CN106018420A - Infrared quality detecting method for hollowing defects of outer wall - Google Patents
Infrared quality detecting method for hollowing defects of outer wall Download PDFInfo
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- CN106018420A CN106018420A CN201610523425.XA CN201610523425A CN106018420A CN 106018420 A CN106018420 A CN 106018420A CN 201610523425 A CN201610523425 A CN 201610523425A CN 106018420 A CN106018420 A CN 106018420A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
- G01N21/8851—Scan or image signal processing specially adapted therefor, e.g. for scan signal adjustment, for detecting different kinds of defects, for compensating for structures, markings, edges
- G01N2021/8854—Grading and classifying of flaws
- G01N2021/888—Marking defects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
- G01N21/8851—Scan or image signal processing specially adapted therefor, e.g. for scan signal adjustment, for detecting different kinds of defects, for compensating for structures, markings, edges
- G01N2021/8887—Scan or image signal processing specially adapted therefor, e.g. for scan signal adjustment, for detecting different kinds of defects, for compensating for structures, markings, edges based on image processing techniques
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Abstract
The invention discloses an infrared quality detecting method for hollowing defects of an outer wall, and belongs to the field of building wall quality detection. The method has the advantages of conveniently improving the hollowing defect detection precision of the outer wall with high surface temperature and is suitable for the outer wall directly irradiated by sunlight, the limit of the external environment to detection time is effectively reduced, and therefore people can carry out quality detection on the outer wall in real time. Due to the fact that protrusions are generated due to hollowing, and when illumination is used in the prior art, the periphery of the hollowing portion is not likely to be influenced by illumination heating, errors are generated during detection; when cooling liquid is sprayed for cooling, the sprayed cooling liquid is vaporific, therefore, the atomized cooling liquid can be effectively and evenly attached to the wall, it is guaranteed that all the positions of the outer wall are effectively cooled, and the detection errors are reduced accordingly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of construction wall quality determining method, particularly to the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect.
Background technology
Owing to exterior wall every day is by exposing to wind and rain and illumination is affected, thus the basic unit of exterior wall unstable region bonding with the decorative layer of exterior wall easily produces the defect of hollowing, and when hollowing area is excessive, it is easily caused that decorative layer is sheet of to drop, thus easily pound people and thing, thus there is potential safety hazard, thus need to carry out the quality testing of exterior wall, current most detection method uses hollowing hammer or hard thing to listen the mode of sound to carry out after tapping substantially, but the precision and inefficient of detection, and be easily caused decorative layer and directly drop when tapping hollowing region, thus when detecting, there is also potential safety hazard.
The Chinese patent of Application No. 200810207217.4 discloses the non-contact nondestructive detecting method of hollow drum position of ancient mural painting, heated by bulb External Wall surface, obtain thermography by infra-red thermal imaging, thus judge that heat rises inconspicuous region as hollowing district.Although this direction can use in the detection of sloughing of exterior wall, thus improve the detection efficiency of External Wall hollowing, but be exposed to for a long time due to exterior wall outside, exterior wall by day time, the especially exterior wall of sunny slope, after being affected by illumination for a long time, the surface heat of exterior wall is the highest, and heat keeps uniformly, when being heated by the bulb of high energy consumption again, the temperature ascensional range of exterior wall surface is the least, thus causes being difficult to differentiate between exceptions area.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect, it is easy to the advantage improving the higher sloughing of exterior wall accuracy of detection of surface temperature.
The above-mentioned technical purpose of the present invention has the technical scheme that the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect, it is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step one: gathered the initial thermography of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution of exterior wall by thermal infrared imager；
Step 2: using cooling spraying machine that coolant is ejected into exterior wall surface uniformly, External Wall surface lowers the temperature, and continues 5 ~ 15 minutes；
Step 3: thermography after the process of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution gathering exterior wall again by thermal infrared imager；
Step 4: be analyzed judging the normal district of color and color exceptions area to thermography after processing；
Step 5: calculate the normal district of color and color exceptions area area ratio；
Step 6: contrasted with initial thermography by thermography after process, calculates color normal district temperature change value and color exceptions area temperature change value.
