CN105853399B - Application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis - Google Patents
Application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis.Specifically application of the patchouli alcohol in preparing the drug for treating various types chronic gastritis based on NO pathway in cultured.The drug is made of patchouli alcohol and medically acceptable auxiliary material, wherein containing 1~1000mg of patchouli alcohol or hundred autumn Lee's oil 10%~100% in per daily amount of formulation.Patchouli alcohol of the present invention has the function of that various chronic gastritis, the mechanism of resisting chronic gastritis are related with nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide generation is inhibited.Therefore, patchouli alcohol is expected to become by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide to generate, and to play the role for the treatment of the drug of various chronic gastritis, has excellent application prospect in terms of the drug development of chronic gastritis.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to pharmaceutical technology field, be related to patchouli alcohol pharmaceutical technology field new application.More specifically, relating to
And application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis.
Background technology
Chronic gastritis means various chronic stomach lining inflammatory lesions caused by different pathogeny, is a kind of common disease, morbidity
Rate ranks first in various stomach trouble.In clinical manifestation, chronic gastritis lacks specific symptom, the weight of symptom and the disease of stomach lining
Change degree is simultaneously non-uniform.Often indigestion symptom such as upper abdomen secret anguish, appetite asymptomatic or that have degree different subtract most patient
It moves back, post-prandial fullness, sour regurgitation etc..Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Patients can have anaemia, become thin, glossitis, diarrhea etc., and individuals patients are with mucous membrane
Rotten to the corn person's epigastric pain is more apparent, and can have bleeding, such as spitting blood, melena.Symptom usually recurrent exerbation, irregularities abdominal pain, pain
Often arise in feeding process or postprandial, most to be not fixed positioned at upper abdomen, navel week, some patientss position, less serious case's intermittence
Secret anguish or dull pain, severe patient are violent angina.Currently, therapy mainly eliminates the cause of disease and drug therapy.(1)Eliminate disease
Cause:The various factors that may be caused a disease are dispelled, such as avoid feeding the diet and drug for having strong stimulation to stomach lining, smoking cessation is given up alcohol;Note
Meaning dietetic hygiene, prevents from eating and drinking immoderately.Active treatment mouth, nose, pharyngeal chronic disease.Reinforce taking exercise and improves fitness;It should
Mode is preventive, and patient is difficult to adhere to, and curative effect is poor;(2)Drug therapy:When panic attacks can use atropine,
Pro-banthine, belladonna mixture etc..Gastric hyperacidity can use PPI proton pump inhibitors such as Rabeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole
H2 receptor blocker such as cimetidine, ranitidine, aluminium hydroxide amine etc. can be used Deng, patients whose symptoms were less severe;Gastric anacidity or anacidity
Person can give 1% dilute hydrochloric acid or Pepsin Mixture, can add with digestants such as pancreatin tablets, polyzyme tablets with indigestion person;Stomach
Mucous membrane biopsy finds that helicobacter pylori person adds antibiosis extract for treating;The apparent person of bile regurgitation can be with metoclopramide and motilium to enhance
Stomach antral peristasis reduces bile regurgitation.Hydrotalcite tablet, cholestyramine, ulcerlmin can be combined with bile acid, mitigate symptom;But
General effect is not satisfactory, and medication is complicated, the time is long.
Currently, the side effects such as anti-inflammatory drug clinically used such as glucocorticoid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug are brighter
It is aobvious, and be mostly to carry out symptomatic treatment for the illness such as pain, hyperhydrochloria etc. caused by gastritis now for the treatment of gastritis,
It there is no and be directed to the drug that gastritis carries out etiological treatment.Therefore, research and development have the drug for the treatment of gastritis effect and few side effects, tool
There is important realistic meaning.
Patchouli alcohol also known as Patchoulicalcohol, speedwell alcohol are a kind of tricyclic sesquiterpene class compound, the entitled [1R of chemistry
(1 α, 4 β, 4A α, 6 β)]-octahydro -4,8A, 9,9- tetramethyl -1,6- methanonaphthalene -1 (2H) -ol, molecular formula C15H26O, point
Son amount is 222.37, shown in the following structural formula I of structural formula:
Formula(I)
Its appearance is hexagonal trapezohedral tetartohedry crystal, not soluble in water, dissolves in ethyl alcohol and ether and common organic solvent.
The European patent application of Publication No. WO2004110153A1 discloses patchouli alcohol and its derivative can be used for pressing down
The vegetative propagation of fungi processed and the anti-effect of gluing for reducing microorganism, it is powerful in terms of the cleaning of wound and healing;Publication No.
