CN105790789B - MFSK modems based on frequency hopping - Google Patents
MFSK modems based on frequency hopping Download PDFInfo
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- CN105790789B CN105790789B CN201610283746.7A CN201610283746A CN105790789B CN 105790789 B CN105790789 B CN 105790789B CN 201610283746 A CN201610283746 A CN 201610283746A CN 105790789 B CN105790789 B CN 105790789B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/7073—Synchronisation aspects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
- H04B1/7136—Arrangements for generation of hop frequencies, e.g. using a bank of frequency sources, using continuous tuning or using a transform
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
- H04B1/7156—Arrangements for sequence synchronisation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/38—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of MFSK demodulators based on frequency hopping, it is related to that the technology of system rejection to disturbance ability can be effectively improved in the communications field.The present invention uses MFSK modulation systems in frequency-hopping communication system, the characteristics of low MFSK modulation system symbol rates, strong antijamming capability is utilized, and symbol accumulation function is increased on the basis of general MFSK signals, by multiple technologies such as frequency hopping capture, synchronous holding, diversity receptions, the strong anti-interference function of communication system is realized.It also has the stupid sustainability and robustness of frequency-hopping system.Especially suitable for improving satellite communication system anti-interference ability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of MFSK demodulators based on frequency hopping in wireless communication field, especially suitable for being used as satellite
Modem based on high-speed frequency-hopping application mode in communication system.
Background technology
Due to broad covered area, the features such as communication distance is remote, networking flexibility, superior mobility, the application neck of satellite communication
Domain is more and more wide.The carrier frequency of satellite communication signals usually immobilizes, and is easy to be interfered by the aiming of adverse party, and jumps
Frequency technology has certain inhibition for aiming at interference, can significantly improve the anti-interference ability of satellite communication system, this jump
More stringent requirements are proposed to demodulator for frequency time division multiple access communication mode.
Present invention is mainly applied to military high-speed frequency-hopping Anti-Jamming Satellite Communications Systems, support that frequency hopping rate is high, highest can
Up to XX jumps/second, the most wide reachable 2GHz of frequency hopping bandwidth has higher spreading gain, and Hopping frequencies collection frequency point number reaches as high as 2E24,
Hopping pattern period is 3 years, has time domain scrambling/descrambling function, can significantly improve the anti-interference, anti-of frequency-hopping communication system
Detect receipts, ability of anti-interception.
Existing frequency hopping time division multiple acess demodulator supports frequency hopping rate relatively low, can reach 1000 jumps/second, when hop rate carries
Height, burst, which becomes efficiency of transmission in short-term, accordingly to be reduced;Frequency hopping narrower bandwidth, most wide arrival 800MHz, spreading gain is limited, and limitation is jumped
The anti-interference ability of frequency communication system;Hopping frequencies collection frequency point number is less, and hopping pattern period is shorter, do not have time domain scrambling/
Descrambling function limits the anti-of frequency-hopping communication system and detects receipts, ability of anti-interception.To overcome on existing frequency hopping time division multiple acess demodulator
Disadvantage is stated, the MFSK demodulators based on frequency hopping have been invented.
Invention content
It is an object of the invention to avoid the shortcoming in above-mentioned background technology and provide one kind can be in frequency hopping rate
The special demodulating device for up to XX jumps/worked normally under the conditions of the second, the present invention also have that multi-mode, multi tate, synchronization time be short, collection
The features such as high, stable and reliable for performance, light-weight, low in energy consumption, simple in structure at change degree.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:It by monitoring unit A, press keyboard B, liquid crystal display C, power supply D, intermediate frequency
Unit F forms, it is characterised in that:Further include base band demodulating module E, access control module G, the intermediate frequency letter of wherein intermediate frequency unit F
Number input port F1 is connect with outside L frequency range signal input end of intermediate frequency mouths IN1, the monitoring data input port F3 of intermediate frequency unit F
It is connect with the monitoring data output port A5 of monitoring unit A by data/address bus, the frequency that intermediate frequency unit F is inputted in monitoring unit A
Rate controls under signal control, baseband signal is demodulated to from external L frequency range intermediate-freuqncy signals, passes through the base band of intermediate frequency unit F
Signal output port F2 exports baseband signal to the baseband signal input port E1 of base band demodulating module E, base band demodulating module E
The demodulated data-out port E2 of data after demodulation is exported to the demodulation data-in port G1 of access control module G, is visited
Ask that the demodulation control that control module G exports demodulation control information demodulated control output end mouthful G2 to base band demodulating module E is defeated
The monitoring output port A3 of the monitoring input port E4 and monitoring unit A of inbound port E3, base band demodulating module E are connect, and are received and
Self-monitoring parameter information, access control module G export business datum through business datum output port G3 defeated to external data
Exit port OUT2, access control module G export frequency control word through frequency hopping control output port G4 defeated to outside jump control data
The monitoring input/output port A6 of the monitoring input/output port G5 and monitoring unit A of exit port OUT3, access control module G connect
It connects, monitoring unit A outputs control information to access control module G, access control module G gives monitoring unit A feedback states parameters
The LCD display output port A4 of information, monitoring unit A is connected by the data-in port C1 of data line and liquid crystal display C
It connects, shows that each unit working condition, the keyboard data input port A2 of monitoring unit A pass through data line and the data for pressing keyboard B
Output port B1 connections, receive Keyboard Control information, the remote control data input output ports A1 of monitoring unit A by data line and
The external ports RS-485 interfaces INOUT1 connection, power supply D exit ports+V1 ,+V2 ,+V3 ,+V4 voltage ends and monitoring unit, base band
The power end connection of demodulation module, intermediate frequency demodulation module, access control module.
