CN105697030B - Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity - Google Patents
Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105697030B CN105697030B CN201610118623.8A CN201610118623A CN105697030B CN 105697030 B CN105697030 B CN 105697030B CN 201610118623 A CN201610118623 A CN 201610118623A CN 105697030 B CN105697030 B CN 105697030B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cutterhead
- curved surface
- continuous type
- boring machine
- disk cutter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 light Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/10—Making by using boring or cutting machines
- E21D9/11—Making by using boring or cutting machines with a rotary drilling-head cutting simultaneously the whole cross-section, i.e. full-face machines
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to complete-section tunnel boring machine technical fields, more particularly, to a kind of method and curved surface cutterhead increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity.The method includes the steps：Determine the amount of deflection of continuous type cutterhead circle where each disk cutter central point in tunneling process；It is prefabricated to the progress of continuous type cutterhead, make the round tunneling direction protrusion to complete-section tunnel boring machine where each disk cutter central point, and raised displacement round where each disk cutter central point is equal to the amount of deflection of each disk cutter central point place circle.The curved surface cutterhead carries out prefabricated according to the method.The present invention can effectively increase rigidity of the complete-section tunnel boring machine cutterhead in operation process, it is ensured that the broken rock efficiency of disk cutter on cutterhead, to improve cutterhead, cutter life and its operating efficiency of complete-section tunnel boring machine.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to complete-section tunnel boring machine technical fields, more particularly, to a kind of increase complete-section tunnel boring machine
The method and curved surface cutterhead of continuous type cutterhead rigidity.
Background technology
Complete-section tunnel boring machine is full face rock tunnel boring machine (Full Face Rock Tunnel Boring
Machine, abbreviation TBM) and shield (Shield) general name, can realize driving, supporting, slag tap etc. that working procedures are continuous parallel
Operation is the batch production assembly line construction tunnel equipment of the system integrations such as mechanical, electrical, liquid, light, gas, has that driving speed is fast, is conducive to
Environmental protection, the advantages that comprehensive benefit is high, it can be achieved that the complicated geological stratum deep and long tunnels that traditional drilling and blasting method is difficult to realize construction,
Application in the tunnels such as Chinese railway, water power, traffic, mine, municipal administration (road) engineering is rapidly increasing.
Complete-section tunnel boring machine cutterhead is plane cutterhead at present, and when compressive strength of rock is larger, cutterhead thrust is also big,
Load collection degree then on cutterhead face is also big, so that cutterhead is generated buckling deformation, causes between disk cutter and its manipulating object (rock)
Interactively change, this serious will reduce the operational efficiency of disk cutter, or even can seriously threaten cutterhead use the longevity
Life.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of methods and song increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity
Face cutterhead, with solve complete-section tunnel boring machine existing in the prior art in tunneling process because cutterhead occur buckling deformation due to
It influences the operational efficiency of disk cutter, reduce the technical issues of cutterhead service life.
The method provided by the invention for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, includes the following steps：
Determine the amount of deflection of continuous type cutterhead circle where each disk cutter central point in tunneling process；
It is prefabricated to continuous type cutterhead progress, make each disk cutter central point place circle to the tunneling boring tunnel
The tunneling direction protrusion of development machine, and the raised displacement of circle is equal to each disk cutter where each disk cutter central point
The amount of deflection of circle where central point.
Further, the deflection equation that the amount of deflection of circle where each disk cutter central point passes through continuous type elastic sheetIt is calculated, wherein q is the intensity of cutterhead, and r is the radius of each disk cutter central point, C1
And C2The constant respectively determined by boundary condition, D are constant.
Further, the constantWherein, E is the Young's modulus of the curved surface cutterhead material, and μ is
The Bai Song ratios of the curved surface cutterhead material；T is the thickness of the curved surface cutterhead.
Further, the constant C1And C2It is calculated respectively by boundary condition.
The curved surface cutterhead provided by the invention for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, concrete structure
For：The tunneling direction of circle where each disk cutter central point to complete-section tunnel boring machine is raised on the curved surface cutterhead, and each
The amount of deflection of circle where the raised displacement of circle where the disk cutter central point is equal to each disk cutter central point.
