CN105837092B - A kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch - Google Patents

A kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch Download PDF

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CN105837092B
CN105837092B CN201610206283.4A CN201610206283A CN105837092B CN 105837092 B CN105837092 B CN 105837092B CN 201610206283 A CN201610206283 A CN 201610206283A CN 105837092 B CN105837092 B CN 105837092B
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desulfurization ash
mixture
dosage
room temperature
cures
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CN105837092A (en
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刘小艳
梁涛
刘静
刘开琼
刘爱华
刘岩
傅峰
夏苏鲁
孙旭
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Hohai University HHU
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
    • C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
    • C04B26/26—Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
    • C04B18/06—Combustion residues, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases
    • C04B18/062—Purification products of smoke, fume or exhaust-gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch.Mixed by the use of desulfurization ash as filler in Emulsified Asphalt Mixture, filler in Emulsified Asphalt Mixture（Miberal powder）2% 4% replaced using desulfurization ash, basalt quantity of coarse and fine aggregate is 76% 86%, and Asphalt emulsion content is 7% 9%, and miberal powder dosage is 3% 5%, and water consumption is 2% 6%.So not only solve the regeneration of desulfurization ash waste resource, the financial cost of Emulsified Asphalt Mixture is also reduced at the same time, the demulsification for accelerating pitch cures, so as to reach the effect of incorporation curing agent, improve the performance of Emulsified Asphalt Mixture, realize that pitch room temperature is constructed, reduce discharge, remarkable benefit.

Description

A kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch
Technical field：
The invention belongs to industrial waste residue resourceization to utilize field, relates generally to the side that a kind of desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch Method.
Background technology：
Desulfurization ash is that the flue gas that coal-burning power plant produces must make sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions up to standard before discharging, in Installation in Plant Desulfurizer and the waste residue drawn.Because adding desulfurizing agent in sweetening process, the main component of lime-ash be calcium carbonate or Calcium oxide, its chemical composition are very different with flyash.At present, desulfurization ash is increasingly being, can be right if can not be used The development and popularization of sulfur removal technology impact；If improper use, or even release sulfur dioxide, cause secondary pollution so that de- Sulphur technology becomes meaningless.So study in relation to desulfurization product and be used and have great economy and social effect.
Meanwhile emulsified bitulith its be a kind of environmentally friendly ground surface material, use its paved roads surface layer, basic unit With reduce environmental pollution reduce energy consumption, be easy to construct, save construction cost the advantages that, however, with hot-mix asphalt mixture phase Than cold-mix asphalt mixture mechanical property is poor, such as the shortcomings of early strength is bad, voidage is high and road surface stability is poor.This It is because emulsified bitulith moisture drains and needs certain time with performance recovery, causes its early strength relatively low, delay Traffic opens, and limits its application range.
The prior art is had document report and pitch is modified using Desulphurization, however, being required to retain the material in In certain high temperature or still it is modified for hot-mix asphalt mixture, it is necessary to consume high energy, construction is complex.Such as China Patent Application Publication（CN105176109A）A kind of preparation method using desulfurization ash modified asphalt mixture is disclosed, specifically Disclose one kind and desulfurization ash is modified processing, be then added into matrix pitch, processing is modified to pitch, is carried The method of high asphalt performance；This method is being required for retaining the material in 100-200 DEG C of high temperature in preparing asphalt, Work progress is more complicated, and needs to consume compared with multi-energy.Answered as Li Cuibin et al. have studied using Desulphurization and agstone Close and prepare asphalt filler（" Desulphurization and the compound preparation asphalt filler research of agstone ", Li Cuibin etc., Qingdao Technological University is learned Report, the 1st phase of volume 31, the 54-57 pages, 2010 years）, Desulphurization and agstone are mixed in a certain ratio uniformly, substitute by he In partial filler incorporation plain asphalt, AC-10 plain asphalt mixtures are formed；The technology still carries out hot-mix asphalt mixture Research, this is used in constructing, it is necessary to consume high energy, and during can cause environmental pollution.
