CN105784623A - Method for testing hydration reaction rate of portland cement in early age - Google Patents
Method for testing hydration reaction rate of portland cement in early age Download PDFInfo
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- CN105784623A CN105784623A CN201610178519.8A CN201610178519A CN105784623A CN 105784623 A CN105784623 A CN 105784623A CN 201610178519 A CN201610178519 A CN 201610178519A CN 105784623 A CN105784623 A CN 105784623A
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- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Inorganic materials [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011401 Portland-fly ash cement Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011400 blast furnace cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000008030 superplasticizer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003469 silicate cement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012496 blank sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000145845 chattering Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010883 coal ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021321 essential mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N2021/3595—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using FTIR
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for testing the hydration reaction rate of portland cement in the early age, which comprises the following steps: after the portland cement to be tested is mixed with water, sampling and maintaining are carried out for 8h, then FTIR test is carried out every other hour until 12h, and the range of the FTIR test is as follows: 400-4000 cm‑1According to the migration change of a Si-O vibration absorption peak in an FTIR spectrum of a sample within 8-12 h, carrying out the characterization of the hydration reaction rate; namely: the higher the migration degree of a Si-O vibration absorption peak in an FTIR spectrum from a low wave number to a high wave number within 8-12 h, the faster the hydration reaction rate of the sample is; the method can rapidly (within 12 h) and accurately test and evaluate the hydration reaction rate of the portland cement in the early age by using an FTIR test means, thereby providing help for practical scientific research and engineering application.
Description
(1) technical field
The invention belongs to building material field, be specifically related to the method for testing of a kind of portland cement early age hydration reaction speed.
(2) background technology
Portland cement (Portland cement) is the most widely used Binder Materials of current field of civil engineering.Portland cement
Aquation and hardening process directly influence progress and the quality of engineering.In Current Engineering Construction, due to duration, efficiency of construction etc.
Reason, aquation and the hardening process of cement concrete early age increasingly come into one's own, are also that scientific research personnel often studies and pays close attention to
Problem.At present, the test characterizing method of silicate cement hydration reaction process mainly there are intensity method, X-ray diffraction method, DSC
Method, to combine water law, aquation full-boiled process etc. multiple.In these methods, water within major part is all poorly suitable for age particularly 1d morning
Change the sign of reaction process.Although aquation full-boiled process is usually utilized to measure the hydration reaction speed of cement early age, but on the one hand by
It is difficult to accomplish complete thermal insulation in it, and can only be a kind of semiquantitative test, so that some subtle differences may cannot be distinguished from；
On the other hand it can only characterize a basic heat evolution velocity of cement on the whole, but cannot reflect that in cement slurry, main aquation is produced
The change procedure of thing.
Ftir analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) is to compare in materialogy
Common research method, has had many achievements in research in cement-based material, and the method is simple to operate, obtains and analyzes knot
The speed of fruit quickly, has certain advantage when the change of the hydrated product particularly C-S-H gelinite analyzed in cement slurry.
The main object of the present invention, the method being i.e. to utilize FTIR, to portland cement or with portland cement as main base
All kinds of composites of material are tested.In FTIR collection of illustrative plates, the feature of Si-O key migrates peak for mainly following the trail of target, to silicate
The hydration reaction speed of cement early age characterizes accurately.
(3) summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide the method for testing of a kind of portland cement early age hydration reaction speed.Its theoretical foundation is as follows:
Fig. 1 is the FTIR collection of illustrative plates of dry portland cement sample specimens (namely clinker).The common suction of each thing phase in clinker
Receive peak and refer to table 1.As shown in Figure 1, the absworption peak of clinker is concentrated mainly on 500～1000cm-1In the range of.Wherein, with
Si-O key chattering is main C3S and C2S absworption peak is mainly reflected in 922cm-1And 519cm-1Near, 1148cm-1Neighbouring is SO4 2-'s
S-O key chattering absworption peak.
Common absworption peak (the cm of each thing phase in table 1 clinker-1)
FTIR collection of illustrative plates when Fig. 2 is silicate cement cement paste sample 7d age.When hydrated cementitious proceeds to 7d, hardened cement paste
Hydrated product tends towards stability relatively, the FTIR collection of illustrative plates after therefore the absworption peak in Fig. 2 reflects typical silicate cement hydration substantially.
