CN105716947A - Test method of microcosmic creep rupture process of rock - Google Patents
Test method of microcosmic creep rupture process of rock Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a test method of the microcosmic creep rupture process of rock. The test method includes the steps of firstly, manufacturing standard samples for rock creep tests, and selecting the samples with close wave velocity through sound wave detection; secondly, selecting two of the samples, manufacturing into sections, and scanning with an electron microscope to obtain the initial fracture distribution conditions of the samples; thirdly, using a circulation loading and unloading manner to perform the creep tests under multiple levels of stresses, manufacturing each sample after each level of loaded stress is stabilized into a section, and scanning with the electron microscope to obtain the fracture distribution conditions and expansion rules under different loaded stresses; fourthly, statistically counting the obtained fracture images to obtain the fracture distribution conditions and the expansion rules. The test method has the advantages that the fracture distribution conditions and the expansion rules in the creep process can be reflected, the creep mechanism of the rock is researched in a microcosmic manner, and clear guiding significance is provided.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of a kind of rock, belong to Geotechnical Engineering field.
Background technology
The creep properties of rock is one of important mechanical characteristic of rock, is closely related with the long-term stability of engineering.Along with the implementation of development of the West Regions, in area, the high and steep mountains of Southwestern China, having built large quantities of Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineerings, the reasonable Efficient Development of China's hydraulic power potentials is played very important effect by these large-scale hydroelectric projects.Meanwhile, the safety of these engineerings and stable, the particularly long term stability problem during operation just become and ensure one of essential condition that hydraulic power potentials is developed smoothly.At present, in creep of rock is studied, majority is to study from macroscopic perspective, mainly have studied growth over time, the Changing Pattern of rock deformation, these researchs are for instructing rock mass engineering project construction and construction, there is significant directive significance, but the creep mechanism of rock can not be reflected, in order to understand creep of rock process mechanism, then need the angle from fine sight to study, and the research of this respect is relatively fewer.At present the thin of creep characteristic of rock is seen analysis and research aspect, mainly adopt scanning electron microscope method, be called for short scanning electron microscope (SEM), acoustic emission method (AE) and X ray CT method.Electron-microscope scanning method has higher amplification, it is possible to observe fine structure and the fractured zones situation on the uneven surface of sample intuitively, therefore can adopt the method for electron-microscope scanning that the fractured zones situation in creep process is carried out statistical analysis.
At present, domestic about utilizing the main research in scanning electron microscope study creep carefully sight as follows:
Wang Weiwei, Cao's equality is in literary composition " research of Jinchuan creep of soft rock failure mechanism electron microscope experiment ", and rock failure mechanism of rock fracture microscopic pattern under creep stressing conditions has been carried out observational study by application microcosmic scanning electron microscope, and analyzes the micro-damage mechanism of its generation.Wen Zhongcong carefully sees the destruction fracture morphology of angle study of rocks, research creep mechanism is had certain effect and meaning, it is only that destruction fracture has been carried out observational study, distribution and the spread scenarios of crackle in creep process can not be reflected, description that can not be quantitative is along with the growth of creep time, the extension evolutionary process of crackle.
Xiao Hongtian, strong sky relaxations etc. are in literary composition " research of High Slope of Three Gorges Flight Lock damage rheology and site-test analysis ", the micro-crack adopting scanning electron microscope instant recording crack tip is grown and evolutionary process, and tests the subcritical Crack Growth of Three Gorges Ship Lock granite with double; two test specimens of turning round.But literary composition is only give compact tension specimen crack extending length under given displacement loading environment and the relation of time, without providing the information that in test specimen creep process in pressurized situation, the width of crackle, area etc. change over time.
