickel and ortho phosphorous acid separate.Good solvent ethanol used in the process of this can be reclaimed by the method for evaporation again lays equal stress on
Multiple utilization.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
(1) processing step involved in the present invention is simple, and violent chemical reaction does not occur, and operation safety coefficient is high.
(2) technical process of the present invention the most additionally increases polluter, the most do not produce secondary pollution.
(2) main component in chemical nickel residue is effectively separated by the present invention, it is achieved that resource all reclaims profit
Technique purpose.
(3) solid matter produced by the present invention has economic worth, can be as the chemical raw material of Chemical Manufacture.
(4) the main sulphuric acid using price relatively low in the present invention, dosing cost is relatively low.
(5) present invention accomplishes whole recovery of pollutant from technique, is truly realized the ring of the resource of waste liquid, zero-emission
Guaranteed request, greatly reduces required social environment capacity, also solves the trouble and worry of enterprise.
(6) nickel recovery of the present invention reaches more than 97%, the main component in solid waste is effectively separated, real
Show the technique purpose that resource all recycles.
(7) condensed water produced by the present invention is the most without phosphorus, nickel, and low COD, low nitrogen content have reached the discharge of three grades of sewage
Standard, is substantially reduced the pressure to environment.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Accompanying drawing 1 is the process chart of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the invention will be further described:
Embodiment 1: a kind of recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of chemical nickel waste liquid
Described recycling and zero discharge recovery process method comprises the steps of:
The first step, carries out concentrating and separating to chemical nickel waste liquid:
The pH value of described chemical nickel waste liquid is regulated to 3 ~ 5, so that the ammonia nitrogen in chemical nickel waste liquid is presented in ammonium salt;So
After the chemical nickel waste liquid adjusting pH value is carried out low-temperature negative-pressure evaporation and concentration again, extraneous heating-up temperature is 100 DEG C, condition of negative pressure
For-0.09MPa, during heat supply, ensure that the boiling temperature of chemical nickel waste liquid is less than 70 DEG C, when the volume of chemical nickel waste liquid is original
Volume 10% time, stop evaporation, obtain chemical nickel residue, become condensed water after the steam that evaporates is condensed and discharge, condensation
The COD content of water is less than 200mg/L, and the ammonia-nitrogen content of condensed water is less than 8mg/L;
Second step, sour molten separating sodium sulfate:
With sulfuric acid solution, described chemical nickel residue is soaked dissolving being stirred continuously under heating condition slowly, heating temperature
Degree is 80 DEG C, and the mass concentration of added sulfuric acid solution is 50% so that described chemical nickel residue all dissolves, and obtains sulphuric acid leaching
Going out liquid, wherein, added sulfuric acid solution amount is as the criterion for just all being dissolved by all of chemical nickel residue;After sufficiently cool,
I.e. chilling temperature reaches to filter when 0~5 DEG C, obtains filtrate and white crystal, and this white crystal is rough sodium sulfate
Crystal, can reclaim or other industrial chemicals as sodium sulfate is refined;
3rd step, extract and separate nickel sulfate:
Adding ethanol in the described filtrate of described second step, the volumetric concentration of the ethanol of addition is more than 95%, the ethanol of addition
It is 1:1 with the volume ratio of filtrate, fully mixes, solution turned cloudy, after standing, layering, upper organic phase is water white transparency filtrate,
I.e. containing the ethanol solution of ortho phosphorous acid, lower floor's solid phase is green solid, i.e. nickel sulfate solid, obtain through solid-liquid separation described in contain
Having ethanol solution and the nickel sulfate solid of ortho phosphorous acid, nickel sulfate solid recycles for resource, and through measuring and calculating, nickel element returns
Yield reaches 98.7%;
4th step, recovery ethanol:
Being separated through low-temperature evaporation by the ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid of described 3rd step, the ethanol obtained can be back to
Reusing in described 3rd step, after evaporation, the residual liquid of gained is ortho phosphorous acid, can reclaim and can act also as the life of chemical industry phosphate fertilizer
The raw material produced.