By using technique scheme, the temperature achieved by the way of cooling in detection region produces change, owing to the air specific heat in hollowing is more than the specific heat of concrete base layer, thus the cooling extent in the normal district of color is relatively big, and color exceptions area cooling extent is less, thus after shooting thermograph again, the color in the normal district of color is the most green, and the color of color exceptions area is the most red, it is thus possible to effectively judge the accurate location of hollowing, and testing result is not affected by ambient light photograph.
Further, before step one, exterior wall is uniformly divided into some pieces of square blocks, square region block is numbered.
By using technique scheme, after large-scale exterior wall being divided into several blocks and numbering, it is simple to people detect one by one, thus prevent that the phenomenon of missing inspection produces, and the position that there is hollowing is numbered record, it is simple to hollowing fills up maintenance.
Further, the infra-red heat signal carrying out a thermal infrared imager collection exterior wall after waiting 1 ~ 3 minute after step 3 is carried out again forms the heat reply thermography of exterior wall surface heat distribution.
By using technique scheme, owing in hollowing, air specific heat is big, thus the heat of air storage is more, and the heat of the position substrate concrete storage of hollowing is not relatively low, thus the heat in air can the most quickly be delivered to decorative layer, and the position of hollowing does not needs from internal heat transfer to decorative layer, thus it is very fast to have the programming rate meeting in the short time of hollowing position, thus the normal district of color that formed of the thermography that shoots and color exceptions area can carry out the difference that becomes apparent from, so that hollowing position judgment is more accurate.
Further, after heat being replied thermography and processing, thermography contrasts, color exceptions area area change value.
By using technique scheme, owing to hollowing edge has part to have part to be connected with substrate concrete, thus have the hot recovery rate in portion connection position slower than color exceptions area, district more normal than color is fast, it is thus possible to district normal with color and color exceptions area are effectively distinguished, it is thus possible to draw the concrete scope of complete hollowing position accurately.
Further, step 2 is lowered the temperature while spraying machine carries out spraying coolant and air-dried by fan External Wall again.
By using technique scheme, spray coolant, by blowing while coolant volatilization cooling, so that coolant evaporation rate improves, thus improve effect and the efficiency of cooling, reduce cooling required time.
Further, first coolant is carried out atomization process and is ejected into exterior wall surface the most uniformly by spraying machine of lowering the temperature.
By using technique scheme, after coolant atomization, coolant is that particulate is ejected on exterior wall, consequently facilitating coolant volatilization heat radiation, and also allow for coolant and be ejected into uniformly on exterior wall.
Further, described coolant is ethanol water.
By using technique scheme, ethanol has good volatility, it is simple to exterior wall surface dispels the heat, and ethanol is nontoxic, it is to avoid the healthy of tester is produced impact.
Further, after 5 minutes step 2 persistent period, then carrying out step 3, the heat of step 3 carries out a thermal infrared imager collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 1 minute after carrying out replys thermography.
By using technique scheme, common thermal infrared imager is stronger for the temperature resolution capability of less than 12 degrees Celsius, when exterior wall temperature is less than 15 degrees Celsius, as long as cooling just can easily tell color exceptions area after continuing 5 minutes, thus effectively reduce cooling measure duration, reduce the wasting of resources, improve detection efficiency.
Further, after 10 minutes step 2 persistent period, then carrying out step 3, the heat of step 3 carries out a thermal infrared imager collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 2 minutes after carrying out replys thermography.
By using technique scheme, common thermal infrared imager is stronger for the temperature resolution capability of less than 12 degrees Celsius, when exterior wall temperature is at 15-30 degree Celsius, as long as cooling just can make exterior wall temperature arrive the region that thermal infrared imager is easy to differentiate after continuing 10 minutes, consequently facilitating tell color exceptions area, thus accuracy of detection.
Further, after 15 minutes step 2 persistent period, then carrying out step 3, the heat of step 3 carries out a thermal infrared imager collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 3 minutes after carrying out replys thermography.