Further, the amount of deflection of circle where each disk cutter central point is calculated by the amount of deflection of continuous type elastic sheet
EquationIt is calculated, wherein q is the intensity of cutterhead, and r is the half of each disk cutter central point
Diameter, C1And C2The constant respectively determined by boundary condition, D are constant.
Further, the constantWherein, E is the Young's modulus of the curved surface cutterhead material, and μ is
The Bai Song ratios of the curved surface cutterhead material；T is the thickness of the curved surface cutterhead.
Further, the constant C1And C2It is calculated respectively by boundary condition.
Further, it is assumed that the connection relation between the curved surface cutterhead and the bearing support of the curved surface cutterhead is folder branch,
Then according to boundary conditionIt is availableIt is i.e. each
The amount of deflection of circle is where the disk cutter central point：Wherein, R0For the curved surface cutterhead
Bearing support radius.
Further, the bearing support radius of the curved surface cutterhead is 0.4~0.8 times of the curved surface cutter radius.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are：
The present invention can effectively increase rigidity of the complete-section tunnel boring machine cutterhead in operation process, it is ensured that on cutterhead
The broken rock efficiency of disk cutter, to improve cutterhead, cutter life and its operating efficiency of complete-section tunnel boring machine.
Description of the drawings
It, below will be to specific in order to illustrate more clearly of the specific embodiment of the invention or technical solution in the prior art
Embodiment or attached drawing needed to be used in the description of the prior art are briefly described, it should be apparent that, in being described below
Attached drawing is some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, before not making the creative labor
It puts, other drawings may also be obtained based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is the front view of the cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine and the bearing support relationship of curved surface cutterhead；
Fig. 2 is the deformation curve of existing plane cutterhead (or face in cutterhead) shaft section during excavation operation；
Fig. 3 is the predeformation of curved surface cutterhead (or face in cutterhead) shaft section of complete-section tunnel boring machine of the present invention
Measure curve.
Reference numeral：
1- cutter head supports；2- cutterheads.
Specific implementation mode
Technical scheme of the present invention is clearly and completely described below in conjunction with attached drawing, it is clear that described implementation
Example is a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, ordinary skill
The every other embodiment that personnel are obtained without making creative work, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that term "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical",
The orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as "horizontal", "inner", "outside" be based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, merely to
Convenient for the description present invention and simplify description, do not indicate or imply the indicated device or element must have a particular orientation,
With specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore it is not considered as limiting the invention.In addition, term " first ", " second ",
" third " is used for description purposes only, and is not understood to indicate or imply relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, term " installation ", " phase
Even ", " connection " shall be understood in a broad sense, for example, it may be being fixedly connected, may be a detachable connection, or be integrally connected；It can
Can also be electrical connection to be mechanical connection；It can be directly connected, can also indirectly connected through an intermediary, Ke Yishi
Connection inside two elements.For the ordinary skill in the art, above-mentioned term can be understood at this with concrete condition
Concrete meaning in invention.
When the cutterhead to complete-section tunnel boring machine is modeled or simulates calculating, the ways customary in industry is by knife
Disk is reduced to elastic sheet, then load of the cutter in excavation operation is evenly distributed on cutterhead surface.
It is found by a large amount of engineering practice, complete-section tunnel boring machine central hob installation number accounts for tunneling boring tunnel digging
The percentage of disk cutter installation number has significant impact to cutterhead rigidity on into the full cutterhead of machine.According to theoretical, finite element analysis
It calculates and experimental verification is found, when disk cutter installation number (including central hob) in central hob installation number and full cutterhead
The ratio between when being not more than 8%, the cutterhead deformation effect under disk cutter effect is equal to the elastic sheet of central imperforate, this is i.e. continuous
Type cutterhead.
The method provided by the invention for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, includes the following steps：
(1) amount of deflection of continuous type cutterhead circle where each disk cutter central point in tunneling process is determined；
(2) prefabricated to continuous type cutterhead progress, make each disk cutter central point place circle to the tunneling boring
The tunneling direction protrusion of development machine, and the raised displacement of circle is equal to each disk cutter where each disk cutter central point
The amount of deflection of circle where central point.