Chen Wenling, Zhao Fasuo etc. are in literary composition " the Mica-quartzose schist creep impairment variable based on microscopic test is studied ", adopt ultramicroscope, polarizing microscope that non-stress stage of Mica-quartzose schist triaxial creepage, the radially, axially section that namely will appear from tertiary creep stage and failure stage are observed, obtain the microstructure change of Mica-quartzose schist triaxial creepage process.And the effect that microstructure change produces is attributed to the change of damage variable and voidage, applied statistics defect theory and mechanical simplified model set up the relation of damage variable, voidage and macro-stress, strain, obtain creep impairment variable.Literary composition only provides three kinds of situations of creep process, namely the non-stress stage, namely will appear from the microstructure change situation of tertiary creep stage and failure stage, situation of change without the microstructure provided under detailed every one-level stress level, it is used for representing the structure change of whole creep process, seem not to be abundant especially, additionally in determining damage variable and damage evolution equation, in literary composition, the Statistical Damage result according only to experience provides, without making full use of the micro-crack statistical result after electron-microscope scanning.
In sum, scanning electron microscope study creep of rock is adopted carefully to see characteristic aspect at present, still can not comprehensively describe in whole creep process along with the rising of stress level, the distribution situation of crackle and propagation law, so be extremely necessary that proposing a kind of rock that can describe carefully sees the method for testing of creep process comprehensively.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of a kind of rock, adopt the mode that classification cycle adds unloading can recover to be recorded in process of the test by the Delayed elastic of rock, calculate its residual deformation, the uninstall process that adds of rock sample comprehensively can be reflected on creep of rock curve, it is possible to obtain more deformation information in creep process.
Technical scheme: for achieving the above object, the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of the rock of the present invention, specifically comprise the following steps that
(1) adopt rock corning machine that original sillar is carried out boring and coring, obtain the irregular long sillar of cylindric end face, adopt rock cutter that the end face of long sillar is cut and obtain the cylindrical sample that end face is smooth, adopt rock Plane surface grinding machine that cylindrical sample end face is polished, the irregularity degree deviation making cylindrical sample both ends of the surface is ± 0.05mm, obtain the cylindrical sample that ratio is 1:2～3 of diameter and height, the sample made is carried out sonic detection, picks out the close sample of velocity of wave and test；
(2) before carrying out creep test, first select two samples, make section, and carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the initial fractured zones situation of rock；
(3) carry out the uniaxial compression test of rock sample, it is determined that go out the uniaxial compressive strength of rock sample, according to the intensity of rock, the loading level in creep test is carried out classification；
(4) single shaft or the three axis creep test of rock are carried out, according to the classification determined, apply first order load and keep load constant, observe the deformation of rock, when incremental deformation is not more than 0.001mm/d, illustrate that deformation is stable, then zero it is offloaded to, observe rock deformation recovery in time, when after stabilization, namely a cyclic loading and unloading process is completed, sample after living through current stress level is made section, carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the fractured zones situation after this one-level stress level effect, every one-level loads level, at least prepare two samples；
(5) repeating step (4), after to the last one-level loads, rock sample destroys, and fracture surface of sample place is carried out electron-microscope scanning, obtains the fractured zones situation of fracture；
(6) digital image processing techniques are utilized, to the section not having the rock sample loaded in (2), (4), the electron-microscope scanning image of the rock sample section after every one-level stress level effect and the fracture surface of sample after the last rock failure mechanism of rock carries out image procossing in (5), and statistics obtains the azimuth in crack, length, area；
(7) to not adding the initial crack situation of load to along with the increase of stress level, the germinating in crack in creep process, extension, connection and the azimuth in the through crack caused, length, area change, it is thus achieved that the thin propagation law seeing crack of rock generation creep rupture in creep process.
As preferably, in described step (3), the loading level in creep test is carried out classification by the intensity according to rock, and classification is no less than 4 grades, and the stress difference between at different levels is constant, and ensures that afterbody stress level makes the rock failure mechanism of rock.
As preferably, in described step (6), sample section draws the azimuth in crack, length, area by electron-microscope scanning, comprises the following steps:
A () selects to need SEM image to be processed；
B () obtains the scale information of SEM image；
C SEM image is carried out image enhancement processing by ()；
D SEM image after carrying out image enhancement processing is carried out image segmentation by (), after segmentation terminates, extract the crack in image, obtain the microfissure area of currently displaying microfissure, microfissure length and microfissure azimuth, it is possible to .xls form is saved in Excel form.
