CN105848098B - The method and network element of positioning terminal - Google Patents

The method and network element of positioning terminal Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105848098B
CN105848098B CN201510020163.0A CN201510020163A CN105848098B CN 105848098 B CN105848098 B CN 105848098B CN 201510020163 A CN201510020163 A CN 201510020163A CN 105848098 B CN105848098 B CN 105848098B
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base station
terminal
dual link
macro base
small base
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CN105848098A (en
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樊绍群
许森
张园
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China Telecom Corp Ltd
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China Telecom Corp Ltd
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Abstract

The present invention proposes the method and network element of a kind of positioning terminal, is related to field of communication technology.The wherein method of a kind of positioning terminal of the invention characterized by comprising macro base station receives the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net;Macro base station obtains the small base station district identification code of small base station locating for dual link terminal;Macro base station reports the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net.By such method, for core net to the Location Request of dual link terminal, small base station district identification code is obtained, and reports the location information based on small base station district identification code, to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal, user location mark is based on convenient for operator, differentiated service is provided.

Description

The method and network element of positioning terminal
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of communication technology, the method and network element of especially a kind of positioning terminal.
Background technique
With the development of LTE (Long Term Evolution), Mobile Access Network will provide 100,000,000 shared bandwidth, realize to mobile wide Striding forward with Internet era.To carrier network, more stringent requirements are proposed for the rise of the applications such as mobile Internet, how for User provides the service of on-demand, flexible experience and personalization, while realizing fining and the operation of differentiation, and then riser Road value is operator's urgent problem to be solved.Utilize PCRF (Policy and Charging Rule Function, strategy With charging rule functions) policy control ability combine and can be provided more for operator with LTE network reporting position ability The services selection of fining and differentiation.
It is standardized by existing 3GPP, PCRF can support the reporting functions that location updating is subscribed to based on user, for obtaining use Family be currently located macro base station E-CGI (E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier, cell overall situation identifier) and/or TAI (Tracking Area Identifier, tracking area identifier) information.But since macro base station coverage area is larger, because This obtain location information simultaneously it is inaccurate, thus influence operator be based on user location mark provide differentiated service (strategy, Charging) ability.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a kind of method of positioning terminal is proposed, comprising: macro base station, which receives, comes from core net The Location Request to dual link terminal;Macro base station obtains the small base station district identification code of small base station locating for dual link terminal; Macro base station reports the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net.
It further, further include being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request;Macro base station receives accurate positioning instruction, according to small base It stands cell ID and the time advance measurement that combines dual link terminal to arrive macro base station and small base station, it is whole to calculate dual link The precise position information at end;Macro base station returns to the precise position information of dual link terminal to core net.
Further, further includes: if macro base station determine dual link terminal small base station be activated or dual link terminal on Reference Signal Received Power, Reference Signal Received Quality in the small base station measurement result of report are all larger than the measurement knot of macro base station Fruit, then macro base station reports the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net.
Further, further includes: if macro base station determines that dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and dual link is whole The Reference Signal Received Power in the small base station measurement result reported, Reference Signal Received Quality is held not to be all larger than the survey of macro base station Amount is as a result, then macro base station reports the cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area identifier of dual link terminal to core net.
Further, precise position information is the latitude and longitude information of terminal.
Further, further includes: core net obtains terminal capability;Whether mobile management entity judges terminal is dual link end End, if it is, requesting reporting terminal location information to macro base station;If it is not, then to belonging to macro base station request reporting terminal Macro base station location information, the location information of macro base station include cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area identifier.
By such method, small base station district identification code is obtained to the Location Request of dual link terminal for core net, And the location information based on small base station district identification code is reported, to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal, it is based on convenient for operator User location mark provides differentiated service.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a kind of network element of positioning terminal is proposed, comprising: request receiving module is used for The Location Request to dual link terminal from core net is received in macro base station;Small base station information obtains module, in macro base It stands and obtains the small base station district identification code of small base station locating for dual link terminal;Reporting module is based on for reporting to core net The location information of small base station district identification code.
