CN105907912A - Vanadium extraction method - Google Patents
Vanadium extraction method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105907912A CN105907912A CN201610264551.8A CN201610264551A CN105907912A CN 105907912 A CN105907912 A CN 105907912A CN 201610264551 A CN201610264551 A CN 201610264551A CN 105907912 A CN105907912 A CN 105907912A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/02—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces
- C21B13/023—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces wherein iron or steel is obtained in a molten state
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
- C22B1/24—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating
- C22B1/2406—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating pelletizing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
- C22B1/24—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating
- C22B1/242—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating with binders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/20—Obtaining niobium, tantalum or vanadium
- C22B34/22—Obtaining vanadium
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a vanadium extraction method comprising a reduction process step and a melt preparation process step. The reduction process step includes the sub-steps that a mixture of vanadium-containing raw materials and reducing agent powder materials is loaded into a reduction reactor for reaction, and a metallic vanadium-containing material is obtained, wherein the reaction temperature ranges from 1000 DEG C to 1066 DEG C, and the reaction time ranges from 10 hours to 18 hours. The melt separation process step includes the sub-steps that the metallic vanadium-containing material is sent into an electric furnace for melt separation process, melted iron and vanadium-containing slag are obtained, and the vanadium-containing slag is used for vanadium extraction. According to the vanadium extraction method, the process including the reduction and melt separation steps is adopted for vanadium extraction operation; by controlling the reduction temperature within the range of 1000-1066 DEG C, the reduction reaction participation rate of non-vanadium metal components in the vanadium-containing raw materials can be larger than 90%, and the reduction reaction participation rate of vanadium-containing components can be smaller than 10%; and therefore, the purity of the obtained melted iron and the grade of vanadium-containing products are high, and economic benefits are considerable.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to metal smelt technical field, be specifically related to a kind of extraction vanadium method.
Background technology
Be presently used for producing the process for extracting vanadium containing vanadium material, it is thus achieved that containing vanadium in vanadium material generally and other valuable metal elements
Coexist, the impact quality containing vanadium material, or due to technique own characteristic and technological parameter problem, cause vanadium to enter metal bath,
Making to produce the flow process containing vanadium material to complicate, cost increases, and vanadium recovery rate significantly reduces, and the metallization melt impurity simultaneously obtained contains
Amount height, economic benefit is the best.
The some drawbacks of these existing process for extracting vanadium is: (1) recovery rate containing vanadium material is low, only 70~80%;(2) stream
Journey is long, complex manufacturing;(3) economic benefit is the best, and part is difficult to scale, industrialized production.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of extraction vanadium method, at least can solve the segmental defect of prior art.
The present embodiments relate to a kind of extraction vanadium method, comprise the steps:
Step one, will include in mixed material containing vanadium raw materials and reducing agent powder loads reduction reactor carry out anti-
Should, obtain the material Han vanadium that metallizes;Wherein, reaction temperature in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, the response time 10~18h;
Step 2, metallization material Han vanadium is delivered to electric furnace in carry out molten divisional processing, obtain molten iron and the slag Han vanadium, molten containing vanadium
Slag is used for vanadium extraction.
In step one, reaction temperature controls in the range of 1050~1055 DEG C.
As one of embodiment, described reduction reactor is shaft furnace.
As one of embodiment, described shaft furnace includes a combustor and at least one reduction room, and each described reduction room is the most perpendicular
Direct puncture is located on described combustor, and the top of each described reduction room is enclosed and set in the inner by described combustor;Each described reduction ceiling
Portion is equipped with charge door, is equipped with discharge gate bottom each described reduction room;In step one, described mixed material is laid in each described
Reduction indoor.
As one of embodiment, described mixed material is formed by containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing and reducing agent powder, wherein, and reducing agent
The proportioning of powder is 30~70wt%.
As one of embodiment, the described preparation process containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing is: will contain vanadium raw materials and mix with addition of binding agent
Pelletize obtains raw material pelletizing, and wherein, the proportioning of binding agent is 1~3wt%, and is dried raw material pelletizing.
As one of embodiment, described containing vanadium raw materials be include 0.78~0.95wt% V2O5, 56~67wt%
Fe2O3And TFe is at the high vanadium material of 60~65wt%.
As one of embodiment, in step 2, metallization is delivered in electric furnace containing vanadium material in the way of hot supply, supply temperature
Degree is at 400~600 DEG C.