Base band demodulating module E of the present invention is by A/D converters Ea, digital down converter Eb, matched filter Ec, Discrete Short Time
Fourier transformation module Ed, channel decoding module Ee compositions;The baseband signal that wherein A/D converters Ea inputs intermediate frequency unit F
Analog/digital transformation is carried out, the data-in port Eb1 of the data input digital down converter Eb after analog/digital is converted, number is lower to be become
Frequency device Eb will be exported through data-out port Eb2 to the data-in port of matched filter Ec after signal progress digital frequency conversion
The digital down converted signal of input is carried out Waveform Matching by Ec1, matched filter Ec, and the signal after Waveform Matching is defeated through data
Exit port Ec2 is input to the data-in port Ed1 of Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module Ed, Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform mould
Block Ed converts the signal of input, completes symbol synchronization, and extract frequency information and make decisions.When the signal of input is completed
It is exported to the data-in port Ee1 of channel decoding module Ee through data-out port Ed2 after demodulation, channel decoding module Ee will
Data are exported through data-out port Ee2 to demodulation the data-in port G1, monitoring unit A of access control module G after decoding
Parameter configuration is exported through data-out port A3 to the monitoring data input port of Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module Ed
Ed4。
Access control module G data processing unit Ga, frequency-hopping synchronization control unit Gb and time slot distribution control list of the present invention
First Gc compositions;The solution adjusting data of the demodulation data-in port Ga1 and base band demodulating module E of wherein data processing unit Ga exports
E2 connections in port receive solution adjusting data, and cache, while the reception for also receiving demodulator feedback controls information, for judging this
Jump the type and descrambling of solution adjusting data, the data-out port Ga2 connection external data output mouths of data processing unit Ga
The TOD of OUT2, outgoing traffic data, the TOD output ports Ga3 connection frequency-hopping synchronization control units Gb of data processing unit Ga are defeated
Inbound port Gb3, output demodulation TOD data;The monitoring data input/output port Gb1 of frequency-hopping synchronization control unit Gb is single with monitoring
The import and export output port A6 connections of first A receive absolute time information, calculate initial TOD, the industry of frequency-hopping synchronization control unit Gb
It is engaged in jumping control data-out port OUT3 outside data-out port Gb2 connections, exports receives frequency control word, frequency-hopping synchronization control
The TOD output port Ga3 of the TOD input ports Gb3 connection data processing units Ga of unit Gb receive demodulation TOD data, are used for
Local TOD initial values are corrected, realize that TOD is synchronized, the data-in port Gb4 connection base band demodulatings of frequency-hopping synchronization control unit Gb
The data-out port E2 of module E receives synchronizing signal and reaches instruction, realizes that TOD is synchronized for judging whether, while also receiving
Time slot position pulse, as the driving clock of TOD counters, the control output end mouthful Gb5 connections of frequency-hopping synchronization control unit Gb
The control input port end Gc2 of time slot assignment control Gc exports local TOD and state parameter;Time slot assignment control Gc
Monitoring input/output port Gc1 connect with the monitoring input/output port A6 of monitoring unit A, receive type of service parameter, use
In delta frame plan, business time-slot, the control signal mouth Gc2 connection frequency-hopping synchronizations control of time slot assignment control Gc are distributed
The control output end mouthful Gb5 of unit Gb, reception state parameter, for determining synchronous regime, to determine frame structure type, simultaneously also
Local TOD information is received, generated time scramble pattern is used for, the demodulation of time slot assignment control Gc controls data-out port
Demodulation of the Gc3 linkers with demodulation module E controls data-in port E3, and according to frame structure after scramble, output receives control letter
Breath.