The content of the invention：
Present invention aims at for above-mentioned existing problem and shortage, there is provided a kind of desulfurization ash cures room temperature drip Blue or green method, the method accelerate the setting rate of emulsified asphalt, promote emulsified asphalt demulsification to cure, so as to improve emulsified asphalt coagulation The mechanical property intensity of soil, realizes waste utilization；It is easy for construction and the present invention can realize that asphalt room temperature is constructed, and Energy consumption is reduced, is reduced environmental pollution.
In order to realize foregoing invention purpose, the present invention proposes a kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch, including Following steps：
（1）Soap lye is formed after emulsifying agent, stabilizer are mixed with water, 135 DEG C of -145 DEG C of heated bitumens and the soap lye are mixed Close stirring and form emulsified asphalt；
（2）At normal temperatures, basalt thickness is gathered materials and step（1）The emulsified asphalt mix is uniform, forms mixing Expect A；
（3）At normal temperatures, desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix are even added to step（2）In the mixture A, and add Enter water mix and be formed uniformly mixture B；
（4）At normal temperatures, by step（3）The mixture B is stood, each to the mixture B top and bottom after standing continuous Real 50-75 one-pass molding is hit, forms shaping test piece；
（5）By step（4）The shaping test piece is put into standard curing room maintenance.
The preferred solution that a kind of desulfurization ash proposed by the present invention cures the method for room temperature pitch is：
Step（1）Described in emulsifying agent be cation compound emulsifying agent, the cation compound emulsifying agent is octadecyl Trimethyl ammonia chloride amine and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide it is compound；The octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl three Methyl bromide ammonium is 1 in mass ratio:1 is compound；Stabilizer is polyvinyl alcohol and CaCl2；Step（1）The weight percent of the soap lye Specific concentration is 8%-10%, and the heated bitumen is 60 with soap lye mass ratio:40.
Step（2）The dosage of middle emulsified asphalt accounts for the 7%-9% of mixture gross mass；Step（2）Middle basalt thickness is gathered materials Dosage account for the 76%-86% of mixture gross mass；Step（3）The dosage of middle desulfurization ash accounts for the 2%-4% of mixture gross mass, ore deposit The dosage of powder accounts for the 3%-5% of mixture gross mass, and the dosage of water accounts for the 2%-6% of mixture gross mass；All percentages are weight Percentage.
Further preferably, step（2）The dosage of middle emulsified asphalt accounts for the 7%-8% of mixture gross mass；Step（2）The middle Black Warrior The dosage that rock thickness is gathered materials accounts for the 80%-84% of mixture gross mass；Step（3）The dosage of middle desulfurization ash accounts for mixture gross mass 3%-4%, the dosage of miberal powder accounts for the 3%-4% of mixture gross mass, and the dosage of water accounts for the 3%-4% of mixture gross mass.
The gross mass of heretofore described mixture is step（2）To step（4）Described in emulsified asphalt, basalt thickness Gather materials, the sum of the dosage of desulfurization ash, miberal powder and water, the mixture gross mass is 100%.
Step（3）Described in desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix it is uniform, wherein, mixing speed be 300-500 revs/min, stir The time is mixed as 5-8 minutes；Step（3）Described in mix be formed uniformly mixture B, wherein, uniform mix 1-2 minutes.
Wherein, step（5）Middle curing temperature is 20 DEG C ± 2 DEG C, relative humidity 90%.
The method that a kind of desulfurization ash proposed by the present invention cures room temperature pitch, compared with prior art, beneficial effect is such as Under：
（1）The present invention is to be substituted desulfurization ash as filler in part miberal powder incorporation emulsified bitulith, using de- The pozzolanic activity that sulphur lime-ash has, hydration reaction occurs for the moisture that desulfurization ash is absorbed in mixture or emulsified asphalt, and produces The raw heat of hydration, accelerates emulsified asphalt curing, demulsification and intensity and is formed, shorten intensity and form the time.Hydrated product can be filled out The part hole that mixture moisture evaporation carries over is filled, and hydrated product interweaves around gathering materials together with asphalt membrane, it is right Gather materials and constraint is provided, so allowing for emulsified bitulith has the mechanical property and high temperature deformation resistance ability of higher, and accelerates Setting rate.