The embodiment of the present invention at least achieves following beneficial effect: the present invention uses and comprises reduction-molten technique step by step
Carry out vanadium extraction operation, by reduction temperature being controlled in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, can make containing vanadium metal non-in vanadium raw materials
Component participates in reduction reaction rate>90%, and participate in reduction reaction rate<10%, thus the metal that reduction reaction obtains containing vanadium component
Change the material degree of metalization Han vanadium and may be up to more than 90%, available high-purity molten iron and the slag of high vanadium content, vanadium recovery after molten point
Up to more than 90%, the molten iron purity i.e. obtained and the grade containing vanadium product are the highest, economic benefits.
Accompanying drawing explanation
In order to be illustrated more clearly that the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
In having technology to describe, the required accompanying drawing used is briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawing in describing below is only this
Some embodiments of invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, it is also possible to
Other accompanying drawing is obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
The schematic diagram of the extraction vanadium method that Fig. 1 provides for the embodiment of the present invention;
The main TV structure schematic diagram of the shaft furnace that Fig. 2 provides for embodiment two;
The plan structure schematic diagram of the shaft furnace that Fig. 3 provides for embodiment two.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Describe, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the present invention rather than whole embodiments wholely.Based on
Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art obtained on the premise of not making creative work all its
Its embodiment, broadly falls into the scope of protection of the invention.
Embodiment one
Such as Fig. 1, the present embodiments relate to a kind of extraction vanadium method, mainly include reduction and melt step by step, particularly as follows:
Step one, will include in mixed material containing vanadium raw materials and reducing agent powder 2 loads reduction reactor 3 carry out anti-
Should, react for a long time through high temperature and obtain metallization containing vanadium material 4.Wherein, reaction temperature is in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, to control
Reduction reaction rate is participated in containing non-vanadium metal component in vanadium raw materials>90%, and participate in reduction reaction rate<10% containing vanadium component;Reaction
Time 10~18h.The further preferred scope of above-mentioned reaction temperature is 1050~1055 DEG C, it is ensured that participate in reaction containing vanadium component
Rate < 1%.
Step 2, metallization is delivered to electric furnace 5 containing vanadium material 4 in carry out molten divisional processing, obtain molten iron 6 and containing vanadium slag 7, contain
Vanadium slag 7 is for vanadium extraction.Wherein, it is preferably in the electric furnace 5 of weak oxide atmosphere, carries out molten divisional processing, to avoid in step one
The metal obtained through reduction reaction is the most oxidized.Owing to step one participating in reduction reaction containing non-vanadium metal component in vanadium raw materials
Rate>90%, and containing vanadium component participate in reduction reaction rate<10%, therefore, through melting after divisional processing, high-purity molten iron 6, molten iron 6 can be obtained
The content of middle ferrum element is up to more than 99.5%, optimum up to 99.9%, and the response rate of vanadium is up to more than 90%, and optimum vanadium returns
Yield is up to more than 99%.
Continue above-mentioned extraction vanadium method, and for being connected between step one with step 2, i.e. metallization is anti-by reduction containing vanadium material 4
Answer device 3 to supply the process to electric furnace 5, can be cold conditions supply or hot supply, the most hot supply, can shortened process
And the saving energy, improve PROCESS FOR TREATMENT efficiency.The above-mentioned metallization supplying temperature containing the hot supply of vanadium material 4 is at 400~600 DEG C.
Continue above-mentioned extraction vanadium method, and in step one, described mixed material is by containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing 1 and reducing agent powder 2 groups
Become, will contain after vanadium raw materials pelletizing 1 mixes with reducing agent powder 2 and add in above-mentioned reduction reactor 3.Wherein, reducing agent powder 2
Proportioning be 30~70wt%, the percentage by weight that i.e. reducing agent powder 2 is shared in mixed material 30~70%, above-mentioned also
The powder that former dose of powder 2 uses substrate to be carbon, wherein carbon content is 60~85wt%.The above-mentioned preparation containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing 1
Cheng Wei: will contain vanadium raw materials and obtain raw material pelletizing 1 with addition of binding agent mixing pelletize, wherein, the proportioning of binding agent is 1~3wt%, and
Raw material pelletizing 1 is dried.Certainly, said mixture material adds after may be used without mixing with reducing agent powder 2 containing vanadium raw materials
Binding agent pelletize.
Preferably using high vanadium material containing vanadium raw materials employed in the present embodiment, this high vanadium material includes 0.78~0.95wt%
V2O5, 56~the Fe of 67wt%2O3And TFe is 60~65wt%, surplus is by TiO2、SiO2、Al2O3, CaO, MgO, C, P, S etc.