The Chinese patent application of CN101194899A discloses purposes of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing prevention senile dementia;
The Chinese patent application of CN101485647A discloses patchouli alcohol to Influenza A1 virus, influenza B virus and bird flu
Viral H5N1 has apparent inhibition and killing effect;The Chinese patent application of CN102920686A discloses patchouli alcohol to Ke
The inhibiting effect of Sa Qi viruses;The Chinese patent application of CN102895218A discloses patchouli alcohol and makees to the inhibition of adenovirus
With;The Chinese patent of CN102349884A discloses patchouli alcohol and optionally inhibits helicobacter pylori, while not injuring
Probiotics can keep the ecological balance of human body intestinal canal flora;The Chinese patent application of CN103127038A discloses patchouli alcohol
Purposes in the drug for preparing treatment bacterial infection disease;The Chinese patent application of CN104306362A discloses hundred autumn Lee
Alcohol prepares the application in the drug for the treatment of dynamic disorder disease;The Chinese patent application of CN104324018A disclosed for hundred autumns
Application of Lee's alcohol in preparing male sexual disfunction drug or health products.
Currently, there are no correlative study and report of the patchouli alcohol in terms for the treatment of chronic gastritis.
Invention content
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the deficiency of existing chronic gastritis medicine and patchouli alcohol applications
Insufficient defect, provide patchouli alcohol be based on NO pathway in cultured, treatment the various inflammation of stomach include asymptomatic gastritis, it is chronic
Caused by superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, gastritis verrucosa, hypertrophic gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis and gastritis
The application of Mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, Gastric atypical hyperplasia etc..
The object of the present invention is to provide application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis
Above-mentioned purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The invention discloses new application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis.Above-mentioned new application is practical
On be patchouli alcohol be based on NO pathway in cultured, the application in terms for the treatment of the various chronic inflammations of stomach.
Further, said medicine is the drug for referring to reduce stomach content of nitric oxide.
In addition, said medicine is the drug for referring to inhibit nitric oxide induction enzyme gene expression, and one can be inhibited
Nitrogen oxide induces the drug of enzyme protein expression.
Further, the nitric oxide induced enzyme refers to eNOS eNOS, inducible nitric oxide
Synthase iNOS and/or neuronal nitric oxide synthase nNOS.
Preferably, above-mentioned chronic gastritis includes asymptomatic gastritis, chronic superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, excipuliform
Mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, stomach caused by gastritis, hypertrophic gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis and gastritis increase extremely
It is raw(Gastric atypical hyperplasia)Or gastric cancer etc..
In addition, the chronic gastritis further include with the relevant symptom of chronic gastritis, including halitosis, vomiting, apocleisis, belch,
Nausea, abdominal distension, abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, sour regurgitation, indigestion, melena, gastrointestinal bacterial flora imbalance, neutrophil infiltration, acidophilus
Property granulocyte infiltration, lymph follicle.
It is a kind of by patchouli alcohol and the drug for the treatment of chronic gastritis that medically acceptable auxiliary material forms, also in the present invention
Protection domain within.
Preferably, 1~1000mg containing patchouli alcohol in every daily amount of formulation of the drug.
It is highly preferred that 10~1000mg containing patchouli alcohol in every daily amount of formulation of the drug.
In addition, the dosage form of said medicine can be any type dosage form medically approved.
Preferably, the dosage form of the drug can be common oral preparation, such as tablet, capsule, dripping pill, granule, mouth
Take solution, outstanding mixture, stomach suspending agent or gastric retentive oral dosage etc..
In addition, the chemical constitution due to patchouli alcohol is complicated, synthesis technology is superfluous long and complex, therefore its main source at present
In hundred autumn Lee's oil, above-mentioned patchouli alcohol can also be replaced with hundred autumn Lee's oil.Hundred autumn Lee's oil are that Labiatae pierces hundred autumn of stamen grass platymiscium
The volatile oil of Lee, it, which has, promotes gastric secretion, enhances digestive function, spasmolysis, the effect of anti-dermatophyte and tinea bacterium.System at present
The main production of standby patchouli alcohol is hundred autumn Lee's oil first to be extracted from hundred autumn Lee, then isolate hundred autumn Lee from hundred autumn Lee's oil
Alcohol, specific separation method can refer to the implementation of the method disclosed in the patent of Publication No. CN101691323 B.According to publication number
CN101691323 B patent systems for patchouli alcohol during will produce the intermediate products of hundred autumn Lee's oil, hundred in these products
Autumn Lee's alcohol content may be up to 70% or more, have drug activity identical with patchouli alcohol.