It further, further include being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request;Network element further include: instruction judgment module, for sentencing It whether include being accurately positioned instruction in disconnected Location Request;Pinpoint module includes being accurately positioned to refer to for working as in Location Request When showing, according to small base station district identification code and combine dual link terminal to macro base station and small base station time advance measurement, Calculate the precise position information of dual link terminal;Believe the exact position that reporting module is used to return dual link terminal to core net Breath.
Further, further includes: small base station information judgment module, for determining that dual link terminal is activated in small base station, Or Reference Signal Received Power, the Reference Signal Received Quality in the small base station measurement result that reports of dual link terminal are all larger than The measurement result of macro base station;Reporting module, for reporting the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net.
Further, if small base station information judgment module determines that dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and doubly-linked Connect the Reference Signal Received Power in the small base station measurement result that terminal reports, Reference Signal Received Quality is not all larger than macro base station Measurement result, then reporting module is used to report the cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area mark of dual link terminal to core net Show symbol.
Further, precise position information is the latitude and longitude information of terminal.
Further, further includes: terminal capability obtains module, for obtaining terminal capability in core-network side;Dual link is sentenced Disconnected module, for judging whether terminal is dual link terminal, if it is, requesting reporting terminal location information to macro base station;Such as Fruit is not then to request the affiliated macro base station location information of reporting terminal to macro base station, and the location information of macro base station includes the cell overall situation Identifier and/or tracking area identifier.
Device in this way obtains small base station district identification code for core net to the Location Request of dual link terminal, And the location information based on small base station district identification code is reported, to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal, it is based on convenient for operator User location mark provides differentiated service.
Detailed description of the invention
The drawings described herein are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, constitutes part of this application, this hair Bright illustrative embodiments and their description are used to explain the present invention, and are not constituted improper limitations of the present invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of one embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram that dual link terminal is connect with macro base station and small base station.
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of another embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 4 is the flow chart of another embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 5 is the signaling process figure of the further embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of one embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of another embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention.
Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram of another embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention.
Specific embodiment
Below by drawings and examples, technical scheme of the present invention will be described in further detail.
The flow chart of one embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 1.
In a step 101, macro base station receives the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net.Location Request can be with Location Reporting is passed through by the MME (Mobility Management Entity, mobile management entity) of core net Control message is issued to macro base station.The working method of dual link terminal can be as shown in Figure 2.Dual link terminal respectively with it is macro Base station is connected with small base station, by macro base station (MeNB) bearer service 1, such as http business, and by small base station (SeNB) bearer service 2, Such as ftp business.
In a step 102, macro base station obtains E-SCGI (the E-UTRAN Small of small base station locating for dual link terminal Cell Global Identifier, small base station district identification code), E-SCGI can be by sending in base station to MME The mode of new extensions field E-UTRAN S-CGI is sent to MME in Location Report Message.
In step 103, macro base station reports the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net.Macro base station to The localization message that core net reports can be small base station district identification code itself, be also possible to match by small base station district identification code Other information is closed, such as TA (Timing Advance, Timing Advance), the precise location information of acquisition.
By such method, small base station district identification code is obtained to the Location Request of dual link terminal for core net, And the location information based on small base station district identification code is reported, to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal, it is based on convenient for operator User location mark provides differentiated service.
The flow chart of another embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 3.
In step 301, macro base station receives the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net.
In step 302, macro base station obtains the E-SCGI of small base station locating for dual link terminal;
In step 303, whether macro base station judges in Location Request comprising being accurately positioned instruction.Being accurately positioned instruction can be with Pass through extended field Location Type of the MME into the Location Reporting Control message that macro base station is sent Mark.If including being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request, 304 are thened follow the steps, otherwise executes 305, using E-SCGI as positioning Information.