In the present invention, image enhaucament is actually the process of " distortion ", mainly strengthen the visual effect of image, strengthen the contrast of image zones of different, effective information in saliency maps picture, the i.e. final use according to image, a certain part of properties in prominent image, difference between zones of different in sharpening image.Specifically exactly griotte SEM image is carried out image enhancement operation so that it is the difference of middle slot portion and surrounding sillar part becomes apparent from, in order to follow-up further process.Image enhaucament mainly includes two kinds of methods: spatial domain strengthens and frequency domain strengthens.
In the present invention, image is split from qualitative angle, image segmentation is just based on the gray scale of image, Texture eigenvalue divides the image into several image processing techniquess having certain certain sense region, same or like character is had in each pixel of each intra-zone, character between each region is then different, and conventional image segmentation algorithm mainly includes point, line and rim detection, threshold process and the method such as segmentation based on region.
Beneficial effect: relative to prior art, there is advantages that
(1) mode that classification cycle adds unloading is adopted can to recover to be recorded in process of the test by the Delayed elastic of rock, calculate its residual deformation, can the uninstall process that add of rock sample be comprehensively reflected on creep of rock curve, more deformation information in creep process can be obtained, simultaneously after unloading is stable, there is the time of abundance can carry out the work of section and scanning electron microscope；
(2) utilize digital image processing techniques that the sample scans sem image of one-level stress level every in creep process is processed, fractured zones situation and the propagation law of creep process can be obtained, the description to whole creep process can be realized, for there is important directive significance from fine sight aspect study of rocks creep rupture process.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic flow sheet of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is that the present invention makes rock section schematic diagram；
Fig. 3 is the load path schematic diagram that the classification cycle of the present invention adds unloading manner；
Fig. 4 is for utilizing Digital Image Processing flow chart；
Fig. 5 is for utilizing digital image processing techniques to rock section electron-microscope scanning image processing process schematic diagram；
Fig. 6 is microfissure Information Statistics result figure；
Fig. 7 is that microfissure azimuth, length and area are with stress level variation diagram.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further described.
As it is shown in figure 1, the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of the rock of the present invention, specifically comprise the following steps that
(1) adopt rock corning machine that original sillar is carried out boring and coring, obtain the irregular long sillar of cylindric end face, adopt rock cutter that the end face of long sillar is cut and obtain the cylindrical sample that end face is smooth, adopt rock Plane surface grinding machine that cylindrical sample end face is polished, the irregularity degree deviation making cylindrical sample both ends of the surface is ± 0.05mm, obtain the cylindrical sample that ratio is 1:2～3 of diameter and height, the sample made is carried out sonic detection, picks out the close sample of velocity of wave and test；
(2) before carrying out creep test, first select two samples, make section, and carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the initial fractured zones situation of rock；
(3) carry out the uniaxial compression test of rock sample, it is determined that go out the uniaxial compressive strength of rock sample, according to the intensity of rock, the loading level in creep test is carried out classification；
(4) single shaft or the three axis creep test of rock are carried out, according to the classification determined, apply first order load and keep load constant, observe the deformation of rock, when incremental deformation is not more than 0.001mm/d, illustrate that deformation is stable, then zero it is offloaded to, observe rock deformation recovery in time, when after stabilization, namely a cyclic loading and unloading process is completed, sample after living through current stress level is made section, carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the fractured zones situation after this one-level stress level effect, every one-level loads level, at least prepare two samples；
(5) repeating step (4), after to the last one-level loads, rock sample destroys, and fracture surface of sample place is carried out electron-microscope scanning, obtains the fractured zones situation of fracture；
(6) digital image processing techniques are utilized, to the section not having the rock sample loaded in (2), (4), the electron-microscope scanning image of the rock sample section after every one-level stress level effect and the fracture surface of sample after the last rock failure mechanism of rock carries out image procossing in (5), and statistics obtains the azimuth in crack, length, area；
(7) to not adding the initial crack situation of load to along with the increase of stress level, the germinating in crack in creep process, extension, connection and the azimuth in the through crack caused, length, area change, it is thus achieved that the thin propagation law seeing crack of rock generation creep rupture in creep process.