（2）The present invention has made the dosage of raw material further research, and the present invention is by verification experimental verification when emulsified asphalt Dosage accounts for the 7-9% of mixture gross mass, and the dosage that basalt thickness is gathered materials accounts for the 76-86% of mixture gross mass, desulfurization ash Dosage account for the 2-4% of mixture gross mass, the dosage of miberal powder accounts for the 3-5% of mixture gross mass, and it is total that the dosage of water accounts for mixture During the 2-6% of quality, compression strength reaches 1.15-1.65MPa, and flexural strength reaches 0.55-1.05MPa, and dynamic stability is 4000-7800 times/mm, compared with traditional asphalt mixture, the excellent road performance of asphalt；Especially work as emulsified asphalt Dosage account for the 7-8% of mixture gross mass, the dosage that basalt thickness is gathered materials accounts for the 80-84% of mixture gross mass, Desulphurization The dosage of slag accounts for the 3-4% of mixture gross mass, and the dosage of miberal powder accounts for the 3-4% of mixture gross mass, and the dosage of water accounts for mixture During the 3-4% of gross mass, its compression strength reaches 1.35-1.65MPa, flexural strength reaches 0.85-1.05MPa and dynamic stability Reach 6000-7800 times/mm, Asphalt Mixture Performance is excellent.
（3）The present invention uses filler of the desulfurization ash as Emulsified Asphalt Mixture, not only solves desulfurization ash and discards The regeneration of resource, while the financial cost of Emulsified Asphalt Mixture is also reduced, the demulsification for accelerating pitch cures, so that Reach the effect of incorporation curing agent, improve the performance of Emulsified Asphalt Mixture, realize that pitch room temperature is constructed, the row of reduction Put, remarkable benefit.
Embodiment：
It is the specific embodiment of the present invention below, specific embodiment used is to be used to describe the present invention, rather than limitation The present invention.
Embodiment 1
（1）First the polyvinyl alcohol in stabilizer is added in 80 DEG C of distilled water, stirs to being completely dissolved, form poly- second Enolate solution；It is 1 in mass ratio by octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide:1 is compounded to form breast Agent, then by the CaCl in stabilizer2It is added in the poly-vinyl alcohol solution and stirs evenly with the emulsifying agent, and adjusts pH Value forms soap lye to 5.5, wherein, soap lye weight percent concentration is 8%；The soap lye is poured into mulser, then by 140 DEG C Heated bitumen add in mulser, wherein, the present embodiment can select 135-145 DEG C of heated bitumen, select 140 DEG C of heated bitumen For preferred value；It is 4000 turns/min to start mulser revolution, forms emulsified asphalt, and wherein heated bitumen is with soap lye mass ratio 60:40；It is 7% to take Asphalt emulsion content；Desulfurization ash 2%, miberal powder 3%, water 2%, basalt thickness gather materials 86%, its gross weight is 100%, wherein percentage is percetage by weight.Mineral aggregate gradation is matched according to AC-13 mixtures, and such as table 1 is matched somebody with somebody in formation；
Table 1
Screen size/mm 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Percent of pass/% 100 94 82 68 47 33 24.5 17.5 12.5 9.5 6
（2）At normal temperatures, basalt thickness is gathered materials and step（1）The emulsified asphalt is uniformly mixed, and forms mixture A；
（3）At normal temperatures, it is desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix is uniform, wherein the speed stirred is 500 revs/min, this reality Can be chosen by applying mixing speed in example by 300-500 revs/min, wherein 500 revs/min are preferred value；The time of stirring is 8 points Mixing time can be chosen 5-8 minutes in clock, wherein the present embodiment, mixing time choose 8 minutes be preferred value；It is then added to Step（2）In the mixture A, add water mix and form mixture B in uniform 2 minutes；
（4）At normal temperatures, by step（3）The mixture B is stood, each to the mixture B top and bottom after standing continuous Real 50 one-pass moldings are hit, wherein 50 one-pass moldings are preferred value, can also continuously be hit in the present embodiment real 50-75 times one Secondary shaping；Molding test specimen is put into standard curing room maintenance, wherein curing temperature is 20 DEG C ± 2 DEG C, relative humidity 90%.
