CN105951127A - Aluminum oxide concentration control method based on aluminum electrolytic cell - Google Patents
Aluminum oxide concentration control method based on aluminum electrolytic cell Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/20—Automatic control or regulation of cells
Abstract
The invention discloses an aluminum oxide concentration control method based on an aluminum electrolytic cell. The method comprises the following steps that a model is firstly built; then the electrolyte sampling density and sampling temperature are collected; digital filtering is carried out on the sampling density, density compensation is carried out based on the temperature after the weighted mean of the sampling density is calculated, and an equivalent density value is obtained; a control unit obtains an aluminum oxide concentration value according to a concentration/density relation curve; and finally the control unit controls a cell control machine to carry out feeding towards the electrolytic cell according to the aluminum oxide concentration. According to the novel aluminum oxide concentration monitor method, compared with the prior art, the material input quantity can be controlled precisely in real time, and the aim of precisely controlling the aluminum oxide concentration is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Self Adaptive Control field, particularly relate to a kind of alumina concentration based on aluminium cell
Control method.
Background technology
Power consumption is the place that on electrolytic aluminium production process, energy resource consumption is maximum, along with electric rate increasingly
Height, its proportion in aluminum cost is increasing, and therefore, reducing electrolytic aluminium power consumption is each electrolytic aluminium of the whole nation
Factory reduces aluminium ingot cost, increases the effective way of economic benefit, is also state key brainstorm subject.
Along with complicated electrochemical reaction in aluminium electrolysis process, matter and energy conversion complexity, production environment
Extremely severe, production process mechanism is unclear, it is difficult to founding mathematical models；And production process has height
Non-linear, interference is big, uncertain strong, X factor is many, can on-line monitoring quantity of information few, these all increase
Add the difficulty that production process accurately controls.
The method of existing many measure alumina concentration, (includes aluminum chloride leaching, X-including sample examination method
Ray diffraction method, measure total oxygen demand method etc.), electrochemical process (include chronoptentiometry, critical current density method,
Anode effect voltage method, emf method etc.), cell resistance predication method and fuzzy reasoning control methods.These sides
In method, the aluminum chloride leaching in sample examination method industrially has been widely used, be characterized in cheap and
Convenient, its shortcoming is that analysis time is long, it is impossible to obtain online alumina concentration the most in time.Existing electricity
Chemical method is typically just confined to the research of laboratory, and error is bigger, it is difficult to for industrial cell concentration
Measure.The aluminium cell of present stage typically calculates the Al in electrolysis bath indirectly by measuring cell resistance2O3Concentration,
Thus automatically control, there is error in this method and interference is bigger.Fuzzy reasoning control methods is to gather electricity
Solving groove working status parameter and control charging, this method error is relatively big, is not suitable for accurately controlling.
Additionally, in correlation density fields of measurement, there is error, there is noise in existing density sensor measurement；
Meanwhile, existing digital filtering Normal practice, for averaging, exists bigger in the DATA REASONING of variation in real time
Measurement error.
Summary of the invention
Because the drawbacks described above of prior art, the technical problem to be solved be to provide a kind of based on
The alumina concentration control method of aluminium cell, it is desirable to provide alumina concentration monitoring new method.In the method
In, by test density of electrolyte, convert according to the relation curve of density-concentration and obtain alumina concentration,
And carry out the control that feeds intake.Additionally, the data of the foundation of density-concentration relation curve and collection density process
Also present invention solves the technical problem that.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell,
Comprise the steps:
S1: model is set up；Model is set up and is included: set up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve, sets up electrolysis
Liquid-tight degree/temperature compensation curve；
S2: density sensor gathers the sampling density of electrolyte and sends to control unit；Temperature sensor is adopted
Collect the sample temperature of electrolyte and send to control unit；
S3: control unit carries out digital filtering, Exception Filter collection point to described sampling density；Calculate and filter
After the weighted mean of sampling density；According to density/temperature compensation curve, it is thus achieved that density compensation index；Calculate
Density compensation index and density of electrolyte weighted mean sum, obtain equivalent density value；
S4: control unit, according to described concentration/density relationship curve, obtains alumina concentration value；
S5: control unit, according to described alumina concentration, controls slot control machine and feeds intake to electrolysis bath.