Wherein, 3643cm-1、3437cm-1And 1651cm-1Place is Ca (OH)2With the hydroxyl vibration absworption peak of water, 1420～1480cm-1's
A series of absworption peaks and 874cm-1The absworption peak at place is CO3 2-Vibration absorption peak, 1117cm-1Place is for coming from SO4 2-S-O
Vibration absorption peak, 980cm-1、516cm-1And 463cm-1Place is the Si-O vibration absorption peak of gelinite.Features described above peak is through tens of
The research and analysis in year, all compare confirmation.
Modern chemistry of cement is thought, at the essential mineral C of Portland clinker3S and C2In S, silicon-oxy tetrahedron is all deposited with island shape
, it is Q0.Forming C-S-H gel after this compound aquation, tetrahedral polymerization degree is gradually increased, and forms Q1And Q2.By right
The relative analysis of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is it is found that C3S and C2S during carrying out hydration reaction and generating C-S-H gelinite, namely
Silicon-oxy tetrahedron is by Q0To Q2During transformation, its Si-O vibration absorption peak have significantly by lower wave number to showing that high wave number migrates
As.With 922cm the most typical in clinker collection of illustrative plates-1As a example by vibration absorption peak (as shown in Figure 3), it is polymerized at silicon-oxy tetrahedron
During, along with the carrying out of aquation, Si-O vibration absorption peak is by the 922cm of lower wave number-1To high wave number 980cm-1Place migrates.This
It it is a phenomenon with index, because by this phenomenon, it is seen that the process of cement-based material aquation.Reality repeatedly
Testing display, this migration just had started in age earlier.For portland cement, this time period about adds water after mix
8～12h.
In sum, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of method of testing of portland cement early age hydration reaction speed, described method of testing is:
After portland cement to be measured and water mix, sample maintenance 8h, often carry out a FTIR test afterwards every other hour, to 12h
Only, described FTIR test in the range of: 400～4000cm-1(belonging to mid infrared region), according to sample FTIR figure in 8～12h
The migration and variation of Si-O vibration absorption peak in spectrum, carries out the sign of hydration reaction speed to it；That is: in 8～12h in FTIR collection of illustrative plates
The degree that Si-O vibration absorption peak is migrated to high wave number by lower wave number is the biggest, illustrates that the hydration reaction speed of sample is the fastest.
In the present invention, described portland cement be portland cement (the most such as: portland cement, Portland cement,
Portland slag cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland fly ash cement, composite Portland cement, middle heat portland water
Mud, low-heat portland cement, low heat portland blast-furnace-slag cement, portland cement using cryogenic powdered coal dust, low heat micro expanding cement, fine coal
Ash low heat micro expanding cement or dam portland cement), or the cement-base composite material with portland cement as major matrix material.
In method of testing of the present invention, the ratio of mud of described portland cement to be measured and water mix can be according to the normal consistency of cement
Water consumption is chosen, it is possible to take the circumstances into consideration according to actual needs to determine, the usual ratio of mud all may be used in the range of 0.22～0.50.
Recommend described sampling maintenance method particularly includes: after sampling, sample plastic packaging bag sealed, then is placed in maintenance in curing box,
Generally the temperature in curing box is 20 ± 1 DEG C, humidity ＞ 95%.
Described FTIR test uses pressed disc method, it may be assumed that uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 1:100 with KBr powder body by sample, after mixing
Powder body continuous mill 5min, to guarantee that sample can be dispersed in KBr powder body, and the granule of mixed powder reaches certain
Fineness (mean diameter is about 2 μm), then by carrying out Conventional compression process through the mixed powder milled, can survey
Examination, measuring resolution is 8.0cm-1, sample scans 64 times every time.
The beneficial effects of the present invention is:
Means of testing based on FTIR, characterizes the hydrated reaction product of portland cement early age, thus reaches following useful
Effect: can be by the means of testing of FTIR, quickly (in 12h) and hydration reaction speed to portland cement early age exactly
Rate is tested and is assessed, thus provides help for actual scientific research and engineer applied.