Embodiment 2: a kind of recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of chemical nickel waste liquid
Described recycling and zero discharge recovery process method comprises the steps of:
The first step, carries out concentrating and separating to chemical nickel waste liquid:
By the pH value of described chemical nickel waste liquid to 3 ~ 5, so that the ammonia nitrogen in chemical nickel waste liquid is presented in ammonium salt;The most again
The chemical nickel waste liquid adjusting pH value carries out low-temperature negative-pressure evaporation and concentration, and extraneous heating-up temperature is 95 DEG C, condition of negative pressure is-
0.1MPa, ensures during heat supply that the boiling temperature of chemical nickel waste liquid is less than 70 DEG C, when the volume of chemical nickel waste liquid is original volume
12% time, stop evaporation, obtain chemical nickel residue, become condensed water after the steam that evaporates is condensed and discharge, condensed water
COD content is less than 200mg/L, and the ammonia-nitrogen content of condensed water is less than 10mg/L;
Second step, sour molten separating sodium sulfate:
With sulfuric acid solution, described chemical nickel residue is soaked dissolving being stirred continuously under heating condition slowly, heating temperature
Degree is 50 DEG C, and the mass concentration of added sulfuric acid solution is 55% so that described chemical nickel residue all dissolves, and obtains sulphuric acid leaching
Going out liquid, wherein, added sulfuric acid solution amount is as the criterion for just all being dissolved by all of chemical nickel residue;After sufficiently cool,
I.e. chilling temperature reaches to filter when 0~5 DEG C, obtains filtrate and white crystal, and this white crystal is rough sodium sulfate
Crystal, can reclaim or other industrial chemicals as sodium sulfate is refined;
3rd step, extract and separate nickel sulfate:
Adding ethanol in the described filtrate of described second step, the volumetric concentration of the ethanol of addition is more than 95%, the ethanol of addition
Being 1:1.1 with the volume ratio of filtrate, fully mix, solution turned cloudy, after standing, layering, upper organic phase is water white transparency filter
Liquid, i.e. contains the ethanol solution of ortho phosphorous acid, and lower floor's solid phase is green solid, i.e. nickel sulfate solid, obtains institute through solid-liquid separation
Stating the ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid and nickel sulfate solid, nickel sulfate solid recycles for resource, through measuring and calculating, nickel unit
The element response rate reaches 98.5%;
4th step, recovery ethanol:
Being separated through low-temperature evaporation by the ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid of described 3rd step, the ethanol obtained can be back to
Reusing in described 3rd step, after evaporation, the residual liquid of gained is ortho phosphorous acid, can reclaim and can act also as the life of chemical industry phosphate fertilizer
The raw material produced.
Above-described embodiment, only for technology design and the feature of the explanation present invention, its object is to allow person skilled in the art
Scholar will appreciate that present disclosure and implements according to this, can not limit the scope of the invention with this.All according to the present invention
The equivalence that spirit is made changes or modifies, and all should contain within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of a chemical nickel waste liquid, it is characterised in that: described recycling and zero discharge returns
Process of knocking off comprises the steps of:
The first step, carries out concentrating and separating to chemical nickel waste liquid:
The pH value of described chemical nickel waste liquid is regulated to 3 ~ 5, so that the ammonia nitrogen in chemical nickel waste liquid is presented in ammonium salt;So
After the chemical nickel waste liquid adjusting pH value is carried out low-temperature negative-pressure evaporation and concentration again, extraneous heating-up temperature is 95 ~ 110 DEG C, negative pressure
Condition is-0.09~-0.1 MPa, ensures that the boiling temperature of chemical nickel waste liquid is less than 70 DEG C, when chemical nickel waste liquid during heat supply
When volume is the 8 ~ 12% of original volume, stops evaporation, obtain chemical nickel residue, the condensed rear discharge of steam evaporated;
Second step, sour molten separating sodium sulfate:
With sulfuric acid solution, described chemical nickel residue is soaked dissolving under being stirred continuously slowly so that described chemical nickel is residual
Slag all dissolves, and obtains sulphuric leachate, and wherein, added sulfuric acid solution amount is just by the most molten for all of chemical nickel residue
Solution is as the criterion;After sufficiently cool, filtering, obtain filtrate and white crystal, it is brilliant that this white crystal is rough sodium sulfate
Body;
3rd step, extract and separate nickel sulfate:
Adding ethanol in the described filtrate of described second step, the ethanol of addition and the volume ratio of filtrate are 1:0.9 ~ 1.1, fully
Mixing, solution turned cloudy, after standing, layering, upper organic phase is water white transparency filtrate, and the ethanol i.e. containing ortho phosphorous acid is molten
Liquid, lower floor's solid phase is green solid, i.e. nickel sulfate solid, through solid-liquid separation obtain the described ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid with
Nickel sulfate solid, nickel sulfate solid recycles for resource;
4th step, recovery ethanol:
Being separated through low-temperature evaporation by the ethanol solution containing ortho phosphorous acid of described 3rd step, the ethanol obtained can be back to
Reusing in described 3rd step, after evaporation, the residual liquid of gained is rough ortho phosphorous acid.
The recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
In described second step, when adding sulfuric acid solution heating described chemical nickel residue, heating-up temperature is 50 ~ 100 DEG C.
The recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
In described second step, the mass concentration of added sulfuric acid solution is 45 ~ 55%.
The recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
In described second step, chilling temperature is 0~5 DEG C.
The recycling and zero discharge recovery process method of a kind of chemical nickel waste liquid the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
In described 3rd step, the volumetric concentration of the described ethanol of addition is more than 95%.
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CN106894047A (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2017-06-27 | 傅楚闽 | A kind of high-efficiency environment friendly recovery method of nickel in chemical nickel-plating ageing liquid |
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