CN105874958B - 一种污泥蚓粪改良土壤的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种利用污泥蚓粪进行土壤改良的方法,该方法包括:1)将风干过筛后的干污泥蚓粪与农田耕作土壤按照一定的质量比例混合均匀,在对应的比例上分别种植相同的植物,每个比例设置三个平行,记录最终收获的植物生物量,由生物量确定污泥蚓粪最佳施加比例。2)按污泥蚓粪最佳施加比例,将干污泥蚓粪施加到农田土壤中人工混合均匀,并采集空白土壤,蚓粪及混合基质进行物化检测。该方法是利用污泥蚓粪中的有机物,氮,磷等营养物质实现土壤的快速改良,经济高效,生态安全性高,易于操作。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物生态修复技术领域,涉及到污泥的生物处理技术,特别涉及到污泥蚓粪农用过程中的一种污泥蚓粪对土壤的方法。
背景技术
2014年我国年产含水率为80%的污泥2500万吨,在已建成的污水处理厂中有污泥稳定设施的不到四分之一,规划2015年污泥的总生产量突破3500万吨,预计到2020年,我国污泥生产量将超过6000万吨。所以在污水处理工艺及技术已日臻完善的今天,污泥处理的重要性也日渐突出,也成为了污水处理的难点和瓶颈。污泥处理的途径主要有减量化,无害化,稳定化和资源化。对于污泥的资源化利用至今缺乏足够的市场驱动力,绝大多数污水处理厂缺乏污泥处置的设施和手段,大量污泥随意外运,简单填埋或堆放,致使许多城市污泥围城。蚯蚓堆肥作为一种经济高效的污泥处理方法,能够实现污泥的资源化。蚓粪作为一种高效有机肥,不仅能够改善土壤的理化性质,同时为植物提供必要的营养元素如:N,P,K等。
随着我国经济发展的不断加快,城市生活和工业污泥已经成为我国环境方面的重要难题,目前对于污泥蚓粪中重金属对植物生长影响的研究主要侧重于实验室条件下机理的研究,而在自然条件下,污泥蚓粪田间土地利用的研究还相对匮乏,所以我们从应用的角度出发,探索实现污泥蚓粪田间应用的方案与技术,为污泥蚓粪这一高效有机肥的应用提供理论依据和技术支持。污泥蚓粪农用是城市污泥资源化的体现,能够实现污泥这一固体废物再次资源化利用,减少和降低污泥对环境生态和人类健康的风险。污泥蚓粪作为有机肥施用于农田是污泥蚓粪研究的最终目标,也是实验室污泥蚓粪研究最终价值的体现。
传统的剩余污泥处置方式主要有填埋、焚烧和农业利用等,目前在我国填埋占63.06%,焚烧占1.80%,农业利用占13.51%,在各类处置方法中,土地利用是最有潜力的污泥处置方式,该方法使污泥重新参与生态系统的物质循环,不但费用低廉、消纳量也大,而且可以有效利用污泥中有用的营养物质。
蚯蚓分解污泥的研究起源于20世纪70年代,早期对蚯蚓的运用主要是处理城市生活垃圾等有机废弃物。Hartenstein等将利用蚯蚓分解处理污泥的方法称为蚯蚓堆肥或蚯蚓生物分解处理技术[Hartenstein R,Hartenstein F.Physicochemical changeseffected in activated sludge by the earthworm Eisenia foetida[J].Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,1981,10(3):377-381.]。S.Hait等研究表明将污泥堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥结合起来可以明显提高土壤中溶解性氮,总磷,溶解性磷的含量[Hait S,TareV.Transformation and availability of nutrients and heavy metals duringintegrated composting–vermicomposting of sewage sludges[J].Ecotoxicology andenvironmental safety,2012,79:214-224]。Kwon等研究表明蚓粪施用于土壤后,能够增强土壤对营养物质的持有能力,提高土壤通透性和排水能力,有利于植物根系的生长[Kwon YT,Lee C W,Yun J H.Development of vermicast from sludge and powdered oystershell[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2009,17(7):708-711]。袁绍春研究发现蚯蚓粪结构松散、孔隙率高、团粒结构丰富,说明蚯蚓处理显著提高了污泥的回收利用价值,蚯蚓粪中大量腐殖酸、磷酸盐、铵盐、钾盐及其他无机离子进入土壤是提高土壤肥力主要因素[袁绍春.蚯蚓处理污水污泥工艺及蚯蚓粪土地利用研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.5]。