Emulsified bitulith with not mixing desulfurization ash is contrasted, reference《Highway engineering pitch and asphalt Testing regulations》Tested.Desulfurization ash emulsified bitulith compression strength 0.83MPa, flexural strength 0.65MPa are not mixed, Emulsified bitulith compression strength 1.25MPa of the present invention, flexural strength 0.78MP.Meanwhile mix desulfurization ash emulsification drip The dynamic stability result of blue or green concrete wheel tracking test is 4789 times/mm, considerably beyond existing《Bituminous pavement design for highway specification》 Defined mixture dynamic stability is not less than the standard of 800 times/mm.
Embodiment 2
（1）First the polyvinyl alcohol in stabilizer is added in 80 DEG C of distilled water, stirs to being completely dissolved, form poly- second Enolate solution；It is 1 in mass ratio by octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide:1 is compounded to form breast Agent, then by the CaCl in stabilizer2It is added in the poly-vinyl alcohol solution and stirs evenly with the emulsifying agent, and adjusts PH Value forms soap lye, its soap lye weight percent concentration is 9% to 5.5；The soap lye is poured into mulser, then by 140 DEG C Heated bitumen is added in mulser, and it is 4000 turns/min to start mulser revolution, forms emulsified asphalt, wherein heated bitumen and soap lye matter Amount is than being 60:40, it is 8% to take Asphalt emulsion content；Desulfurization ash 3%, miberal powder 4%, water 4%, basalt thickness gather materials 81%, its is total Weight is 100%, and wherein percentage is percetage by weight.Mineral aggregate gradation is matched according to AC-16 mixtures, is formed with such as Table 2；
Table 2
Screen size/mm 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Percent of pass/% 100 95 84 75 48 34 24.5 13.5 12.5 9.5 6
（2）At normal temperatures, basalt thickness is gathered materials and step（1）The emulsified asphalt is uniformly mixed, and forms mixture A；
（3）At normal temperatures, it is desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix is uniform, wherein the speed stirred is 500 revs/min, stirring Time be 8 minutes；It is then added to step（2）In the mixture A, add water mix and form mixture B in uniform 2 minutes；
（4）At normal temperatures, by step（3）The mixture B is stood, each to the mixture B top and bottom after standing continuous Real 50 one-pass moldings are hit, molding test specimen are put into standard curing room maintenance, wherein curing temperature is 20 DEG C ± 2 DEG C, relatively Humidity is 90%.
Emulsified bitulith with not mixing desulfurization ash is contrasted, reference《Highway engineering pitch and asphalt Testing regulations》Tested.Desulfurization ash emulsified bitulith compression strength 0.90MPa, flexural strength 0.60MPa are not mixed, Emulsified bitulith compression strength 1.60MPa of the present invention, flexural strength 0.95MP.Meanwhile mix desulfurization ash emulsification drip The dynamic stability result of blue or green concrete wheel tracking test is 7589 times/mm, considerably beyond existing《Bituminous pavement design for highway specification》 Defined mixture dynamic stability is not less than the standard of 800 times/mm.
Embodiment 3
（1）First the polyvinyl alcohol in stabilizer is added in 80 DEG C of distilled water, stirs to being completely dissolved, form poly- second Enolate solution；It is 1 in mass ratio by octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide:1 is compounded to form breast Agent, then by the CaCl in stabilizer2It is added in the poly-vinyl alcohol solution and stirs evenly with the emulsifying agent, and adjusts PH Value forms soap lye, its soap lye weight percent concentration is 10% to 5.5；Soap lye is poured into mulser, then 140 DEG C of heat is dripped Green grass or young crops is added in mulser, and it is 4000 turns/min to start mulser revolution, forms emulsified asphalt, wherein heated bitumen and soap lye mass ratio For 60:40；It is 9% to take Asphalt emulsion content；Desulfurization ash 4%, miberal powder 5%, water 6%, basalt thickness gather materials 76%, its gross weight For 100%, wherein percentage is percetage by weight.Mineral aggregate gradation is matched according to AC-20 mixtures, and such as table 3 is matched somebody with somebody in formation；
Table 3
Screen size/mm 26.5 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Percent of pass/% 100 95 85 71 61 41 30 22.5 16 13 9.5 6.5
（2）At normal temperatures, basalt thickness is gathered materials and step（1）The emulsified asphalt is uniformly mixed, and forms mixing Expect A；
（3）At normal temperatures, it is desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix is uniform, wherein the speed stirred is 500 revs/min, stirring Time be 8 minutes；It is then added to step（2）In the mixture A, add water mix and form mixture B in uniform 2 minutes；
（4）At normal temperatures, by step（3）The mixture B is stood, each to the mixture B top and bottom after standing continuous Real 50 one-pass moldings are hit, molding test specimen are put into standard curing room maintenance, wherein curing temperature is 20 DEG C ± 2 DEG C, relatively Humidity is 90%.