In this way, when complete-section tunnel boring machine carries out excavation operation, under load effect, on cutterhead in each disk cutter
Heart point is subjected to displacement to the negative direction of protrusion, to make curved surface cutterhead return back to flat state, increases tunneling boring tunnel piercing
Rigidity in machine knife disk operation process, improves complete-section tunnel boring machine cutterhead, cutter life and its operating efficiency.
The curved surface cutterhead for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity obtained according to this design concept,
The tunneling direction of circle to complete-section tunnel boring machine is raised where upper each disk cutter central point, and each disk cutter center
The amount of deflection of circle where the raised displacement of circle where point is equal to each disk cutter central point.
Specifically, the amount of deflection calculating side that the amount of deflection of circle where each disk cutter central point passes through continuous type elastic sheet
JourneyIt is calculated, wherein q is the intensity of the curved surface cutterhead, and r is each disk cutter center
The radius of point, C1And C2The constant respectively determined by boundary condition.
D is constant, andWherein, E is the Young's modulus of the curved surface cutterhead material, and μ is the curved surface
The Bai Song ratios of cutterhead material；T is the thickness of the curved surface cutterhead.
The present invention is described in detail below by a specific embodiment.
The cutterhead parameter of certain complete-section tunnel boring machine is as shown in table 1.
Table 1：
| Cutter radius/m | R=3.892m |
| Cutter head support radius/m | 2.00m |
| Cutterhead fix a cutting tool number/ | N=58 |
| Every load/kN on cutter | F=260kN |
| Cutterhead parameter/Nm | D=1.787 × 107 |
| Cutterhead young modulus of material/N/m2 | E=2 × 1011 |
| Cutterhead material Poisson's ratio | 0.26 |
| Cutterhead thickness/cm | T=10 |
| Load collection degree q/N/m2 | 316888 |
Each parameter in table 1 is updated to formulaIn, you can 58 dish types are calculated
Hobboing cutter respectively round deflection value (the middle face displacement at i.e. each disk cutter in central point place；Middle face, i.e., apart from cutterhead front-back etc.
The face that the point of distance is formed).
The amount of deflection of circle is as shown in table 2 where each disk cutter central point, during excavation operation, existing plane cutter axis
The deformation curve in section is as shown in Figure 2；
Table 2：
According to the result of calculation of table 2, continuous type plane cutterhead is carried out it is prefabricated, circle where making each disk cutter central point to
The tunneling direction protrusion of complete-section tunnel boring machine, obtains curved surface cutterhead as shown in Figure 3, to make complete-section tunnel boring machine
It is substantially planar after cutterhead deformation in tunneling process, so that it is guaranteed that on cutterhead disk cutter broken rock efficiency, and improve complete disconnected
Cutterhead, cutter life and its operating efficiency of face rock tunnel(ling) machine.
Finally it should be noted that：The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention., rather than its limitations；To the greatest extent
Present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments for pipe, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that：Its according to
So can with technical scheme described in the above embodiments is modified, either to which part or all technical features into
Row equivalent replacement；And these modifications or replacements, various embodiments of the present invention technology that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution
The range of scheme.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
Determine the amount of deflection of continuous type cutterhead circle where each disk cutter central point in tunneling process；
It is prefabricated to continuous type cutterhead progress, make each disk cutter central point place circle to the tunneling boring tunnel piercing
The tunneling direction protrusion of machine, and the raised displacement of circle is equal to each disk cutter center where each disk cutter central point
The amount of deflection of circle where point；
The deflection equation that the amount of deflection of circle where each disk cutter central point passes through continuous type elastic sheet
It is calculated, wherein q is the intensity of cutterhead, and r is the radius of each disk cutter central point, C1And C2Respectively by perimeter strip
The constant that part determines, D is constant.
2. the method according to claim 1 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, which is characterized in that
The constant, wherein E is the Young's modulus of the cutterhead material, and μ is the Bai Song ratios of the cutterhead material；t
For the thickness of the cutterhead.
3. the method according to claim 1 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, which is characterized in that
The constant C1And C2It is calculated respectively by boundary condition.