The drug of i.e. above-mentioned treatment chronic gastritis by hundred autumn Lee's oil containing patchouli alcohol and can also can medically connect
The auxiliary material composition received, wherein the content of hundred autumn Lee's oil is 10%~100% in per daily amount of formulation.
Chronic gastritis is common one of disease of stomach, because chronic gastritis has certain induction to make gastric cancer
With, therefore disease or precancerous condition before gastric cancer are regarded as by WHO.The pests occurrence rule of gastric cancer is universally acknowledged, from normal
Stomach lining develops to chronic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, stomach and intestine paraplasm, is finally developed to gastric cancer.It is right
The timely treatment of chronic gastritis can effectively inhibit the development of the course of disease.Nitric oxide(Nitric Oxide, NO)It is to be urged by NOS
It is generated after change arginine.Under normal physiological condition, NO is mainly closed by eNOS and nervous system type nitric oxide
Enzyme induction generates, and is mainly used for regulating and controlling stomach blood flow and the mucus quantity, plays the role of protecting stomach.And under pathological state, it lures
Conductivity type nitricoxide synthase largely generates, and then produces excessive NO, and the NO excessively generated at this time can directly cause cell toxicant
Effect or the peroxide nitro anion and hydroxy radical that toxicity bigger is generated by being aoxidized with oxygen radical, to aggravate inflammation
Reaction.The present invention is the study found that patchouli alcohol has the function of extremely strong inhibition nitricoxide synthase, by inhibiting nitric oxide
Synthase activity, to inhibit the generation of NO that can play the role for the treatment of gastritis, therefore, patchouli alcohol has treatment a variety of causes
Lead to the ability of chronic gastritis.
The invention has the advantages that:
The present invention provides a kind of new applications in pharmaceutical technology field of patchouli alcohol, that is, are treating various chronic gastritis
In application.The patchouli alcohol has the function of various chronic gastritis, mechanism and the inhibition nitric oxide of resisting chronic gastritis
Synthase activity and nitric oxide generate related.Therefore, patchouli alcohol is expected to become by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase activity and one
Nitrogen oxide generates, and to play the role for the treatment of the drug of various chronic gastritis, has in terms of the drug development of chronic gastritis excellent
Different application prospect.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is influence of the patchouli alcohol to stomach Enos, Nnos, Inos gene expression.
Fig. 2 is influence of the patchouli alcohol to stomach Enos, Nnos, Inos protein expression.
Fig. 3 is influence of the patchouli alcohol to stomach content of nitric oxide.
Specific implementation mode
It is further illustrated the present invention below in conjunction with Figure of description and specific embodiment, but embodiment is not to the present invention
It limits in any form.Unless stated otherwise, the present invention uses reagent, method and apparatus routinely try for the art
Agent, method and apparatus.
Unless stated otherwise, agents useful for same and material of the present invention are purchased in market.
1 patchouli alcohol of embodiment induces nitric oxide the influence of enzyme gene expression
1, material and method
(1)Material
Chloroform(Guangzhou reagent head factory);Isopropanol(Guangzhou reagent head factory);DEPC(Sigma);Super Real Pre
Mix×Plus(SYBR Green) (TIANGEN BIOTECH CO., LTD);Trizol(Takara);Fast Quant RT
Kit(With gDNase) (TIANGEN BIOTECH(BEIJING)CO.,LTD);Electric homogenizer (TIANGEN BIOTECH
CO., LTD);Refrigerated centrifuge(Eppendorff).
(2)Drug
Patchouli alcohol(HPLC>98%)With poloxamer188 compounding pharmaceutical.According to drug:Poloxamer188=1:5 ratios
After mixing, 70 DEG C of water-bath meltings, magnetic agitation is sufficiently mixed drug and is configured to institute using distilled water after -20 DEG C are placed 24 hours
Need concentration.
(3)Method
1)24 SD rats, half male and half female, 250~300g are randomly divided into control group, the basic, normal, high dosage of patchouli alcohol
Group, every group 6.Blank group gavage poloxamer, administration group are according to hundred autumn of the mg/kg dosage of 0.1mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 gavage
Lee's alcohol, totally 7 days.1h after the last administration puts to death rat, after taking stomach tissue to use normal saline flushing clean, 100mg is taken to be put into
In 1ml TRIZOL.Method extracts RNA to specifications, and Q-PCR methods detection eNOS is used after reverse transcription
(eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)The variation of expression.