It has the following advantages that compared with the background technology, the present invention:
1. the present invention is a kind of frequency hopping time division multiple acess demodulator, for frequency hopping rate up to XX jumps/second, synchronization time is short, communication
It is efficient, multi tate mixing demodulation can be carried out, has the characteristics that data rate and IF frequency, modulation system are variable, simultaneously
Have perfect monitoring function, therefore is widely used in satellite communication system.
2. integration degree of the present invention is high, low in energy consumption, machine debugging workload is small, stable and reliable for performance, can relatively dislike
It is worked normally under the conditions of bad environment (- 10 DEG C~55 DEG C).
3. the present invention uses standard profile structure, simple in structure, internal compact, at low cost, there is application value.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the electrical schematic block diagram of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the electrical schematic diagram of base band demodulating unit E embodiments of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the electrical schematic diagram of access control module G embodiments of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
Referring to figs. 1 to Fig. 3, the present invention by monitoring circuit A, press keyboard B, liquid crystal display C, power supply D, intermediate frequency unit F, base
Band demodulating unit E, access control module G compositions.Wherein monitoring circuit A input/output ports A1 passes through RS-485 interfaces and outside
Monitoring system connects, for implementing the monitoring and control to the machine, monitoring circuit A keyboard data input port A2 and pressing keyboard B
Data-out port B1 connections, are changed or the state of monitoring the machine by the button operation of the machine, and by with monitoring circuit A liquid
Crystalline substance shows that the liquid crystal display C of output port A4 connections is shown, monitoring circuit A monitoring output port A5 and intermediate frequency unit F is monitored
Input port F3 connections, the frequency for controlling medium-frequency receiving and sending local vibration source changes and the power level of IF output signal, and examines
Its working condition is surveyed, monitoring circuit A monitoring output port A3 connect with base band demodulating module E monitoring input port E4 feet, use
In running parameters such as the information rate, operating mode and modulation systems of control the machine, and the working conditions such as its signal-to-noise ratio are detected,
It acts on the normal work that the machine is exactly controlled by these controls and monitoring port to monitoring circuit A, and embodiment is using commercially available special
With CPU integrated circuits C8051F023, application-specific integrated circuit 74LVC4245A, EPM 7064STI44-7, clock circuit
DS13C887,485 interface circuit MAX489EPD make.Liquid crystal display C embodiment uses RICH24201-3 English display liquid
Crystalline substance makes.Keyboard B embodiment is pressed to be made of Ro buttons.
Intermediate frequency unit F baseband signal output port F2 are connect with L frequency range medium frequency output end mouths OUT1, and effect is by intermediate frequency
Modulated intermediate-freuqncy signal output, the signal input end of intermediate frequency mouth F1 and outside L frequency range IF input terminal mouths IN1 of intermediate frequency unit F
Connection, effect are to receive externally input intermediate-freuqncy signal, and carry out quadrature demodulation to the intermediate-freuqncy signal of input, intermediate frequency unit its
Effect is exactly to receive externally input intermediate-freuqncy signal, and carry out quadrature demodulation to the intermediate-freuqncy signal of input, then will be through intermediate frequency solution
Complex baseband signal after tune send base band demodulating module E to be demodulated.Embodiment uses dedicated active modulation chip AD8345, has
Source demodulation chip AD8348 makes.
Base band demodulating module E of the present invention is by A/D converters Ea, digital down converter Eb, matched filter Ec, Discrete Short Time
Fourier transformation module Ed, channel decoding module Ee compositions.The electric principle connection line of base band demodulating module E is as shown in Figure 3.Its
Its effect of middle A/D converters Ea is that the baseband signal inputted to intermediate frequency unit F carries out carrying out analog/digital transformation, digital down converter
Its effect of Eb is that the docking collection of letters number carries out an orthogonal digital down coversion, its effect of matched filter Ec is to complete the wave of the docking collection of letters number
Shape matches, and Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module Ed completes symbol synchronization and judgement, its effect of channel decoding module Ee is to solution
The data of base band output are adjusted to carry out error-correcting decoding processing.It is digital down converter Eb, matched filter Ec, discrete short in embodiment
When fourier transformation module Ed, each function modules of channel decoding module Ee use monolithic FBGA chip EP2S180F1020I4 systems
Make.