By using technique scheme, when exterior wall temperature is more than 30 degrees Celsius, more owing to being persistently cooled to less than 12 degrees Celsius required coolants, and required time is the most, thus cost can be trueed add, thus after cooling down 15 minutes, the temperature difference is relatively large, so that thermal infrared imager can directly display out color exceptions area, decreases testing cost.
In sum, the method have the advantages that
1, hollowing position and entopic temperature difference are realized by cooling method, accurately detection hollowing position；
2, owing to carrying out infrared detection by the way of cooling, consequently facilitating temperature arrives thermal infrared imager sensitizing range, thus accuracy of detection is improved, it is simple to hollowing region decision；
3, cooling efficiency is fast, and cost is relatively low, effectively raises the efficiency of detection.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is exterior wall partition number state diagram；
Fig. 2 is the detection schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the initial thermography of hollowing exterior wall of the present invention；
Fig. 4 be the present invention hollowing exterior wall process after thermography；
Fig. 5 is that the hollowing exterior wall heat of the present invention replys thermography.
In figure, 1, basic unit；2, decorative layer；3, thermal infrared imager；4, cooling spraying machine；5, fan.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1: the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step one: exterior wall is uniformly divided into some pieces of square blocks, square region block is numbered；External wall area is bigger at present, after large-scale exterior wall being divided into several blocks and numbering, it is easy to people detect one by one, thus prevent that the phenomenon of missing inspection produces, and the numbering that the position that there is hollowing carries out correspondence carries out record, hollowing is easy to maintainer and is carried out filling up maintenance or removing refitting after detecting.
Step 2: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, gathers the initial thermography of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution of exterior wall by thermal infrared imager 3；First the heat distribution of the exterior wall before cooling is gathered, it is simple to the later stage carries out people and compares, and improves and judges precision.
Step 3: using cooling spraying machine 4 that the ethanol water of atomization is ejected into exterior wall surface uniformly, and use fan 5 to carry out air-drying acceleration heat radiation, External Wall surface lowers the temperature, and continues 5 minutes；By on injection ethanol water to exterior wall, blow while ethanol water volatilization cooling, so that ethanol water evaporation rate improves, thus improve effect and the efficiency of cooling, reduce cooling required time, after ethanol water atomization, ethanol water is that particulate is ejected on exterior wall, thus also allow for ethanol water volatilization heat radiation, and ethanol water more can be ejected on exterior wall uniformly, ethanol has good volatility, it is simple to exterior wall surface dispels the heat, and ethanol is nontoxic, it is to avoid healthy on tester produces impact；And common thermal infrared imager 3 is stronger for the temperature resolution capability of less than 12 degrees Celsius, when exterior wall temperature is less than 15 degrees Celsius, as long as cooling just can easily tell color exceptions area after continuing 5 minutes, thus effectively reduce cooling measure duration, reduce the wasting of resources, improve detection efficiency.
Step 4: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, thermography after the process of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution gathering exterior wall again by thermal infrared imager 3；Cooling collects thermal signal by thermal infrared imager 3 after being disposed again, thus obtains thermography after the process of each position difference variation, consequently facilitating later data processes, it is simple to go out hollowing district respectively.
Step 5: after waiting 1 minute, thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, then carry out the infra-red heat signal that thermal infrared imager 3 gathers exterior wall and form the heat of exterior wall surface heat distribution and reply thermography；Owing in hollowing, air specific heat is big, thus the heat of air storage is more, and the heat of the position basic unit 1 concrete storage of hollowing is not relatively low, thus the heat in air can the most quickly be delivered to decorative layer 2, and the position of hollowing does not needs from internal heat transfer to decorative layer 2, thus it is very fast to have the programming rate meeting in the short time of hollowing position, thus the normal district of color that formed of the thermography that shoots and color exceptions area can carry out the difference that becomes apparent from, so that hollowing position judgment is more accurate.
Step 6: be analyzed judging the normal district of color and color exceptions area to thermography after processing, carries out contrast by thermography after process with heat reply thermography and judges complete hollowing region；Owing to hollowing edge has part to have part to be connected with basic unit 1 concrete, thus have the hot recovery rate in portion connection position slower than color exceptions area, district more normal than color is fast, it is thus possible to district normal with color and color exceptions area are effectively distinguished, it is thus possible to draw the concrete scope of complete hollowing position accurately, thus allow one to judge that this hollowing exists whether safety, consequently facilitating people select maintenance program, such as slip casting maintenance or partial dismantling refitting etc., thus improve later period maintenance efficiency and effectiveness.