Composition.
Embodiment two
The present embodiments relate to a kind of extraction vanadium method, the concrete steps of the method and technological parameter and phase in embodiment one
With, specifically repeat no more, wherein, the reduction reactor 3 that the present embodiment is used is shaft furnace 3.Above-mentioned shaft furnace 3 be preferably use every
The shaft furnace 3 of flame heating, i.e. reduction room is separately independently arranged with combustor, and muffle heating can ensure to reduce indoor reducing gas and be distributed
Uniformly, reduction process degree of controllability is high, is effectively improved reduction reaction efficiency.
Such as Fig. 2-Fig. 3, in the present embodiment, it is provided that the shaft furnace 3 of a kind of muffle heating, including a combustor 302 and at least
Individual reduction room 301, each described reduction room 301 is the most vertically arranged on described combustor 302, and described combustor 302 is by each described
The top of reduction room 301 is enclosed and is set in the inner;Top, each described reduction room 301 is equipped with charge door, bottom each described reduction room 301
It is equipped with discharge gate.In step one, described mixed material is uniformly laid in each described reduction indoor.
The horizontal cross-section of each described reduction room 301 is rounded or square, preferably circular, with edge in raising reduction room 301
The temperature homogeneity in the most each region, thus improve the uniformity of reduction reaction.Described combustor 302 furnace wall is circumferentially arranged with many
Individual burner 303, each described burner 303 is all supplied by gas main 305 and combustion air house steward 306, by combustor 302
Gas-fired produces heat and provides direct reduction reactor institute calorific requirement for each reduction room 301;For reducing in ensureing each reduction room 301
The uniformity that reaction is carried out, to ensure the greater homogeneity of product, each reduction room 301 becomes array to arrange in combustor 302, when
So, can respectively reduce the discharge velocity of room 301 according to the extent control that reaction in each reduction room 301 is carried out, as near combustor 302
The discharge velocity of each reduction room 301 of furnace wall can be fast compared with the discharge velocity of the reduction room 301 being positioned at combustor 302 central region.
Being equipped with gas exit on each described reduction room 301, each described gas exit is respectively positioned on described combustor 302
Side;As preferably, each described gas exit is all connected with described gas main 305 by branch gas tube, is produced each reduction room 301
Raw coal gas is introduced to burning in combustor 302, provides heat for follow-up direct reduction reactor.Further, each described coal gas
Arm is connected to gas dust remover, and the port of export of described gas dust remover is connected with described gas main 305, i.e. to reduction room
The coal gas drawn in 301 is re-fed into burning to combustor 302 after carrying out dedusting, can improve combustion efficiency, it is ensured that combustor 302
The service life of burner 303;Gas dust remover uses existing cleaner unit, such as cyclone dust extractor etc..
The heat conductivity of bottom, described reduction room 301 furnace wall refractory material is compared with the heat conductivity of top furnace wall refractory material
Low;I.e. reduction top, room 301 furnace wall uses the refractory material laying that heat-conductive characteristic is good, to improve combustor 302 and reduction room
Heat-transfer effect between 301, improves reduction reaction speed, and reduction bottom, room 301 furnace wall uses common refractory material laying, right
Pelletizing after reduction reaction carries out being incubated slow cooling.
Embodiment three
Above-mentioned extraction vanadium method is further described by the present embodiment.
In the present embodiment, carry out the reduction under different Reduction parameter-molten point operation with the experiment carrying out vanadium extraction.Wherein,
Experiment condition is as follows:
Use is high vanadium material containing vanadium raw materials, and this high vanadium material includes: the V of 0.8~0.9wt%2O5, 60~66wt%
Fe2O3, the FeO of 25~28wt%, TFe are 60~65wt%, 2.9~the TiO of 3.6wt%2, the SiO of 4.01~4.82wt%2,
The Al of 2.11~2.59wt%2O3, surplus includes the microcomponents such as CaO, MgO, C, P, S;
The reducing agent powder 2 percentage by weight shared by mixed material is all about 50%;
Reduction reactor 3 all uses the shaft furnace 3 that the muffle provided in embodiment two heats.