The invention provides a kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, first obtain density/dense
Degree relation curve, density/temperature compensation curve, the most again by test density of electrolyte, according to density with dense
The relation curve conversion of degree obtains alumina concentration, and carries out the control that feeds intake.The method is compared to by surveying
Determine cell resistance and indirectly calculate alumina concentration, there is more excellent accuracy.
Furthermore, the method setting up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve is: under non-power status, to
Electrolysis bath puts into raw material, is heated to electrolyte and is in molten condition, controls electrolytic cell solution in the first temperature
T1；Persistently add aluminium oxide, and the total otal investment of Real-time Collection aluminium oxide and electrolyte gross mass, adopt in real time
Collection density of electrolyte, sets up density/concentration relationship curve at the first temperature；Wherein, alumina concentration is
The total input amount of aluminium oxide and the ratio of electrolyte gross mass；
In the present invention, the foundation of density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve is non-online foundation.By experiment
Testing out at a certain temperature, alumina density and alumina concentration relation also simulate relation curve.Not
With the electrolysis raw material of proportioning, alumina density and concentration relationship are also not quite similar, so the invention discloses pass
It is the method for building up of curve, to meet the assistant ingredients determination than lower relation curve.Preferably, structure of the present invention
Build apparatus and process the most preferably operating temperature, the i.e. first temperature, build density/concentration relationship curve.
Furthermore, the method setting up density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve is: under non-power status, will
Alumina concentration control, under the first concentration, controls electrolyzer temperature from the second temperature T2It is changed to the 3rd temperature
T3And Real-time Collection electrolyte temperature and density of electrolyte thereof, set up density of electrolyte/temperature under the first concentration
Relation curve ρ=g (T)；Set up density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve under the first concentration
Δ ρ=h (T)=g (T)-g (T1)；Wherein, Δ ρ is density compensation index, and described T is between T2、T3Between.
Owing to expanding with heat and contract with cold, density of electrolyte is relevant to temperature.In the present invention, it is provided that based on temperature
Density compensation method, improves alumina concentration measuring accuracy further.
Further, in the present invention, solvent volatilization compensation process is also included；Solvent volatilization compensation process bag
Include:
SA1: set up electrolyte volatilization index/temperature curve v=f (T)；Wherein, v be unit surface area,
Volatilization total amount in unit interval, T is temperature；
Volatilization index vs time is quadratured and is multiplied by the surface area of electrolyte by SA2: control unit, it is thus achieved that electrolysis
Liquid volatile quantity Mvol, Mvol=S ∫ f (T) dt, wherein S is the surface area of described electrolyte；
SA3: control unit is according to electrolyte volatile quantity Mvol, put into the solvent needing to compensate.
Due to solvent volatilization, alumina concentration can vary slightly because of volatilization.The invention provides solvent
The method that volatilization compensates, its object is to: compensates solvent volatilization, improves alumina concentration control further.
Furthermore, step SA1 is particularly as follows: under non-power status, by electrolyte respectively in temperature T1、T2、
T3、T4、T5Lower holding t1Time, respectively record volatile quantity Mv1、Mv2、Mv3、Mv4、Mv5；By volatilizing
Amount M amassed divided by evaporation surface divided by the time, obtained evaporation rate v respectively1、v2、v3、v4、v5；Matching institute
State electrolyte volatilization index and temperature data, it is thus achieved that relation curve: v=aT4+bT3+cT2+dT3+e；Described
A, b, c, d, e are multinomial coefficient, and described a, b, c, d, e are real number.
In the present invention, step SA1 is to test aluminium oxide test rate at different temperatures, uses multinomial
Simulating the relation curve of evaporation rate and temperature, the method can reduce the experiment test time, improves efficiency.