In step 304, it is mentioned according to the time of the E-SCGI of small base station and dual link terminal to macro base station and small base station Preceding amount information determines the precise position information of dual link terminal, using precise position information as location information.In one embodiment In, precise position information is the latitude and longitude information of dual link terminal.
In step 305, location information is reported to core net.
By such method, can according to the needs of core net, according to small base station E-SCGI and dual link terminal with The TA of small base station and macro base station obtains precise position information, to further increase the accuracy of positioning.
In one embodiment, macro base station may determine that whether dual link terminal is activated or dual link in small base station Terminal is not in the case where small base station is activated, the small base station measurement result that reports: RSRP (Reference Signal Receiving Power, Reference Signal Received Power), RSRQ (Reference Signal Receiving Quality, ginseng Examine signal receiving quality) whether it is all larger than the measurement result of macro base station.
If dual link terminal is activated in small base station or dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, but reports small Base station measurement result: RSRP, RSRQ are all larger than the measurement result of macro base station, then macro base station reports small based on small base station to core net The location information of area's identification code.If comprising being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request, according to the E-SCGI and doubly-linked of small base station The TA for connecing terminal to macro base station and small base station determines the precise position information of dual link terminal, using precise position information as positioning As a result it is reported to core net.If not including in Location Request and being accurately positioned instruction, report the E-SCGI of small base station to core net.
If dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and dual link terminal report small base station measurement result RSRP, RSRQ is not all larger than the measurement result of macro base station, then reports the location information of macro base station to core net.The location information of macro base station It may include E-CGI and/or TAI.
It by such method, can be at macro base station end for reporting the location information of small base station or the position letter of macro base station Breath is judged, according to the location information of dual link terminal precision corresponding with the actual conditions acquisition of small base station interaction, thus really The accuracy of Baoding position.
In one embodiment, core net obtains terminal ability information first, and MME judges terminal according to terminal ability information It whether is dual link terminal, if terminal is dual link terminal, core net sends request reporting terminal position to macro base station and believes The Location Request of breath;If terminal is not dual link terminal, core net sends macro base belonging to request reporting terminal to macro base station The Location Request of station location information.By such method, dual link terminal is filtered out from core net end, is then directed to dual link Terminal sends Location Request, obtains the higher location information of accuracy;It is then only sent for non-dual link terminal and obtains macro base station The Location Request of location information, to keep Location Request more targeted.
The flow chart of another embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 4.
In step 401, core net obtains terminal ability information.
In step 402, MME judges whether terminal is dual link terminal according to terminal ability information.If terminal is not double Terminal is connected, thens follow the steps 403;Otherwise, step 405 is executed.
In step 403, MME requests the affiliated macro base station location information of reporting terminal to macro base station.
In step 404, macro base station reports the location information of macro base station, including E-CGI and/or TAI to core net.
In step 405, MME is by reporting the location information of dual link terminal to macro base station request.
In a step 406, macro base station receives the Location Request for dual link terminal from core net MME.
In step 407, macro base station judges whether dual link terminal is activated in small base station, although dual link terminal Whether small base station measurement result RSRP, RSRQ for not being activated, but reporting in small base station is all larger than the measurement result of macro base station.If Macro base station judges that dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and in the small base station measurement result that reports of dual link terminal RSRP, RSRQ are not all larger than the measurement result of macro base station, then follow the steps 404, report macro base station location information.Otherwise, it executes Step 408.
In a step 408, whether macro base station judges in Location Request to include being accurately positioned instruction.Being accurately positioned instruction can be with By extending Location Reporting Control message, the mode of Location the type field is increased newly to mark.If Do not include in Location Request and be accurately positioned instruction, thens follow the steps 409;It is no to then follow the steps 410.
In step 409, macro base station reports the E-SCGI information of small base station.