Table 1 below shows that different reduction temperature and the metallization that under the different recovery time, reduction reaction is obtained contain vanadium material 4
The degree of metalization of (metallization that in the most above-mentioned extraction vanadium method, step one is obtained contains vanadium material 4):
Table 1 direct reduction reactor parameter and reduction result table
Table 2 below shows metallization that above-mentioned reduction reaction the obtained composition containing the molten iron 6 obtained after molten point of vanadium material 4:
Table 2 hot metal composition detection table
Experiment numbers | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Fe | Ti | V |
1 | 0.2641 | 0.0637 | 0.0205 | 0.0041 | 0.0137 | 98.6345 | 0.0026 | 0.4109 |
2 | 0.2701 | 0.0579 | 0.0288 | 0.004 | 0.0143 | 98.7712 | 0.0035 | 0.4602 |
3 | 0.2106 | 0.0377 | 0.0216 | 0.0042 | 0.0139 | 99.2623 | 0.0041 | 0.251 |
4 | 0.1692 | 0.0072 | 0.0063 | 0.0036 | 0.0099 | 99.6528 | 0.0027 | 0.1018 |
5 | 0.0079 | 0.0016 | 0.0091 | 0.004 | 0.0075 | 99.7609 | <0.001 | 0.037 |
6 | 0.0065 | <0.001 | 0.0034 | 0.0040 | 0.0100 | 99.9253 | 0.0014 | 0.0049 |
7 | 0.0092 | 0.0021 | 0.0050 | 0.0045 | 0.0126 | 99.899 | <0.001 | 0.0128 |
8 | 0.0085 | <0.001 | 0.0061 | 0.0035 | 0.0087 | 99.8701 | 0.0011 | 0.0025 |
9 | 0.0112 | 0.0025 | 0.0117 | 0.0042 | 0.0029 | 99.852 | 0.0013 | 0.0016 |
10 | 0.0623 | 0.023 | 0.0169 | 0.0034 | 0.0177 | 99.7036 | 0.0065 | 0.0313 |
11 | 0.0573 | 0.0515 | 0.021 | 0.0057 | 0.0082 | 99.7721 | 0.0016 | 0.0672 |
12 | 0.1133 | 0.0621 | 0.0165 | 0.0049 | 0.0137 | 99.6037 | 0.0044 | 0.1365 |
13 | 0.1265 | 0.0716 | 0.0310 | 0.0052 | 0.0057 | 99.6111 | 0.0028 | 0.1155 |
14 | 0.1916 | 0.0852 | 0.0177 | 0.0063 | 0.0051 | 99.4692 | 0.0032 | 0.2102 |
15 | 0.2015 | 0.0721 | 0.0255 | 0.0041 | 0.0063 | 99.3305 | 0.0071 | 0.3061 |
16 | 0.2876 | 0.0508 | 0.0272 | 0.0044 | 0.0049 | 99.0522 | 0.0023 | 0.5088 |
Table 3 below shows that the metallization that above-mentioned reduction reaction is obtained divides rear v element at slag 7 and molten iron containing vanadium material 4 is molten
Distribution situation in 6:
Table 3 v element distribution situation table in slag with molten iron
Experiment numbers | Total vanadium amount/g | Molten iron vanadium content/g | Slag vanadium content/g | Distribution proportion/% in slag | V in slag2O5/ % |
1 | 1.88 | 0.01 | 1.87 | 99.7 | 5.98 |
2 | 1.92 | 0.02 | 1.90 | 99.2 | 5.87 |
3 | 1.76 | 0.01 | 1.75 | 99.5 | 5.92 |
4 | 1.77 | 0.01 | 1.76 | 99.2 | 5.77 |
5 | 1.85 | 0.01 | 1.84 | 99.4 | 5.89 |
6 | 1.74 | 0.02 | 1.72 | 99 | 5.03 |
7 | 2.01 | 0.07 | 1.94 | 96.5 | 5.55 |
8 | 1.96 | 0.04 | 1.93 | 98.2 | 5.49 |
9 | 2.07 | 0.05 | 2.02 | 97.4 | 5.72 |
10 | 2.01 | 0.13 | 1.88 | 93.6 | 4.37 |
11 | 1.82 | 0.10 | 1.72 | 94.4 | 4.3 |
12 | 1.95 | 0.21 | 1.74 | 89.2 | 4.35 |
13 | 2.03 | 0.20 | 1.83 | 90 | 4.61 |
14 | 1.79 | 0.47 | 1.32 | 73.5 | 4.16 |
15 | 1.81 | 0.59 | 1.22 | 67.5 | 3.89 |
16 | 1.82 | 1.07 | 0.75 | 41.2 | 3.3 |
By above-mentioned table 1 it can be seen that prolongation recovery time and raising reduction temperature all can improve the metallization of reduzate
Rate.The experimental data of contrast 6# and 7#, identical at reduction temperature, only extend in the case of recovery time 1.5h, reduzate gold
Belong to rate and improve about 5%.The experimental data of contrast 6#, 7# and 16#, reduction temperature essentially identical in the recovery time improves 100
In the case of DEG C, reduzate degree of metalization significantly improves, and 16# improves about 9% compared to 6# reduzate degree of metalization.Can
Seeing, prolongation recovery time and raising reduction temperature all can improve the degree of metalization of reduzate, and reduction temperature is to reduzate gold
The raising effect belonging to rate is the most notable.