Its effect of power supply D of the present invention provides component direct-current working volts at different levels, and embodiment uses customization power supply DLA50H,
Output+V1 voltages are+5 volts, output+V2 voltages are -5 volts, and+V3 voltages are+16 volts, output+V4 voltages are+8 volts.
The brief operation principle of the present invention is as follows:MFSK demodulator major functions based on frequency hopping include:Frequency hopping pattern is generated,
Frequency-hopping synchronization capture, frequency-hopping synchronization holding and normal frequency hopping communications are completed, during the intermediate-freuqncy signal that low-converter is exported is passed through
The digital information of originator is exported after frequency demodulation, channel decoding.Inside it mainly by monitoring circuit A, press keyboard B, liquid crystal display
C, intermediate frequency unit F, access control module G, base band demodulating module E, power supply D compositions.Each section has been all made of modularized design skill
Art constitutes the corresponding units with standalone feature.
In the MFSK demodulator courses of work based on frequency hopping, intermediate frequency unit F receives externally input intermediate-freuqncy signal, and right
The intermediate-freuqncy signal of input carries out quadrature demodulation, then send base band demodulating module E, base band demodulating mould the zero intermediate frequency signals after demodulation
Block E demodulates the complex baseband signal of input, and the data after demodulation are exported.In communication process, during monitoring circuit A is completed
Frequency selection, the power level setting of IF output signal, the setting of modulation /demodulation parameter, the machine work of frequency transmitting-receiving local vibration source
The functions such as the detection of signal-to-noise ratio.
The mounting structure of the present invention is as follows:Complete machine uses standard 1U cabinets, cabinet inside to use modular construction, Mei Gemo
Block is all realized using independent circuit;Machine shape size is 482.6 millimeters × 44 millimeters × 420 millimeters, in cabinet both sides
Rail plate can be installed, cabinet front is equipped with liquid crystal display C, by keyboard B and indicator light, and cabinet rear portion is equipped with power supply
Socket, medium frequency output end mouth OUT1 sockets, business datum input/output port OUT2 sockets, is jumped at IF input terminal mouth IN1 sockets
Control data-out port OUT3, fan and standard RS-485 Remote control interface OUT4 sockets, assembly cost invention.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of MFSK demodulators based on frequency hopping, including monitoring unit(A), press keyboard(B), liquid crystal display(C), power supply
(D)And intermediate frequency unit(F), it is characterised in that:It further include base band demodulating module(E)And access control module(G), wherein intermediate frequency list
Member(F)Signal input end of intermediate frequency mouth F1 connect with outside L frequency range signal input end of intermediate frequency mouths IN1, intermediate frequency unit(F)Monitoring
Data-in port F3 passes through data/address bus and monitoring unit(A)The A5 connections of monitoring data output port, intermediate frequency unit(F)
Monitoring unit(A)Under the frequency control signal control of input, the L frequency range intermediate-freuqncy signals from outside are demodulated to baseband signal,
Pass through intermediate frequency unit(F)Baseband signal output port F2 baseband signal is exported to base band demodulating module(E)Baseband signal
Input port E1, base band demodulating module(E)The demodulated data-out port E2 of data after demodulation is exported to access control mould
Block(G)Demodulation data-in port G1, access control module(G)The demodulated control output end mouthful G2 of demodulation control information is defeated
Go out to base band demodulating module(E)Demodulation control signal mouth E3, base band demodulating module(E)Monitoring input port E4 with monitoring
Unit(A)The A3 connections of monitoring output port, receive come self-monitoring parameter information, access control module(G)By business datum
It is exported to external data output mouth OUT2, access control module through business datum output port G3(G)Frequency control word is passed through
Frequency hopping control output port G4 is exported to outside and is jumped control data-out port OUT3, access control module(G)Monitoring input it is defeated
Exit port G5 and monitoring unit(A)The A6 connections of monitoring input/output port, monitoring unit(A)Output control information to access control
Molding block(G), access control module(G)To monitoring unit(A)Feedback states parameter information, monitoring unit(A)Liquid crystal display
Output port A4 passes through data line and liquid crystal display(C)Data-in port C1 connections, show each unit working condition, prison
Control unit(A)Keyboard data input port A2 by data line and pressing keyboard(B)Data-out port B1 connections, receive key
Disk controls information, monitoring unit(A)Remote control data input output ports A1 pass through data line and outside RS-485 interfaces
The ports INOUT1 connect, power supply(D)Output port+V1 ,+V2 ,+V3 ,+V4 voltage ends respectively with monitoring unit, base band solution