In step 410, macro base station determines the precise position information of dual link terminal.Precise position information can be according to small The E-SCGI and dual link terminal of base station are determined to the Timing Advance information of macro base station and small base station.Implement at one In example, precise position information is the latitude and longitude information of dual link terminal.
In step 411, macro base station reports precise position information to core net.
By such method, core net distinguishes dual link terminal and non-dual link terminal issues Location Request respectively, macro Base station determines the type of the location information returned according to the signal condition and Location Request of small base station, thus meeting core net While request, the case where fully taking into account terminal, guarantee going on smoothly for position fixing process.In addition, such localization method is not Mobile terminal reporting base station position information is relied on, but the location information of cell where directly acquiring user by network side, thus It avoids terminal side from forging the risk of location information, improves the accuracy of location information acquisition.
The signaling process figure of the further embodiment of the method for positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 5.
In 501, PCRF sends to P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway, packet data gateway) and subscribes to The location update message of certain user.
In 502, P-GW sends subscriber location request to MME.
In 503, MME issues Location Request to macro base station.
In 504, the location information that macro base station will acquire is reported to MME.According to user terminal whether be dual link terminal, In the Location Request of MME whether the connection comprising precise location information and/or dual link terminal and small base station, macro base station The location information reported to MME can be E-CGI and/or TAI, be also possible to E-SCGI, or for according to E-SCGI and double Connect the precise position information of the TA acquisition of terminal and macro base station and small base station.
In 505, customer position information is sent P-GW by MME.
In 506, P-GW passs on customer position information to PCRF.
By such method, it realizes when PCRF initiates user position update, user institute is directly acquired by network side In the location information of cell, mobile terminal reporting base station position information is not depended on, so that terminal side be avoided to forge location information Risk improves the accuracy of location information acquisition.
The schematic diagram of one embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 6.Wherein, it 601 is connect for request Module is received, for receiving the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net, Location Request can be led to by the MME of core net Location Reporting Control message is crossed to issue to macro base station.602 obtain module for small base station information, are used for basis The small base station district identification code E-SCGI of small base station locating for dual link terminal is obtained to the Location Request of dual link terminal;603 For reporting module, for reporting the location information based on small base station district identification code to core net, macro base station is reported to core net Localization message can be small base station district identification code itself, be also possible to cooperate other letters by small base station district identification code Breath, such as TA, the precise location information of acquisition.
Network element in this way obtains small base station district identification code for core net to the Location Request of dual link terminal, And the location information based on small base station district identification code is reported, to improve the accuracy of positioning terminal, it is based on convenient for operator User location mark provides differentiated service.
The schematic diagram of another embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 7.Wherein, 701 be request Receiving module, for receiving the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net.702 obtain module for small base station information, Small base station district identification code E- for the small base station according to locating for the Location Request acquisition dual link terminal to dual link terminal SCGI;703 be instruction judgment module, for judging that being accurately positioned instruction can whether comprising being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request To pass through extended field Location of the MME into the Location Reporting Control message that macro base station is sent Type mark.704 be pinpoint module, is used for when in Location Request comprising being accurately positioned instruction, according to the E- of small base station The TA value of SCGI and dual link terminal to macro base station and small base station determines the precise position information of dual link terminal.At one In embodiment, precise position information is latitude and longitude information.705 be reporting module, small based on small base station for reporting to core net The location information of area's identification code.If instruction judgment module 703, which judges not including in Location Request, is accurately positioned instruction, report Location information is E-SCGI, if indicating comprising being accurately positioned, the location information reported is the essence that pinpoint module 704 determines True location information.
Network element in this way, can according to the needs of core net, according to small base station E-SCGI and dual link terminal with The TA value of small base station and macro base station obtains precise position information, to further increase the accuracy of positioning.