蚯蚓不仅能够影响污泥的物理性质,而且还能够影响污泥化学性质及组成,相比于原始污泥,污泥蚓粪中的重金属含量明显降低。S.Suthar等研究发现,将造纸厂和纸浆工业产生的污泥与牛粪混合,并用赤子爱胜蚓进行生物堆肥,堆肥产品(蚓粪)中镉,铬,铜,铅的含量明显减少,蚓粪基质的总氮,有效磷和有效钾的含量也有所提高[Suthar S,SajwanP,Kumar K.Vermiremediation of heavy metals in wastewater sludge from paperand pulp industry using earthworm Eisenia fetida[J].Ecotoxicology andenvironmental safety,2014,09:177-184]。Hobbelen等指出蚯蚓通过身体的积累可以富集高浓度的重金属[Hobbelen P H F,Koolhaas J E,Van Gestel C A M.Bioaccumulationof heavy metals in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodeacaliginosa in relation to total and available metal concentrations in fieldsoils[J].Environmental pollution,2006,144(2):639-646]。徐轶群等研究表明,污泥经过蚯蚓处理,重金属含量均出现不同程度的减少。6种重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少27.98%、31.46%、32.81%、13.85%、23.86%和22.92%,降低了污泥农用的风险[徐轶群等.蚯蚓活动对城市生活污泥重金属的影响[N].农业环境学学报,2010,29(12):2431-2435]。徐轶群研究发现经蚯蚓处理后的污泥其理化性质、营养成分、酶活性、重金属及其形态都会产生影响。蚯蚓处理使污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和电导率等都有不同程度的降低。蚯蚓能够吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力;蚯蚓对Cd的生物富集系数高于其他重金属。蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属的量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少28.0%、31.5%、32.8%、13.9%,23.9%和22.9%[徐轶群.城市生活污泥的蚯蚓堆肥特性及其对植物生长的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010.12]。项亮等研究表明腐殖酸与重金属Cu(Ⅱ)的络合作用明显,蚯蚓滤池处理出泥腐殖酸的络合容量相对进泥有所增加,可溶性铜离子含量降低,可减少被作物吸收的风险[项亮等.蚯蚓生物处理对剩余污泥腐殖酸特性的影响[J].环境化学,2014,33(9)]。
发明内容
本发明要解决污泥蚓粪农用的技术问题,提供一种污泥蚓粪改良土壤的方法,该方法能够得到污泥蚓粪改良土壤的最佳施加比例和污泥蚓粪在农用过程中具体操作。
为了达到上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种污泥蚓粪改良土壤的方法,具体包括以下步骤:
第一步,选择最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例
1.1将新鲜的污泥蚓粪与土壤平铺于铺设有塑料膜或水泥等硬质地面上,自然状态下风干,将风干的污泥蚓粪与土壤粉碎过筛后得到风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤。
1.2取少量风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤,计算二者含水率,由含水率得到风干污泥蚓粪与风干土壤的烘干重。
1.3将风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤按比例混合为均匀的混合基质;所述比例由1.2步中二者的烘干重计算得到,风干污泥蚓粪的烘干重占混合基质总重量的0%,10%,30%,50%,70%,100%。
1.4在含有不同比例风干污泥蚓粪的混合基质上种植相同的植物,植物成熟后,用自来水将植物冲洗干净,晾干表面水分后称取植物的生物量,生物量最大的植物对应的比例为最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例。每个比例设置三个平行实验。
第二步,改良土壤
2.1测量少量的土壤的自然密度和自然含水率,由自然密度和自然含水率得到自然状态下土壤的烘干重。测量方法具体为:自然条件下,采集一定体积的土壤,去除其中的杂草枯枝等杂物并称重,计算得到土壤的自然密度,取一定质量的土壤在105℃条件下烘干至恒重,计算得到土壤的自然含水率。
2.2由第一步1.4得到的最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例和2.1步中自然状态下土壤的烘干重,计算得到一定体积的土壤中风干污泥蚓粪的施加量;将风干污泥蚓粪加到土壤中,混合均匀后种植植物。
2.3采集空白土壤和干污泥蚓粪及土壤的混合均匀的混合基质,对二者进行检测,检测指标包括总有机质,酸碱度,电导率,总氮和有效磷。对比空白土壤及混合后基质中的各个指标的值,评估污泥蚓粪对土壤的改良效果。
污泥蚓粪是经蚯蚓稳定化后的产物,经过蚯蚓的处理,污泥中的重金属会在蚯蚓分泌的粘液中固定,同时蚯蚓也能够富集污泥中的重金属,与污泥直接农用相比,污泥经蚯蚓活化处理后(蚓粪)农用能够降低污泥中重金属在植物体内的富集,从而降低污泥农用的生态风险。