Specific embodiment: the uniaxial compression creep test of the griotte of one of main country rock of the buried diversion tunnel of Jinping hydropower station and scanning electron microscope test illustrate the method for testing of the present invention.
(1) griotte buried to taking from Jinping hydropower station, adopt rock corning machine that original sillar is carried out boring and coring, obtain the irregular long sillar of cylindric end face, adopt rock cutter that the end face of long sillar is cut and obtain the cylindrical sample that end face is smooth, adopt rock Plane surface grinding machine that cylindrical sample end face is polished, the irregularity degree deviation making cylindrical sample both ends of the surface is ± 0.05mm, obtain diameter 50mm, the cylindrical sample of height 100mm, the sample made is carried out sonic detection, picks out the close sample of velocity of wave and test；
(2) before carrying out creep test, first select two samples, make section, make the method for section as in figure 2 it is shown, and carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the initial fractured zones situation of rock；
(3) uniaxial compression test of rock sample is carried out, it is determined that the average uniaxial compressive strength going out sample is 84.64MPa, according to the intensity of rock, the loading level in creep test is divided into 20MPa, 40MPa, 60MPa, 80MPa level Four；
(4) uniaxial compression creep test of rock is carried out according to the classification determined, first apply first order load 20MPa and keep load constant (the OA stage in Fig. 3), observe the deformation of rock, when incremental deformation is not more than 0.001mm/d, illustrate that deformation is stable, then it was offloaded to for zero (the AB stage in Fig. 3), observe rock deformation recovery in time, when after stabilization, namely a cyclic loading and unloading process is completed, sample after living through current stress level is made section, obtain the fractured zones situation after this one-level stress level effect, for reducing the impact of rock discreteness, every one-level loads level, at least prepare two samples；
(5) step (4) is repeated, successively to applying second level load 40MPa, third level load 60MPa, sample after fourth stage load 80MPa cyclic loading and unloading process carries out slicing treatment, and electron-microscope scanning, and the fracture surface of sample place after creep of rock under afterbody stress effect is destroyed carries out electron-microscope scanning, obtains the fractured zones situation of fracture；
(6) digital image processing techniques are utilized, section to the rock sample not being subject to load in (2), (4), in (5), the electron-microscope scanning image of the rock sample section after every one-level stress level effect and the fracture surface of sample after the last rock failure mechanism of rock carries out image procossing, statistics obtains the azimuth in crack, length, area, as shown in Figure 4, Fig. 5 provides the statistical result of the azimuth after stress level 80MPa, length to digital image processing process；
(7) to not by the initial crack situation of load to along with the increase of stress level, the germinating in crack in creep process, extension, connection and the azimuth in the through crack caused, length, area change (as shown in Figure 6), obtain the thin propagation law seeing crack of rock generation creep rupture in creep process, set up for follow-up damage evolution equation and the study mechanism of crack propagation lays the foundation, it is ensured that the long-term stability of engineering.