By above-mentioned table 2 it can be seen that molten iron 6 material obtained after molten point is the highest, iron content substantially 99% with
On, P, S content is the most relatively low, is the quality raw materials preparing high-purity iron block.The molten iron 6 purity height obtained is primarily due to based on above-mentioned
The coal base shaft furnace 3 of muffle heating carries out reduction treatment, under the conditions of reduction temperature controls in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, can have
Effect reduced iron, suppresses the reduction of Si, Mn, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, B etc. simultaneously so that the impurity content in molten iron 6 after molten point
Relatively low;Wherein, reduction temperature to be controlled the better processing effect when 1050~1055 DEG C.
By upper table 3 it can be seen that improving and the prolongation of recovery time with reduction temperature, after molten point, vanadium is in molten iron 6
Distribution gradually increases, and when reason is to improve reduction temperature, prolongation recovery time, part vanadium is reduced in reduction process, and ferrum,
Vanadium character is similar, and during follow-up molten point, vanadium enters in molten iron 6.Simultaneously it can be seen that 1050 DEG C (experiment numbers 6#) are vanadium
The critical condition whether reduced;Reduction temperature is notable to the reduction of vanadium, when temperature is more than 1050 DEG C, will make containing vanadium raw materials
Vanadium in (high vanadium material) is reduced in a large number, continues to improve reduction temperature, can make to be completely reduced containing vanadium in vanadium raw materials;Extend reduction
Time certain facilitation the most original to vanadium, but facilitation is big not as the effect improving reduction temperature.
To sum up, being controlled by reduction temperature in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, the recovery time controls, in 10~18h, can obtain
The reduzate of higher metal rate, simultaneously can effective reduced iron, suppression Si, Mn, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, B etc. and also
Former, it is ensured that ferrum separates with vanadium, thus high-purity molten iron can be obtained after reduzate is carried out molten divisional processing, vanadium is the most complete
Portion can enter slag, it is ensured that the response rate of vanadium.Wherein, reduction temperature is controlled treatment effect when 1050~1055 DEG C more
Good.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all essences in the present invention
Within god and principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. made, should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. an extraction vanadium method, it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
Step one, react including in mixed material containing vanadium raw materials and reducing agent powder loads reduction reactor,
To metallization material Han vanadium;Wherein, reaction temperature in the range of 1000~1066 DEG C, the response time 10~18h;
Step 2, metallization material Han vanadium is delivered to electric furnace in carry out molten divisional processing, obtain molten iron and the slag Han vanadium, containing vanadium slag use
In vanadium extraction.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step one, reaction temperature control 1050~
In the range of 1055 DEG C.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described reduction reactor is shaft furnace.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: described shaft furnace includes that a combustor is with at least one also
Former room, each described reduction room is the most vertically arranged on described combustor, and the top of each described reduction room is enclosed and set by described combustor
In the inner;Each described reduction ceiling portion is equipped with charge door, is equipped with discharge gate bottom each described reduction room;
In step one, described mixed material is laid in each described reduction indoor.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described mixed material is by containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing and reduction
Agent powder forms, and wherein, the proportioning of reducing agent powder is 30~70wt%.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the described preparation process containing vanadium raw materials pelletizing is: will
Obtaining raw material pelletizing containing vanadium raw materials with addition of binding agent mixing pelletize, wherein, the proportioning of binding agent is 1~3wt%, and to raw material ball
Group is dried.
7. according to the extraction vanadium method described in claim 1 or 6, it is characterised in that: described containing vanadium raw materials for include 0.78~
The V of 0.95wt%2O5, 56~the Fe of 67wt%2O3And TFe is at the high vanadium material of 60~65wt%.
Extraction vanadium method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 2, metallization contains vanadium material with hot supply
Mode deliver in electric furnace, supplying temperature is at 400~600 DEG C.
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Cited By (2)
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