Furthermore, step S3 particularly as follows:
S31: extract nearest n sampling density ρ successivelyi, carry out digital filtering, willPoint filter；
Wherein, 1.2≤k≤2,1≤i≤n, n >=10；
S32: seek weighted mean according to sampling density after data filtering Wherein, n ' is data
Filtered data volume, 1≤j≤n '≤n, αjFor weight coefficient, αj=n '+1-j；
S33: according to density/temperature curve Δ ρ=h (T), calculates described density compensation index Δ ρ；
S34: by weighted meanEquivalent density value ρ is obtained with density compensation index Δ ρ summation, its
In,
In the present invention, step S3 density of electrolyte data process.On the one hand sensor because of environment and device because of
Element and produce test abnormity point, data filtering Exception Filter sampled point, to improve measuring accuracy.On the other hand,
Density of electrolyte is continually varying, the closer to present test data closer to existing density, and its weighting
Coefficient arranges higher, improves measuring accuracy.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the present invention provides alumina concentration to monitor new method, is electrolysed by test
Liquid-tight degree, the relation curve conversion of density-concentration obtains alumina concentration, and carries out the control that feeds intake.Then
According to solution density and alumina concentration relation curve, obtain alumina concentration, feed intake the most again.Phase
Ratio, in prior art, can accurately and in real time control material input amount, and reach accurately to control alumina concentration
Purpose.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic flow sheet of the embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2 is density of electrolyte in the embodiment of the invention/concentration relationship curve；
Fig. 3 is density of electrolyte/temperature curve in the embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 4 is density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve in the embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 5 is electrolyte volatilization index/temperature curve in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed description of the invention
The invention will be further described with embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
As it is shown in figure 1, a kind of based on aluminium cell the alumina concentration control side provided in the present embodiment
Method, comprises the steps of:
S1: model is set up；Model is set up and is included: S11 sets up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve, S12
Set up density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve；SA1 sets up volatilization index/temperature curve；
S2: density sensor gathers the sampling density of electrolyte and sends to control unit；Temperature sensor is adopted
Collect the sample temperature of electrolyte and send to control unit；
S3:S31 control unit carries out digital filtering, Exception Filter collection point to described sampling density；S32 counts
Calculate the weighted mean of the sampling density after filtering；S33 is according to density/temperature compensation curve, it is thus achieved that density compensation
Index；S34 calculates density compensation index and density of electrolyte weighted mean sum, obtains equivalent density value；
S4: control unit, according to described concentration/density relationship curve, obtains alumina concentration value；
Volatilization index vs time is quadratured and is multiplied by the surface area of electrolyte by SA2: control unit, it is thus achieved that electrolysis
Liquid volatile quantity Mvol, Mvol=S ∫ f (T) dt, wherein S is the surface area of described electrolyte；
SA3 and S5: control unit is according to electrolyte volatile quantity Mvol, put into the solvent needing to compensate, control single
Unit, according to described alumina concentration, controls slot control machine and feeds intake to electrolysis bath.
Present embodiments provide a kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, first obtain density/
Concentration relationship curve, density/temperature compensation curve, volatilization index/temperature compensation curve, the most again by surveying
Examination density of electrolyte, converts according to the relation curve of density-concentration and obtains alumina concentration, simultaneously to volatilization
Compensate calculating, finally carry out the control that feeds intake.The method is compared to indirectly push away by measuring cell resistance
Calculate alumina concentration, there is more excellent accuracy.
Below each step is specifically described.
In the S11 step of the present embodiment, the method setting up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve is: non-through
Under electricity condition, put into raw material to electrolysis bath, be heated to electrolyte and be in molten condition, by electrolytic cell solution control
System is in the first temperature T1；It is noted that raw material mainly comprises: cryolite, fluoride salt, aluminium oxide,
In order to draw out solution density and alumina concentration relation curve, aluminium oxide inventory at the beginning is less than 0.5%.