本发明的有益效果为:1)具有首创性,从有关文献来看,在野外农耕条件下,专门将污泥蚓粪作为一种土壤改良剂施加到农田土壤中还未涉及。2)针对性强,该实验是以农耕土作为改良的对象,以污泥蚓粪作为改良剂,可快速实现污泥蚓粪对农耕土的改良和评价污泥蚓粪对改良后土壤的经济效益。3)方法简单,可操作性强,该方法只需将污泥蚓粪风干后过筛,再与农田耕作土壤混匀即可完成对土壤的改良,步骤简单,易于操作。4)具有经济效益,从最后生物量对比可以明显看出,施加污泥蚓粪的实验组,其植物的生物量明显高于未施加蚓粪的空白对照组,大大提高了污泥农用的经济效益。5)生态安全性高,将污泥蚓粪作为一种土壤改良剂,在提高了经济效益的同时,也实现了污泥蚓粪固废的资源化利用,降低了环境生态风险。
附图说明
图1是在实验室条件下,混合基质中不同比例的污泥蚓粪对应的植物生物量;
图2是空白土壤,蚓粪和10%混合基质中有机质的含量;
图3是空白土壤和10%混合基质中总氮的含量;
图4是空白土壤,蚓粪和10%混合基质中有效磷的含量;
图中10%的混合基质表示污泥蚓粪在混合基质中的比例为10%。
具体实施方式
第一步,蚓粪比例的选择:
①在实验室条件下,将新鲜的污泥蚓粪与农田土壤平铺于铺设有塑料膜或水泥等硬质地面上,自然状态下风干三周,将风干的污泥蚓粪与农田土壤粉碎过筛后得到风干污泥蚓粪和风干农田土壤。
②取一定质量的风干污泥蚓粪和风干农田土壤,在105℃条件下烘干至恒重,计算二者含水率,由含水率得到风干污泥蚓粪与风干农田土壤的烘干重。
③将风干污泥蚓粪和风干农田土壤按比例混合为均匀的混合基质;所述比例由②步中二者的烘干重计算得到,风干污泥蚓粪的烘干重占混合基质总重量的0%,10%,30%,50%,70%,100%。
④在对应的比例上种植生菜,每盆生菜种植30粒种子,播撒均匀。每个比例设置三个平行实验,在生菜生长过程中,每天观察植物的生长状况并浇洒适量的水。将最终收获的植物用自来水洗冲洗干净,在阴凉处将表面的水分晾干后称取生物量。最终发现10%的蚓粪比例所收获的生物量最大。
最终选择的风干污泥蚓粪污泥蚓粪施加的比例为污泥蚓粪:土壤=1:9
第二步,农田土壤的改良:
①测量少量的农田土壤的自然密度和自然含水率,由自然密度和自然含水率得到自然状态下农田土壤的烘干重。测量方法具体为:自然条件下,10cm×10cm×20cm体积的农田土壤,去除其中的杂草枯枝等杂物并称重,计算得到农田土壤的自然密度,取一定质量的农田土壤在105℃条件下烘干至恒重,计算得到农田土壤的自然含水率。
②由第一步中④得到的最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例和第二步中①自然状态下农田土壤的烘干重,计算得到一定体积农田土壤的风干污泥蚓粪的施加量;将风干污泥蚓粪加到农田土壤中,混合均匀后种植植物。
③采集空白农田土壤和干污泥蚓粪及农田土壤的混合均匀的混合基质,对二者进行检测,检测指标包括总有机质,酸碱度,电导率,总氮和有效磷。施加污泥蚓粪后,相比于空白土壤,10%混合基质的有机质含量增加了1.3倍,土壤的总氮含量增加了1.1倍,土壤中有效磷的含量增加了近7.5倍,重金属含量均未超过GB4284-84中所规定的限值。
Claims (1)
1.一种污泥蚓粪改良土壤的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
第一步,选择最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例
1.1)将新鲜的污泥蚓粪和土壤自然状态下风干,粉碎过筛后得到风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤;所述的污泥蚓粪是经蚯蚓稳定化处理后的产物;
1.2)计算一定量风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤的含水率,得到风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤的烘干重;
1.3)将风干污泥蚓粪和风干土壤按比例混合为均匀的混合基质,风干污泥蚓粪的烘干重占混合基质总重量的0%,10%,30%,50%,70%,100%;
1.4)在含有不同比例风干污泥蚓粪的混合基质上种植相同的植物,植物成熟后,称取植物的生物量,生物量最大的植物对应的比例为最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例;其中,10%的蚓粪比例所收获的生物量最大;
第二步,改良土壤
2.1)测量自然状态下土壤的自然密度和自然含水率,得到土壤的烘干重;
2.2)由第一步1.4)得到的最佳风干污泥蚓粪施加比例和2.1)步中自然状态下土壤的烘干重,计算得到一定体积的土壤中风干污泥蚓粪的施加量;将风干污泥蚓粪加到土壤中,混合均匀后种植植物;
2.3)采集空白农田土壤和干污泥蚓粪及农田土壤的混合基质,检测二者的总有机质、酸碱度、电导率、总氮和有效磷,评估污泥蚓粪对土壤的改良效果;施加污泥蚓粪后,相比于空白农田土壤,10%混合基质的有机质含量增加了1.3倍,土壤的总氮含量增加了1.1倍,土壤中有效磷的含量增加了近7.5倍,重金属含量均未超过GB4284-84中所规定的限值。
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