Step 7: calculate the normal district of color and color exceptions area area ratio；Owing to color exceptions area is that hollowing exists district, and the existence distribution of the hollowing of whole exterior wall is the most uneven, thus by the calculating of overall ratio, can effectively calculate the qualification rate of whole exterior wall, it is simple to maintainer reference, it is simple to solution formulation.
Step 8: contrasted with initial thermography by thermography after process, calculates color normal district temperature change value and color exceptions area temperature change value.
Embodiment 2: the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step one: exterior wall is uniformly divided into some pieces of square blocks, square region block is numbered；
Step 2: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, gathers the initial thermography of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution of exterior wall by thermal infrared imager 3；
Step 3: using cooling spraying machine 4 that the ethanol water of atomization is ejected into exterior wall surface uniformly, and use fan 5 to carry out air-drying acceleration heat radiation, External Wall surface lowers the temperature, and continues 10 minutes；
Step 4: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, thermography after the process of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution gathering exterior wall again by thermal infrared imager 3；
Step 5: after waiting 2 minutes, thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, then carry out the infra-red heat signal that thermal infrared imager 3 gathers exterior wall and form the heat of exterior wall surface heat distribution and reply thermography；
Step 6: be analyzed judging the normal district of color and color exceptions area to thermography after processing, carries out contrast by thermography after process with heat reply thermography and judges complete hollowing region；
Step 7: calculate the normal district of color and color exceptions area area ratio；
Step 8: contrasted with initial thermography by thermography after process, calculates color normal district temperature change value and color exceptions area temperature change value.
Embodiment 3: the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step one: exterior wall is uniformly divided into some pieces of square blocks, square region block is numbered；
Step 2: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, gathers the initial thermography of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution of exterior wall by thermal infrared imager 3；
Step 3: using cooling spraying machine 4 that the ethanol water of atomization is ejected into exterior wall surface uniformly, and use fan 5 to carry out air-drying acceleration heat radiation, External Wall surface lowers the temperature, and continues 15 minutes；
Step 4: thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, thermography after the process of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution gathering exterior wall again by thermal infrared imager 3；
Step 5: after waiting 3 minutes, thermal infrared imager 3 and exterior wall keep the gap of at least 1M, then carry out the infra-red heat signal that thermal infrared imager 3 gathers exterior wall and form the heat of exterior wall surface heat distribution and reply thermography；
Step 6: be analyzed judging the normal district of color and color exceptions area to thermography after processing, carries out contrast by thermography after process with heat reply thermography and judges complete hollowing region；
Step 7: calculate the normal district of color and color exceptions area area ratio；
Step 8: contrasted with initial thermography by thermography after process, calculates color normal district temperature change value and color exceptions area temperature change value.
nullHollowing position and entopic temperature difference is realized by cooling method，Accurately detection hollowing position，Owing to carrying out infrared detection by the way of cooling，Consequently facilitating temperature arrives thermal infrared imager 3 sensitizing range，Thus improve accuracy of detection，It is easy to hollowing region decision，Cooling efficiency is fast，And cost is relatively low，Effectively raise the efficiency of detection，It is particularly suited for directly by sunlit exterior wall，It is effectively reduced the restriction of external environment condition pair and detection time，The External Wall allowing one to the moment carries out quality testing，And projection can be produced after producing due to hollowing，When using prior art to use illumination，Hollowing neighboring is caused to be not readily susceptible to the impact of illumination heating，Thus cause detection to have error，And use spray coolant to lower the temperature，And the coolant ejected is vaporific，Thus the coolant being atomized can the most uniformly be attached on metope，Ensure that the effective temperature-reducing of each position of exterior wall，Thus reduce detection error.
This specific embodiment is only explanation of the invention; it is not limitation of the present invention; the present embodiment can be made after reading this specification by those skilled in the art as required does not has the amendment of creative contribution, but as long as all being protected by Patent Law in scope of the presently claimed invention.