(4) accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the FTIR collection of illustrative plates of portland cement (clinker) sample；
Fig. 2 is the FTIR collection of illustrative plates of silicate cement cement paste sample 7d age；
Fig. 3 is the migration of Si-O vibration absorption peak during silicate cement hydration；
Fig. 4 is that in embodiment 1, neat portland cement blank sample and the FTIR collection of illustrative plates mixing super plasticizer sample contrast；
Fig. 5 is the FTIR collection of illustrative plates of pulverized fuel ash cement sample in embodiment 2；
Fig. 6 is the FTIR collection of illustrative plates of cement-base composite material sample in embodiment 3.
(5) detailed description of the invention
Below by specific embodiment, the invention will be further described, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to that.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment is intended carrying out contrast test by admixture super plasticizer sample with portland cement blank sample, is used for verifying above-mentioned spy
Levy the transport phenomena at peak.Its theoretical foundation is: according to product description, and the super plasticizer that the present embodiment is used is (for Germany's BASF
The MasterGlenium3030 type that company produces, water-reducing rate is 25%～30%) there is certain deferred action, then this slow setting
Phenomenon should be at 922cm-1The migration of place's characteristic peak is embodied.
Specifically comprise the following steps that
(1) using neat portland cement (PI type) to make two groups of cement paste samples respectively, one group is striaght cement sample, another group
For mixing super plasticizer sample, the raw materials quality match ratio of two groups of samples is as shown in table 2.In test, cement takes 20g, and water takes 8g, surpasses and moulds
Agent takes 0.08g；
Table 2 cement paste blank sample and the raw materials quality match ratio mixing super plasticizer cement paste sample
(2) two groups of samples stir 3min respectively in 50mL beaker, make the abundant mix of material uniform；
(3) fetch water in two groups of samples cement paste about 10g respectively, loads in plastic packaging bag and seals, and puts after plastic packaging bag is the most labelled
Enter (20 ± 1 DEG C, humidity ＞ 95%) maintenance 8h in curing box；
(4), after arriving 8h curing age, two groups of samples proceed by FTIR test, and test is often carried out once, every other hour to 12h
Only, test result is as shown in Figure 4.
As shown in Figure 4, when 8h and 9h age, the Si-O vibration absorption peak of two groups of test specimens remains within 920cm-1Place, with dry
Cement place peak value is identical, it can be seen that, until during this age, the silicon-oxy tetrahedron in hardened cement paste still with monomer is
Main, dimer or polymeric structure do not occur.For NC sample, this situation is broken when 10h.NC examination during 10h
The characteristic peak of sample starts to migrate, and peak value when its 10h, 11h and 12h is respectively 945cm-1、948cm-1And 983cm-1.The opposing party
Face, SP sample, during 8h～11h, does not has significant change all the time, and when age is 12h, characteristic peak starts to migrate.By upper
Stating to compare and can be clearly seen that, in this period C-S-H gelinite, the extent of polymerization of silicon-oxy tetrahedron can react more intuitively
On the collection of illustrative plates of FTIR, its hydration reaction time of sample mixed with super plasticizer is about delayed by 2h.
Therefore, by following the trail of 920cm in FTIR collection of illustrative plates-1Place's Si-O vibration absorption peak just can symbolize the speed of hydration reaction speed.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment uses Portland fly ash cement (PF) to produce test sample.Portland fly ash cement is also normal in engineering
One of portland cement seen.That implements specifically comprises the following steps that
(1) one group of cement paste sample is prepared with Portland fly ash cement.During preparation, cement takes 20g, and water takes 8g, i.e. the ratio of mud
It is 0.4.Cement and water are stirred 3min in 50mL beaker, makes the abundant mix of material uniform；
(2), after stirring, fetch water from beaker cement paste about 10g, loads in plastic packaging bag and seals, and plastic packaging bag is outer labelled
After put into curing box (20 ± 1 DEG C, humidity ＞ 95%) maintenance 8h；
(3), after arriving 8h curing age, sample proceeds by FTIR test, and test is often carried out once every other hour, stops to 12h,
Test result is as shown in Figure 5.