It in one embodiment, further include small base station information judgment module, for determining dual link terminal not in small base station It is activated, and small base station measurement result RSRP, RSRQ that reports of dual link terminal is not all larger than the measurement result of macro base station.If Above-mentioned small base station information judgement is set up, then macro base station location information is reported to core such as E-CGI and/or TAI by reporting module Net.If above-mentioned small base station information judges invalid, macro base station reports the positioning based on small base station district identification code to core net Information.If comprising being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request, according to the E-SCGI of small base station and dual link terminal to macro base station The precise position information that dual link terminal is determined with the Timing Advance information of small base station is tied precise position information as positioning Fruit is reported to core net.If not including in Location Request and being accurately positioned instruction, report the E-SCGI of small base station to core net.
Network element in this way, can be in macro base station for reporting the location information of small base station or the position letter of macro base station Breath is judged, according to the location information of dual link terminal precision corresponding with the actual conditions acquisition of small base station interaction, thus really The accuracy of Baoding position.
It in one embodiment, include that terminal capability obtains module and dual link judgment module at core net end.Terminal energy Power obtains module and is used to obtain terminal ability information in core-network side;Dual link judgment module according to terminal ability information for sentencing Whether disconnected terminal is dual link terminal.If terminal is dual link terminal, core net sends request reporting terminal to macro base station The Location Request of location information;If terminal is not dual link terminal, core net sends request reporting terminal institute to macro base station Belong to the Location Request of macro base station location information.Network element in this way filters out dual link terminal from core net end, is then directed to Dual link terminal sends Location Request, obtains the higher location information of accuracy;It then only sends and obtains for non-dual link terminal The Location Request of macro base station location information, to keep position requests more targeted.
The schematic diagram of another embodiment of the network element of positioning terminal of the invention is as shown in Figure 8.Wherein, 801 be terminal Ability obtains module, for obtaining terminal ability information in core-network side.802 be dual link judgment module, in core net Lateral root judges whether terminal is dual link terminal according to terminal ability information.If terminal is dual link terminal, sent to macro base station Request the Location Request of reporting terminal location information;If terminal is not dual link terminal, core net is asked to macro base station transmission Seek the Location Request of the affiliated macro base station location information of reporting terminal.
803 be request module, for obtaining the Location Request of the transmission of dual link judgment module 802.If Location Request For macro base station position requests, then the location information of macro base station is reported from reporting module 808 to core net, such as E-CGI and/or TAI; If Location Request is the Location Request to the terminal positional information of dual link terminal, by small base station information judgment module 804 into Row processing.
Small base station information judgment module 804 is for judging whether dual link terminal is activated in small base station, although double Whether small base station measurement result RSRP, RSRQ that connection terminal is not activated in small base station, but reports is all larger than the survey of macro base station Measure result.If dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and dual link terminal report small base station measurement result RSRP, RSRQ is not all larger than the measurement result of macro base station, then reports macro base station location information to core net by reporting module 808, otherwise by Instruction judgment module 806 is further processed.
Whether instruction judgment module 806 is for judging in Location Request to include being accurately positioned instruction.If it is accurate fixed not include Bit instruction then will obtain the E-SCGI information that module 805 obtains from small base station information and be sent to reporting module 808, by reporting mould Block 808 is sent to core net.If comprising being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request, by pinpoint module 807 according to E-SCGI And combine dual link terminal to the TA measured value of macro base station and small base station, calculate the precise position information of dual link terminal.
Network element in this way, core net distinguishes dual link terminal and non-dual link terminal issues Location Request respectively, macro Base station determines the type of the location information returned according to the signal condition and Location Request of small base station, thus meeting core net While request, the case where fully taking into account terminal, guarantee going on smoothly for position fixing process.In addition, such localization method is not Mobile terminal reporting base station position information is relied on, but the location information of cell where directly acquiring user by network side, thus It avoids terminal side from forging the risk of location information, improves the accuracy of location information acquisition.