Persistently add aluminium oxide, and the total otal investment of Real-time Collection aluminium oxide and electrolyte gross mass, adopt in real time
Collection density of electrolyte, sets up density/concentration relationship curve at the first temperature；Wherein, alumina concentration is
The total input amount of aluminium oxide and the ratio of electrolyte gross mass；
In the present invention, the foundation of density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve is non-online foundation.By experiment
Testing out at a certain temperature, alumina density and alumina concentration relation also simulate relation curve.Not
With the electrolysis raw material of proportioning, alumina density and concentration relationship are also not quite similar, so the invention discloses pass
Be the method for building up of curve, with meet assistant ingredients than under the determination of relation curve.Preferably, the present invention
Build apparatus and process the most preferably operating temperature 950 DEG C, build density/concentration relationship curve, such as Fig. 2 institute
Show.
In order to avoid causing the inaccuracy of real-time data collection because aluminium oxide is undissolved, rate of feeding can phase
Should slow down, in the present embodiment, the inventory of aluminium oxide per second is the 0.01% of electrolyte gross mass.It is worth one
Being mentioned that, cryolite can volatilize, and total amount can be lacked, and is negligible relative to cryolite alumina volatilization,
So solving alumina concentration by the total input amount of aluminium oxide divided by electrolyte gross mass.Additionally, electrolysis bath holds
Device itself has quality, when measuring electrolyte quality, need to deduct the quality of container own.
In the S12 step of the present embodiment, the method setting up density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve is: non-through
Under electricity condition, by alumina concentration control under the first concentration, control electrolyzer temperature from the second temperature T2Become
Change to the 3rd temperature T3And Real-time Collection electrolyte temperature and density of electrolyte thereof, set up electricity under the first concentration
Solve liquid-tight degree/temperature curve ρ=g (T)；Set up density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve under the first concentration
Δ ρ=h (T)=g (T)-g (T1)；Wherein, Δ ρ is density compensation index, T2<T<T3。
It is noted that the first concentration in the present invention is with the process conditions in actual production are relevant, i.e.
Preferably technique concentration, the setting of the second temperature and the 3rd temperature is also according to actual production process conditions.At this
In embodiment, preferably setting the quality of alumina concentration that the first concentration is as 2%, the second temperature is set as 940
DEG C, the 3rd temperature is set as 960 DEG C.Additionally, in this step, owing to cryolite volatilizees, need to add in real time
Solubilizer, it is constant that measurement ensures that electrolysis bath mass conservation is alumina concentration.As Fig. 3 be density of electrolyte/
Temperature curve ρ=g (T), if Fig. 4 is density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve Δ ρ=h (T).
Owing to expanding with heat and contract with cold, density of electrolyte is relevant to temperature, and density of electrolyte/concentration is closed at different temperatures
It is that curve is the most different.In the present embodiment, step SA1 provides density compensation side based on electrolyte temperature
Method, improves alumina concentration measuring accuracy further.
Due to solvent volatilization, alumina concentration can vary slightly because of volatilization.Present embodiments provide molten
The method that agent volatilization compensates, its object is to: compensates solvent volatilization, improves alumina concentration control further.
In the SA1 step of the present embodiment, the method setting up volatilization index/temperature curve is: set up electrolyte volatilization
Index/temperature curve v=f (T)；Wherein, v is volatilization total amount in unit surface area, unit interval, and T is
Temperature.
Specifically, SA1 is under non-power status, by electrolyte respectively in temperature T1、T2、T3、T4、
T5Lower holding t1Time, respectively record volatile quantity Mv1、Mv2、Mv3、Mv4、Mv5；By volatile quantity M divided by
Time is amassed divided by evaporation surface, i.e.Obtain evaporation rate v respectively1、v2、v3、v4、v5。
By solving T β=v, wherein,
A, b, c, d, e-value can be obtained, it is thus achieved that bent with the relation of temperature data matching based on electrolyte volatilization index
Line: v=aT4+bT3+cT2+dT1+e；Wherein, a, b, c, d, e are multinomial coefficient.Additionally, at this
In embodiment, T1It is 950 DEG C, T2It is 940 DEG C, T3It is 960 DEG C, T4It is 945 DEG C, T5It it is 955 DEG C.