2)24 SD rats, half male and half female, 250~300g are randomly divided into control group, the basic, normal, high dosage of patchouli alcohol
Group, every group 6.Blank group gavage poloxamer, administration group are according to hundred autumn of the mg/kg dosage of 0.1mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 gavage
Lee's alcohol, totally 7 days.Rat is put to death after 1h after the last administration, gavage absolute ethyl alcohol 1ml, 1h, stomach tissue is taken to be rushed using physiological saline
After wash clean, 100mg is taken to be put into 1ml TRIZOL.Method extracts RNA to specifications, is examined using Q-PCR methods after reverse transcription
Survey nitric oxide synthase type(iNOS)Expression variation.Primer sequence is shown in Table 1, and amplification system is shown in Table 2, and amplification condition is shown in Table
3。
1 primer sequence of table
2 amplification system of table
3 amplification condition of table
2, result
As a result as shown in Fig. 1, patchouli alcohol can reduce normal rat stomach in 0.1mg/kg and 1mg/kg with conspicuousness
The gene expression of Enos;Patchouli alcohol can reduce alcohol inflammatory model rat stomach in 0.1mg/kg and 10mg/kg with conspicuousness
The gene expression of Inos.
2 patchouli alcohol of embodiment induces nitric oxide the influence of enzyme protein expression
1, material and method
(1)Material
Histone lysate(The green skies);PMSF(The green skies);Pvdf membrane(Milipore);Protein Marker
(Thermo);Refrigerated centrifuge(Eppendorff);Vertial electrophorestic tank, power supply(61).
(2)Drug
Patchouli alcohol(HPLC>98%)With poloxamer188 compounding pharmaceutical.According to drug:Poloxamer188=1:5 ratios
After mixing, 70 DEG C of water-bath meltings, magnetic agitation is sufficiently mixed drug and is configured to institute using distilled water after -20 DEG C are placed 24 hours
Need concentration.
(3)Method
1)24 SD rats, half male and half female, 250~300g are randomly divided into control group, the basic, normal, high dosage of patchouli alcohol
Group, every group 6.Blank group gavage poloxamer, administration group are according to hundred autumn of the mg/kg dosage of 0.1mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 gavage
Lee's alcohol, totally 7 days.1h after the last administration puts to death rat, after taking stomach tissue to use normal saline flushing clean, 100mg is taken to be put into
In Tissue lysates, homogenate extraction total protein, Western Blot methods detect eNOS(eNOS), nervous system type
Nitricoxide synthase(nNOS)The variation of expression.
For specific method, the total protein of extraction is added suitable normal saline dilution and makes last total protein applied sample amount
For 100 μ g, using 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 30min 80v electrophoresis horizontalization rows use 90min 120v electrophoresis afterwards.
90min 200mA crossing current transferring films are set on pvdf membrane, 5% skimmed milk power(Contain 0.05% tween)Closing 1 hour, TBST washes film 3 times,
Each 5min.Use the 4 DEG C of incubations of corresponding primary antibody(ENOS and nNOS is 1:500 are diluted using skimmed milk power)Overnight.Second
After it washes film, using secondary antibody(1:1000)Incubation at room temperature 2 hours.After washing film, ECL exposure record data.
2)24 SD rats, half male and half female, 250~300g are randomly divided into control group, the basic, normal, high dosage of patchouli alcohol
Group, every group 6.Blank group gavage poloxamer, administration group are according to hundred autumn of the mg/kg dosage of 0.1mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 gavage
Lee's alcohol, totally 7 days.Rat is put to death after 1h after the last administration, gavage absolute ethyl alcohol 1ml, 1h, stomach tissue is taken to be rushed using physiological saline
After wash clean, 100mg is taken to be put into Tissue lysates, homogenate extraction total protein, Western Blot methods detect one oxygen of induction type
Change nitrogen synthase(iNOS)Expression variation.
For specific method, the total protein of extraction is added suitable normal saline dilution and makes last total protein applied sample amount
For 40 μ g, using 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 30min 80v electrophoresis horizontalization rows use 90min 120v electrophoresis afterwards.
90min 350mA crossing current transferring films are set on pvdf membrane, 5% skimmed milk power(Contain 0.05% tween)Closing 1 hour, TBST washes film 3 times,
Each 10min.Use the 4 DEG C of incubations of corresponding primary antibody(INOS is 1:200 are diluted using skimmed milk power)Overnight.Wash film within second day
Afterwards, using secondary antibody(1:5000)Incubation at room temperature 1 hour.After washing film, ECL exposure record data.