The power end connection of mode transfer block, intermediate frequency demodulation module, access control module;
The access control module(G)By data processing unit(Ga), frequency-hopping synchronization control unit(Gb)It distributes and controls with time slot
Unit processed(Gc)Composition;
Wherein data processing unit(Ga)Demodulation data-in port Ga1 and base band demodulating module(E)Solution adjusting data output
E2 connections in port receive solution adjusting data, and cache, while the reception for also receiving demodulator feedback controls information, for judging solution
The type and descrambling of adjusting data, data processing unit(Ga)Data-out port Ga2 connection external data output mouths
OUT2, outgoing traffic data, data processing unit(Ga)TOD output ports Ga3 connection frequency-hopping synchronization control units(Gb)'s
TOD input port Gb3, output demodulation TOD data;Frequency-hopping synchronization control unit(Gb)Monitoring data input/output port Gb1
With monitoring unit(A)The A6 connections of import and export output port, receive absolute time information, calculate initial TOD, frequency-hopping synchronization control
Unit(Gb)Business datum output port Gb2 connections outside jump control data-out port OUT3, export receives frequency control word,
Frequency-hopping synchronization control unit(Gb)TOD input ports Gb3 connection data processing units(Ga)TOD output port Ga3, receive
TOD data is demodulated, for correcting local TOD initial values, realizes that TOD is synchronized, frequency-hopping synchronization control unit(Gb)Data input
Port Gb4 linkers band demodulation module(E)Data-out port E2, receive synchronizing signal reach instruction, for judging whether
It realizes that TOD is synchronized, while also receiving time slot position pulse, as the driving clock of TOD counters, frequency-hopping synchronization control unit
(Gb)Control output end mouthful Gb5 connection time slot assignment controls(Gc)Control input port end Gc2, output local TOD with
State parameter;Time slot assignment control(Gc)Monitoring input/output port Gc1 and monitoring unit(A)Monitoring input and output
A6 connections in port receive type of service parameter, are used for delta frame plan, distribute business time-slot, time slot assignment control(Gc)
Control signal mouth Gc2 connection frequency-hopping synchronization control units(Gb)Control output end mouthful Gb5, reception state parameter is used for
It determines synchronous regime, to determine frame structure type, while also receiving local TOD information, be used for generated time scramble pattern, time slot
Assignment control(Gc)Demodulation control data-out port Gc3 linkers band demodulation module(E)Demodulation control data it is defeated
Inbound port E3, according to frame structure after scramble, output receives control information.
2. the MFSK demodulators according to claim 1 based on frequency hopping, it is characterised in that:Base band demodulating module(E)By A/D
Converter(Ea), digital down converter(Eb), low-pass filter(Ec), Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module(Ed), channel translates
Code module(Ee)Composition;
Wherein A/D converters(Ea)To intermediate frequency unit(F)The baseband signal of input carries out analog/digital transformation, after analog/digital is converted
Data input digital down converter(Eb)Data-in port Eb1, digital down converter(Eb)Signal is subjected to digital frequency conversion
It is exported to matched filter by data-out port Eb2(Ec)Data-in port Ec1, matched filter(Ec)It will input
Digital down converted signal carry out Waveform Matching, the signal after Waveform Matching is input to through data-out port Ec2 discrete short
When fourier transformation module(Ed)Data-in port Ed1, Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module(Ed)To the signal of input
It is converted, completes symbol synchronization, and extract frequency information and make decisions, exported through data after the signal of input completes demodulation
Port Ed2 is exported to channel decoding module(Ee)Data-in port Ee1, channel decoding module(Ee)Data pass through after decoding
Data-out port Ee2 is exported to access control module(G)Demodulation data-in port G1, access control module(G)It will solution
Regulation and control information processed is exported by demodulating control output end mouthful G2 to Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module(Ed)Demodulation control it is defeated
Inbound port Ed3, monitoring unit(A)Parameter configuration is exported through data-out port A3 to Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform module
(Ed)Monitoring data input port Ed4.
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CN2462618Y (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2001-11-28 | 信息产业部电子第五十四研究所 | Extended frequency hopping signal modem |
CN201118634Y (en) * | 2007-09-05 | 2008-09-17 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 | Pair carrier multi-address modulator |
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CN2462618Y (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2001-11-28 | 信息产业部电子第五十四研究所 | Extended frequency hopping signal modem |
CN201118634Y (en) * | 2007-09-05 | 2008-09-17 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 | Pair carrier multi-address modulator |
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