Such as the relation curve that Fig. 5 is the present embodiment volatilization index and temperature.
In the present embodiment, step S2 is: density sensor gathers the sampling density of electrolyte and sends to control
Unit processed, temperature sensor gathers the sample temperature of electrolyte and sends to control unit.Sensor can set
Determine 1s～100s and transmit sampled data to control unit, in order to improve measuring accuracy, in the present embodiment, adopt
The sample cycle is 1s.
At the present embodiment, step S3 particularly as follows:
S31: extract nearest n sampling density ρ successivelyi, carry out digital filtering, willPoint filter；
Wherein, 1.2≤k≤2,1≤i≤n, n >=10；
S32: seek weighted mean according to sampling density after data filtering Wherein, n ' is data
Filtered data volume, 1≤j≤n '≤n, αjFor weight coefficient, αj=n '+1-j；It is noted that it is close
Degree solution density data of sensor collection per second, that more closes on measures the density value obtained closer to currently
Moment density value, so weight is the biggest.
S33: according to density/temperature curve Δ ρ=h (T), calculates described density compensation index Δ ρ；
S34: by weighted meanEquivalent density value ρ is obtained with density compensation index Δ ρ summation, its
In,
In the present embodiment, step S3 density of electrolyte data process.On the one hand sensor is because of environment and device
Factor and produce test abnormity point, data filtering Exception Filter sampled point, to improve measuring accuracy.The opposing party
Face, density of electrolyte is continually varying, the closer to present test data closer to existing density, its
Weight coefficient arranges higher, improves measuring accuracy.
In the present embodiment step S4, obtain equivalent density value ρ and concentration/density relationship song according to calculating
Line, can obtain alumina concentration value.
In step SA2 of the present embodiment, volatilization index vs time is quadratured and is multiplied by electrolysis by control unit
The surface area of liquid, it is thus achieved that electrolyte volatile quantity Mvol, Mvol=S ∫ f (T) dt, wherein S is the table of described electrolyte
Area；Owing to electrolysis bath electrolysis bath with used by model is set up of actual production is different, surface area is the most different, makes
Become rate of volatilization the most different, when calculating electrolyte volatile quantity, evaporation rate is quadratured and is multiplied by actual electrolysis again
The surface area of groove.
In the present embodiment step SA3 and S5: control unit according to electrolyte volatile quantity Mvol, put into and need to compensate
Solvent, control unit according to alumina concentration, controls slot control machine and feeds intake to electrolysis bath.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the present invention provides alumina concentration to monitor new method, is electrolysed by test
Liquid-tight degree, the relation curve conversion of density-concentration obtains alumina concentration, and carries out the control that feeds intake.Then
According to solution density and alumina concentration relation curve, obtain alumina concentration, feed intake the most again.With
Time, the alumina concentration control method that the present invention provides also includes the digital filtering method of sampling density with
And electrolyte volatilization compensation method, compared to prior art, can accurately and in real time control material input amount,
And reach accurately to control the purpose of alumina concentration.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention described in detail above.Should be appreciated that the ordinary skill of this area
Personnel just can make many modifications and variations according to the design of the present invention without creative work.Therefore, all
Technical staff passes through logical analysis the most on the basis of existing technology, pushes away in the art
Reason or the limited available technical scheme of experiment, all should be at the protection model being defined in the patent claims
In enclosing.
Claims (6)
1. an alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
S1: model is set up；Described model is set up and is included: set up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve, sets up
Density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve；
S2: density sensor gathers the sampling density of described electrolyte and sends to control unit；Temperature sensing
Device gathers the sample temperature of described electrolyte and sends to control unit；
S3: described control unit carries out digital filtering, Exception Filter collection point to described sampling density；Described
Control unit calculates the weighted mean of the described sampling density after filtering；Described control unit according to described density/
Temperature compensation curve, it is thus achieved that density compensation index；Described control unit calculates described density compensation index and institute
State density of electrolyte weighted mean sum, obtain equivalent density value；
S4: described control unit is according to described concentration/density relationship curve acquisition alumina concentration value；
S5: described control unit controls slot control machine according to described alumina concentration value and feeds intake to aluminium cell.
A kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, its feature
Be: described set up density of electrolyte/concentration relationship curve method be: under non-power status, to electrolysis bath
Put into raw material, be heated to electrolyte and be in molten condition, described electrolytic cell solution is controlled in the first temperature T1；
Persistently add aluminium oxide, and the total otal investment of Real-time Collection aluminium oxide and electrolyte gross mass, Real-time Collection electricity
Solve liquid-tight degree, set up described density/concentration relationship curve at the first temperature；Wherein, described aluminium oxide is dense
Degree is the ratio of the total input amount of aluminium oxide with electrolyte gross mass.
A kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, its feature
It is: the method setting up described density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve is: under non-power status, by aluminium oxide
Concentration controls under the first concentration, controls electrolyzer temperature from the second temperature T2It is changed to the 3rd temperature T3And it is real
Time gather electrolyte temperature and density of electrolyte thereof, set up described density of electrolyte/temperature under the first concentration and close
It is curve ρ=g (T)；Set up described density of electrolyte/temperature compensation curve under the first concentration
Δ ρ=h (T)=g (T)-g (T1)；Described Δ ρ is density compensation index, and described T is between T2、T3Between.
A kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, its feature
It is, the most also includes solvent volatilization compensation process；Described solvent volatilization compensation process includes:
SA1: set up electrolyte volatilization index/temperature curve v=f (T)；Wherein, v be unit surface area,
Volatilization total amount in unit interval, T is temperature；
Described volatilization index vs time is quadratured and is multiplied by the surface of described electrolyte by SA2: described control unit
Long-pending, it is thus achieved that electrolyte volatile quantity Mvol, Mvol=S ∫ f (T) dt, wherein S is the surface area of described electrolyte；
SA3: control unit is according to electrolyte volatile quantity MvolPut into solvent.
A kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, its feature
Being, described step SA1 is particularly as follows: under non-power status, by electrolyte respectively in temperature T1、T2、T3、
T4、T5Lower holding t1Time, respectively record volatile quantity Mv1、Mv2、Mv3、Mv4、Mv5；Removed by volatile quantity
Evaporation rate v is not obtained divided by evaporation surface integration with the time1、v2、v3、v4、v5；Electrolyte described in matching
Volatilization index and temperature data, it is thus achieved that relation curve: v=aT4+bT3+cT2+dT3+e；Wherein,
A, b, c, d, e are multinomial coefficient.
A kind of alumina concentration control method based on aluminium cell, its feature
Be: described step S3 particularly as follows:
S31: extract nearest n sampling density ρ successivelyi, carry out digital filtering, willPoint filter；
Wherein, 1.2≤k≤2,1≤i≤n, n >=10；
S32: seek weighted mean according to sampling density after data filtering Wherein, n ' is data
Filtered data volume, 1≤j≤n '≤n, αjFor weight coefficient, αj=n '+1-j；
S33: according to density/temperature curve Δ ρ=h (T), calculates described density compensation index Δ ρ；
S34: by described weighted meanEquivalent density value ρ is obtained with described density compensation index Δ ρ summation, its
In,
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| CN110441468A (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2019-11-12 | 青岛海湾集团有限公司 | The measuring method of calcium chloride solution calcium content during a kind of ammonia-soda process calcium chloride |
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| CN112465274B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2024-03-29 | 镇江龙源铝业有限公司 | Intelligent management system for production workshop |
| CN114351231A (en) * | 2022-01-04 | 2022-04-15 | 深圳技术大学 | Apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring the concentration of metal ions in an electrolyte |
| CN114351231B (en) * | 2022-01-04 | 2022-11-25 | 深圳技术大学 | Apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring the concentration of metal ions in an electrolyte |
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