Claims (10)
1. an infrared quality determining method for sloughing of exterior wall defect, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step one: gathered the initial thermography of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution of exterior wall by thermal infrared imager (3)；
Step 2: using cooling spraying machine (4) that coolant is ejected into exterior wall surface uniformly, External Wall surface lowers the temperature, and continues 5 ~ 15 minutes；
Step 3: thermography after the process of the infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution gathering exterior wall again by thermal infrared imager (3)；
Step 4: be analyzed judging the normal district of color and color exceptions area to thermography after processing；
Step 5: calculate the normal district of color and color exceptions area area ratio；
Step 6: contrasted with initial thermography by thermography after process, calculates color normal district temperature change value and color exceptions area temperature change value.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, is characterized in that: exterior wall is uniformly divided into before step one some pieces of square blocks, is numbered square region block.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the heat of step 3 carries out thermal infrared imager (3) collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 1 ~ 3 minute after carrying out replys thermography.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 3, is characterized in that: after heat being replied thermography and processing, thermography contrasts, color exceptions area area change value.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, is characterized in that: spraying machine (4) of lowering the temperature in step 2 is air-dried by fan (5) External Wall while carrying out spraying coolant again.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, is characterized in that: first coolant is carried out atomization process and be ejected into exterior wall surface the most uniformly by cooling spraying machine (4).
7., according to the infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect described in claim 1 or 5 or 6, it is characterized in that: described coolant is ethanol water.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: after 5 minutes step 2 persistent period, carrying out step 3 again, the heat of step 3 carries out thermal infrared imager (3) collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 1 minute after carrying out replys thermography.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: after 10 minutes step 2 persistent period, carrying out step 3 again, the heat of step 3 carries out thermal infrared imager (3) collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 2 minutes after carrying out replys thermography.
The infrared quality determining method of a kind of sloughing of exterior wall defect the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: after 15 minutes step 2 persistent period, carrying out step 3 again, the heat of step 3 carries out thermal infrared imager (3) collection exterior wall again infra-red heat signal formation exterior wall surface heat distribution after waiting 3 minutes after carrying out replys thermography.
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| CN106501314A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-15 | 重庆大学 | A kind of method of simple and efficient detection concrete filled steel tube internal soundness |
| CN107202793A (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2017-09-26 | 镇江市建科工程质量检测中心有限公司 | A kind of detecting system and method for detecting external wall mass defect |
| CN108490029A (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2018-09-04 | 大连理工大学 | Exterior wall finish layer hollowing detection method |
| CN108827972A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-11-16 | 江苏方建质量鉴定检测有限公司 | Exterior wall defect method and detection system are detected using active heat source thermal infrared imaging |
| CN109523544A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-03-26 | 陕西汉通建设工程质量检测有限公司 | A kind of external wall mass defect detection system and its method |
| CN109781740A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-05-21 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Remote control checks the method and apparatus of concrete microcrack |
| WO2019173958A1 (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2019-09-19 | 大连理工大学 | Detection method for hollowing of exterior wall decorative surface layer |
| CN111337537A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-06-26 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Concrete microcrack remote control inspection device and method based on thermal excitation reagent |
| CN115598178A (en) * | 2022-12-14 | 2023-01-13 | 天津思睿信息技术有限公司（Cn） | Infrared detection method and system for hollowing defects of building wall |
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| CN106501314B (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2019-12-31 | 重庆大学 | Method for simply, conveniently and quickly detecting internal quality of concrete filled steel tube |
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| CN109523544B (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2021-02-26 | 陕西汉通建设工程质量检测有限公司 | Building outer wall quality defect detection system and method thereof |
| CN109781740A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-05-21 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Remote control checks the method and apparatus of concrete microcrack |
| CN111337537A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-06-26 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Concrete microcrack remote control inspection device and method based on thermal excitation reagent |
| CN115598178A (en) * | 2022-12-14 | 2023-01-13 | 天津思睿信息技术有限公司（Cn） | Infrared detection method and system for hollowing defects of building wall |
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