As shown in Figure 5, this cement sample is at 920cm-1The Si-O vibration absorption peak at place, starts to migrate from 8h, completes during to 12h, its
Peak value is by 920cm-1Migrate to 981cm-1。
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment carries out the test of FTIR to CNT (CNT) modified cement-based composite, and sample is for mixing 0.08% (matter
Amount than) the cement paste sample of CNT, cement uses composite Portland cement.That implements specifically comprises the following steps that
(1) carbon nano-tube modification cement-base composite material one group is prepared.During preparation, cement takes 20g, and water takes 8g, and CNT is
0.016g.CNT is dispersed in water, then with cement mixing.Cement paste is stirred in 50mL beaker 3min, makes material
Fully mix is uniform；
(2), after stirring, fetch water from beaker cement paste about 10g, loads in plastic packaging bag and seals, and plastic packaging bag is outer labelled
After put into curing box (20 ± 1 DEG C, humidity ＞ 95%) maintenance 8h；
(3), after arriving 8h curing age, sample proceeds by FTIR test, and test is often carried out once every other hour, stops to 12h,
Test result is as shown in Figure 6.
It will be appreciated from fig. 6 that this cement-base composite material sample is at 920cm-1The Si-O vibration absorption peak at place, starts to migrate, to 12h from 8h
Time complete, its peak value is by 921cm-1Migrate to 980cm-1。
Claims (6)
1. the method for testing of a portland cement early age hydration reaction speed, it is characterised in that described method of testing is:
After portland cement to be measured and water mix, sample maintenance 8h, often carry out a FTIR test afterwards every other hour, extremely
12h only, described FTIR test in the range of: 400～4000cm-1, according to sample Si-O vibration in FTIR collection of illustrative plates in 8～12h
The migration and variation of absworption peak, carries out the sign of hydration reaction speed to it；That is: in 8～12h, in FTIR collection of illustrative plates, Si-O vibration is inhaled
The degree that receipts peak is migrated to high wave number by lower wave number is the biggest, illustrates that the hydration reaction speed of sample is the fastest.
2. method of testing as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described portland cement be portland cement or with
Portland cement is the cement-base composite material of major matrix material.
3. method of testing as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that described portland cement is: portland cement, general
Logical portland cement, portland slag cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland fly ash cement, complex silicate saline
Mud, moderate-heat portland cement, low-heat portland cement, low heat portland blast-furnace-slag cement, portland cement using cryogenic powdered coal dust, low
Hot micro-expansion cement, flyash low heat micro expanding cement or dam portland cement.
4. method of testing as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described portland cement to be measured and the ratio of mud of water mix
It is 0.22～0.50.
5. method of testing as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described sampling maintenance method particularly includes: after sampling,
Being sealed by sample plastic packaging bag, then be placed in maintenance in curing box, the temperature in curing box is 20 ± 1 DEG C, humidity ＞ 95%.
6. method of testing as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described FTIR test uses pressed disc method, it may be assumed that will examination
Sample uniformly mixes according to mass ratio 1:100 with KBr powder body, to mixed powder body continuous mill 5min, and then will be through milling
Mixed powder carry out Conventional compression process, can test, measuring resolution is 8.0cm-1, sample scans 64 times every time.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106645241A (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2017-05-10 | 河海大学 | Method for judging silicate cement failure by microcosmic detection |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5557103A (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1996-09-17 | Dowell, A Division Of Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Method of analyzing drilling fluids |
| US20100012844A1 (en) * | 2008-07-17 | 2010-01-21 | University Of Prince Edward Island | IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) DISORDERS USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY |
| CN102711605A (en) * | 2009-12-24 | 2012-10-03 | 休姆迪奇有限责任公司 | Measuring device and method for analysing test gas by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy |
| CN104330378A (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2015-02-04 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Method for correcting wave number drift of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PRIYANKA 等: "Theoretical and experimental study of structures and properties of cement paste：The nanostructural aspects of C-S-H", 《JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS》 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106645241A (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2017-05-10 | 河海大学 | Method for judging silicate cement failure by microcosmic detection |
| CN106645241B (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2019-07-23 | 河海大学 | A method of judging that portland cement fails by microcosmic detection |
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