Finally it should be noted that: the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical scheme of the present invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof;To the greatest extent The present invention is described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments for pipe, it should be understood by those ordinary skilled in the art that: still It can modify to a specific embodiment of the invention or some technical features can be equivalently replaced;Without departing from this hair The spirit of bright technical solution should all cover within the scope of the technical scheme claimed by the invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of method of positioning terminal characterized by comprising
Macro base station receives the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net, wherein includes accurate in the Location Request Positioning instruction, the dual link terminal are connect with macro base station and small base station, are carried by the macro base station and the small base station different The business of type;
The macro base station obtains the small base station district identification code of small base station locating for the dual link terminal, according to the small base station Cell ID and in conjunction with the time advance measurement of the dual link terminal to the macro base station and the small base station, calculates The precise position information of the dual link terminal out;
The macro base station reports the location information based on the small base station district identification code to core net, and the location information includes The elaborate position information of the dual link terminal.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein further include:
If the macro base station determines the dual link terminal in the small base that small base station is activated or the dual link terminal reports Reference Signal Received Power, Reference Signal Received Quality in measurement result of standing are all larger than the measurement result of the macro base station, then The macro base station reports the location information based on the small base station district identification code to core net.
3. according to the method described in claim 2, it is characterized by further comprising:
If the macro base station determines that the dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and the dual link terminal reports Reference Signal Received Power, Reference Signal Received Quality in small base station measurement result are not all larger than the measurement knot of the macro base station Fruit, then
The macro base station reports the cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area identifier of the dual link terminal to core net.
4. according to the method in claim 2 or 3, which is characterized in that the precise position information is that the longitude and latitude of terminal is believed Breath.
5. the method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include:
Core net obtains terminal capability;
Whether mobile management entity judges terminal is dual link terminal, if it is, believing to macro base station request reporting terminal position Breath;
If it is not, then requesting the affiliated macro base station location information of reporting terminal, the location information packet of the macro base station to macro base station Include cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area identifier.
6. a kind of network element of positioning terminal characterized by comprising
Request receiving module, for receiving the Location Request to dual link terminal from core net in macro base station, wherein described Include being accurately positioned instruction in Location Request, the dual link terminal connect with macro base station and small base station, by the macro base station with The small base station carries different types of business;
Small base station information obtains module, for obtaining the small base station cell of small base station locating for the dual link terminal in macro base station Identification code;
Judgment module is indicated, for judging in the Location Request whether to include being accurately positioned instruction;
Pinpoint module, for being known according to the small base station cell when in Location Request including accurate positioning instruction Other code and in conjunction with the time advance measurement of the dual link terminal to the macro base station and the small base station calculates described The precise position information of dual link terminal;
Reporting module, for reporting the location information based on the small base station district identification code, the location information to core net Elaborate position information including the dual link terminal.
7. network element according to claim 6, which is characterized in that further include:
Small base station information judgment module, for determining that the dual link terminal is activated in small base station or the dual link is whole The Reference Signal Received Power in the small base station measurement result reported, Reference Signal Received Quality is held to be all larger than the macro base station Measurement result;
The reporting module, for reporting the location information based on the small base station district identification code to core net.
8. network element according to claim 7, which is characterized in that
If the small base station information judgment module determines that the dual link terminal is not activated in small base station, and the dual link The Reference Signal Received Power in small base station measurement result that terminal reports, Reference Signal Received Quality are not all larger than the macro base The measurement result stood, then
The reporting module is used to report the cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area mark of the dual link terminal to core net Symbol.
9. network element according to claim 7 or 8, which is characterized in that the precise position information is that the longitude and latitude of terminal is believed Breath.
10. the network element according to any one of claim 6 to 8, which is characterized in that further include:
Terminal capability obtains module, for obtaining terminal capability in core-network side;
Dual link judgment module, for judging whether terminal is dual link terminal, if it is, requesting reporting terminal to macro base station Location information;If it is not, then requesting the affiliated macro base station location information of reporting terminal, the position letter of the macro base station to macro base station Breath includes cell overall situation identifier and/or tracking area identifier.
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