2, result
As a result as shown in Fig. 2, patchouli alcohol can be reduced normal in 0.1mg/kg, 1mg/kg and 10mg/kg with conspicuousness
The protein expression of rat stomach Enos;Patchouli alcohol can reduce alcohol inflammatory model rat stomach in 10mg/kg with conspicuousness
The protein expression of Inos.
Influence of 3 patchouli alcohol of embodiment to stomach content of nitric oxide
1, materials and methods
(1)Material
Nitric oxide test kit(The green skies);PMSF(The green skies);Histone extracting solution(The green skies);BCA eggs
White quantification kit(The green skies);Refrigerated centrifuge(Eppendorff);Microplate reader(Thermo).
(2)Drug
Patchouli alcohol(HPLC>98%)With poloxamer188 compounding pharmaceutical.According to drug:Poloxamer188=1:5 ratios
After mixing, 70 DEG C of water-bath meltings, magnetic agitation is sufficiently mixed drug and is configured to institute using distilled water after -20 DEG C are placed 24 hours
Need concentration.
(3)Method
24 SD rats, half male and half female, 250-300g are randomly divided into control group, patchouli alcohol low, middle and high dose groups, often
Group 6.Blank group gavage poloxamer, administration group according to the mg/kg dosage gavage patchouli alcohols of 10mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40,
Totally 7 days.1h after the last administration puts to death rat, after taking stomach tissue to use normal saline flushing clean, 100mg is taken to be put into tissue
In lysate, homogenate extraction total protein, BCA methods measure extracting solution albumen concentration, and RNA isolation kit measures NO contents in extracting solution.
2, result:
As a result as shown in Fig. 3, patchouli alcohol can be reduced just in 10mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg with conspicuousness
The content of normal rat stomach NO.
4 tablet of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, prepares piece agent.It is oral, wherein often
1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in daily amount of formulation.For treating chronic superficial gastritis.
5 tablet of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, prepares piece agent, patchouli alcohol content
For 0.1~100 mg/ pieces.It is oral, daily 1~3 time, every time 1~3.For treating atrophic gastritis.
6 capsule of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into capsule.It is oral, wherein often
0.1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in daily amount of formulation.For treating atrophic gastritis.
7 capsule of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into capsule, patchouli alcohol content
It is 0.1~100 mg/.It is oral, daily 1~3 time, every time 1~3.For treating chronic superficial gastritis.
8 dripping pill of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into dripping pill.It is oral, wherein often
0.1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in daily amount of formulation.For treating atrophic gastritis.
9 dripping pill of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into dripping pill, patchouli alcohol content
It is 0.1~100 mg/.It is oral, daily 1~3 time, every time 1~3.For treating chronic superficial gastritis.
10 granule of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into granule.It is oral, wherein
0.1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in per daily amount of formulation.For treating Mucosal atrophy, intestines caused by chronic gastritis
Skin metaplasia, Gastric atypical hyperplasia etc..
11 granule of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into granule, patchouli alcohol contains
Amount is 0.1~100 mg/ bags.It is oral, daily 1~3 time, every time 1~3 bag.For treating chronic superficial gastritis.
12 oral solution of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into oral solution.It is oral,
0.1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in wherein every daily amount of formulation.For treating chronic erosive gastritis.
13 oral solution of embodiment
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into oral solution, hundred autumn Lee
Alcohol content is 0.1~100 mg/ bottles.It is oral, daily 1~3 time, every time 1~3 bottle.For treating chronic superficial gastritis.
14 stomach suspending agent of embodiment, gastric retentive oral dosage
It is bulk pharmaceutical chemicals to take patchouli alcohol, and medically acceptable auxiliary material composition is added, is prepared into stomach suspending agent, gastric retention
Agent.It is oral, wherein 0.1~1000 mg containing patchouli alcohol in per daily amount of formulation.For treating chronic erosive gastritis.
Claims (5)
1. application of the patchouli alcohol in the drug for preparing treatment chronic gastritis caused by alcohol.
2. applying according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the drug refers to reduce stomach content of nitric oxide
Drug.
3. applying according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the drug is to refer to inhibit nitric oxide induction enzyme gene
The drug of expression.
4. applying according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the drug is to refer to inhibit nitric oxide induction zymoprotein
The drug of expression.
5. according to the application of claim 3 or 4, which is characterized in that the nitric oxide induced enzyme refers to that endothelium in type one aoxidizes
Nitrogen synthase eNOS, nitric oxide synthase type iNOS and/or neuronal nitric oxide synthase nNOS.
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