In the present invention, sample section is by electron-microscope scanning and adopts the rock microfissure extraction software based on Region Segmentation Algorithm to carry out processing and draw the azimuth in crack, length, area, and algorithm flow chart as shown in Figure 4, comprises the following steps:
A () imports image: click " importing image " button in image analyzing section, occurs that image imports and selects dialog box, selects the SEM image needing to import, namely demonstrate in image display area and select picture, as shown in Figure 5 a after having imported；
B () selects seed points: click " selection seed points " button in image analyzing section, select some points by click in image microfissure region, terminates choosing with enter key, as shown in Figure 5 b；
C () extracts crack: click " extraction crack " button in image analyzing section, demonstrate the final result in extracted crack in image display area, as shown in Figure 5 c；
D () obtains information: click " acquisition information " button in image analyzing section, obtain the microfissure area of currently displaying microfissure, microfissure length and microfissure azimuth, as fig 5d, and can .xls form be saved in Excel form, the microfissure azimuth cartogram after obtaining 80MPa effect is processed according to data, as shown in Figure 6 a, microfissure length cartogram after 80MPa effect, as shown in Figure 6 b, microfissure azimuth cartogram under stress effects at different levels, as shown in Figure 7a, microfissure total length is along with stress level variation diagram, as shown in Figure 7b, the microfissure gross area is along with stress level variation diagram, as shown in Figure 7 c, obtain the thin propagation law seeing crack of rock generation creep rupture in creep process, set up for follow-up damage evolution equation and the study mechanism of crack propagation lays the foundation, ensure that the long-term stability of engineering.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; it is noted that, for those skilled in the art; under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, it is also possible to make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of a rock, it is characterised in that specifically comprise the following steps that
(1) adopt rock corning machine that original sillar is carried out boring and coring, obtain the irregular long sillar of cylindric end face, adopt rock cutter that the end face of long sillar is cut and obtain the cylindrical sample that end face is smooth, adopt rock Plane surface grinding machine that cylindrical sample end face is polished, the irregularity degree deviation making cylindrical sample both ends of the surface is ± 0.05mm, obtain the cylindrical sample that ratio is 1:2～3 of diameter and height, the sample made is carried out sonic detection, picks out the close sample of velocity of wave and test；
(2) before carrying out creep test, first select two samples, make section, and carry out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the initial fractured zones situation of rock；
(3) carry out the uniaxial compression test of rock sample, it is determined that go out the uniaxial compressive strength of rock sample, according to the intensity of rock, the loading level in creep test is carried out classification；
(4) carry out single shaft or the three axis creep test of rock, according to the classification determined, apply first order load and keep load constant, observe the deformation of rock, when incremental deformation is not more than 0.001mm/d, then it is offloaded to zero, when after stabilization, namely a cyclic loading and unloading process is completed, sample after living through current stress level is made section, carries out electron-microscope scanning, obtain the fractured zones situation after this one-level stress level effect, every one-level loads level, at least prepares two samples；
(5) repeating step (4), after to the last one-level loads, rock sample destroys, and fracture surface of sample place is carried out electron-microscope scanning, obtains the fractured zones situation of fracture；
(6) digital image processing techniques are utilized, to the section not having the rock sample loaded in (2), (4), the electron-microscope scanning image of the rock sample section after every one-level stress level effect and the fracture surface of sample after the last rock failure mechanism of rock carries out image procossing in (5), and statistics obtains the azimuth in crack, length, area；
(7) to not adding the initial crack situation of load to along with the increase of stress level, the germinating in crack in creep process, extension, connection and the azimuth in the through crack caused, length, area change, it is thus achieved that the thin propagation law seeing crack of rock generation creep rupture in creep process.
2. the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of rock according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step (3), the loading level in creep test is carried out classification by the intensity according to rock, classification is no less than 4 grades, stress difference between at different levels is constant, and ensures that afterbody stress level makes the rock failure mechanism of rock.
3. the thin method of testing seeing creep rupture process of rock according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in described step (6), sample section draws the azimuth in crack, length, area by electron-microscope scanning, comprises the following steps:
A () selects to need SEM image to be processed；
B () obtains the scale information of SEM image；
C SEM image is carried out image enhancement processing by ()；
D SEM image after carrying out image enhancement processing is carried out image segmentation by (), after segmentation terminates, extract the crack in image, obtain the microfissure area of currently displaying microfissure, microfissure length and microfissure azimuth.
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| CN109991097B (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2021-11-16 | 中南大学 | Rock loading and unloading response ratio change point judging method based on damage strength |
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| CN111238940A (en) * | 2020-03-23 | 2020-06-05 | 江西理工大学 | Method and system for quantitatively identifying accelerated creep stage of rock by acoustic emission signal |
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| CN111811943A (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-10-23 | 山东科技大学 | Pressure maintaining device and experimental method in rock creep impact and microcrack scanning experiment |
| CN112730057A (en) * | 2020-12-21 | 2021-04-30 | 北京建筑大学 | Method for evaluating long-term service life of brittle solid material under action of compressive load |
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