Emulsified bitulith with not mixing desulfurization ash is contrasted, reference《Highway engineering pitch and asphalt Testing regulations》Tested.Desulfurization ash emulsified bitulith compression strength 1.02MPa, flexural strength 0.52MPa are not mixed, Emulsified bitulith compression strength 1.45MPa of the present invention, flexural strength 0.85MPa.Meanwhile mix desulfurization ash emulsification drip The dynamic stability result of blue or green concrete wheel tracking test is 5889 times/mm, considerably beyond existing《Bituminous pavement design for highway specification》 Defined mixture dynamic stability is not less than the standard of 800 times/mm.The explanation category being not directed in the embodiment of the present invention In techniques well known, refer to known technology and be carried out.
The present invention achieves satisfied trial effect through validation trial.
Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to above-described embodiment, and that is made on the premise of present inventive concept is not departed from is various Change is belonged within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of method that desulfurization ash cures room temperature pitch, it is characterised in that include the following steps：
（1）Soap lye is formed after emulsifying agent, stabilizer are mixed with water, 135 DEG C of -145 DEG C of heated bitumens and the soap lye are mixed and are stirred Mix to form emulsified asphalt；
（2）At normal temperatures, basalt thickness is gathered materials and step（1）The emulsified asphalt mix is uniform, forms mixture A；
（3）At normal temperatures, desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix are even added to step（2）In the mixture A, and add water Mix is formed uniformly mixture B；
（4）At normal temperatures, by step（3）The mixture B is stood, each to the mixture B top and bottom after standing continuously to hit reality 50-75 one-pass molding, forms shaping test piece；
（5）By step（4）The shaping test piece is put into standard curing room maintenance；
Step（1）Described in emulsifying agent be cation compound emulsifying agent, the cation compound emulsifying agent is octadecyl front three Base ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide are compound；The octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethyl The mass ratio of ammonium bromide is 1:1；Step（1）The weight percent concentration of the soap lye is 8%-10%, the heated bitumen and soap lye Mass ratio is 60:40；Step（2）The dosage of the emulsified asphalt is 7%-9%, step（2）The use that the basalt thickness is gathered materials Measure as 76%-86%, step（3）The dosage of the desulfurization ash is 2%-4%, step（3）The dosage of the miberal powder is 3%-5%, step Suddenly（3）The dosage of the water is 2%-6%；All percentages are percetage by weight.
2. a kind of desulfurization ash cures the method for room temperature pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the stabilizer is Polyvinyl alcohol and CaCl2。
3. a kind of desulfurization ash cures the method for room temperature pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step（2）It is described The dosage of emulsified asphalt is 7%-8%, step（2）The dosage that the basalt thickness is gathered materials is 80%-84%, step（3）It is described de- The dosage of sulphur lime-ash is 3%-4%, step（3）The dosage of the miberal powder is 3%-4%, step（3）The dosage of the water is 3%-4%； All percentages are percetage by weight.
4. a kind of desulfurization ash cures the method for room temperature pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step（3）It is described Desulfurization ash is 300-500 revs/min with the uniform mixing speed of miberal powder mix, and mixing time is 5-8 minutes.
5. a kind of desulfurization ash cures the method for room temperature pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step（3）Specifically For：Desulfurization ash and miberal powder mix are even added to step（2）In the mixture A, and add uniform mix 1-2 points of water It is bell into mixture B.
6. a kind of desulfurization ash cures the method for room temperature pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step（5）It is described The temperature of maintenance is 20 DEG C ± 2 DEG C, relative humidity 90%.
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CN106746933A (en) * 2017-03-27 2017-05-31 河海大学 Nanoclay and the Emulsified Asphalt Mixture of desulfurization ash solidification and preparation method thereof

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CN105176109A (en) * 2015-08-30 2015-12-23 常州市鼎日环保科技有限公司 Preparation method for modified asphalt mixture by using desulfurization slag

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