4. a kind of curved surface cutterhead increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, which is characterized in that the curved surface knife
The tunneling direction of circle where each disk cutter central point to complete-section tunnel boring machine is raised on disk, and in each disk cutter
The amount of deflection of circle where the raised displacement of circle where heart point is equal to each disk cutter central point；
The amount of deflection accounting equation that the amount of deflection of circle where each disk cutter central point passes through continuous type elastic sheetIt is calculated, wherein q is the intensity of cutterhead, and r is the radius of each disk cutter central point, C1
And C2The constant respectively determined by boundary condition, D are constant.
5. the curved surface cutterhead according to claim 4 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, feature
It is, the constant, wherein E is the Young's modulus of the curved surface cutterhead material, and μ is the curved surface cutterhead
The Bai Song ratios of material；T is the thickness of the curved surface cutterhead.
6. the curved surface cutterhead according to claim 4 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, feature
It is, the constant C1And C2It is calculated respectively by boundary condition.
7. the curved surface cutterhead according to claim 6 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, feature
It is, it is assumed that the connection relation between the curved surface cutterhead and the bearing support of the curved surface cutterhead is folder branch, then according to perimeter strip
Known to part,, can be obtained,, i.e., each disk cutter central point
Place circle amount of deflection be：, wherein R0For the bearing support radius of the curved surface cutterhead.
8. the curved surface cutterhead according to claim 7 for increasing complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity, feature
It is, the bearing support radius of the curved surface cutterhead is 0.4~0.8 times of the curved surface cutter radius.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610118623.8A CN105697030B (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610118623.8A CN105697030B (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105697030A CN105697030A (en) | 2016-06-22 |
| CN105697030B true CN105697030B (en) | 2018-08-10 |
Family
ID=56223734
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610118623.8A Active CN105697030B (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105697030B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107176784B (en) * | 2017-07-13 | 2023-07-18 | 嘉兴沃尔德金刚石工具有限公司 | Hole-free knife wheel |
| CN107742052B (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2020-11-10 | 华北电力大学 | Method for determining thickness of cutter head connecting plate of full-face rock tunnel boring machine |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101672184A (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2010-03-17 | 大连理工大学 | Rice character type structure arrangement method of hobs of full section rock digging machine |
| CN103510961A (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2014-01-15 | 华北电力大学 | Method for determining width and angle of blade of disc cutter of whole-section tunnel boring machine |
| CN203488185U (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2014-03-19 | 华北电力大学 | Disc cutter of full-section tunneling machine |
| CN103670429A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-26 | 北京交通大学 | Cutterhead and cutter reinforcing method for directly cutting reinforced concrete pile foundations by shield |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102889086B (en) * | 2012-09-26 | 2015-06-24 | 华北电力大学 | Full-section tunneling machine for changing connecting radius between cutter head and rotary support |
| CN204002830U (en) * | 2014-07-21 | 2014-12-10 | 洛阳理工学院 | A kind of cutter head structure for TBM |
| CN104110263B (en) * | 2014-07-21 | 2016-10-26 | 洛阳理工学院 | A kind of cutter head structure for TBM |
-
2016
- 2016-03-02 CN CN201610118623.8A patent/CN105697030B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101672184A (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2010-03-17 | 大连理工大学 | Rice character type structure arrangement method of hobs of full section rock digging machine |
| CN103510961A (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2014-01-15 | 华北电力大学 | Method for determining width and angle of blade of disc cutter of whole-section tunnel boring machine |
| CN203488185U (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2014-03-19 | 华北电力大学 | Disc cutter of full-section tunneling machine |
| CN103670429A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-26 | 北京交通大学 | Cutterhead and cutter reinforcing method for directly cutting reinforced concrete pile foundations by shield |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105697030A (en) | 2016-06-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102953735A (en) | Composite soil pressure balance shield with front support and back support | |
| CN205036382U (en) | Combined type blade disc sword of backbreaking | |
| CN105089676B (en) | Side hobboing cutter backbreaks device and long-distance hard rock rock tunnel(ling) machine is backbreak cutterhead | |
| CN105697030B (en) | Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of complete-section tunnel boring machine continuous type cutterhead rigidity | |
| CN107130968A (en) | A kind of tunnel construction mid-board | |
| CN109139028B (en) | Arc-cutting shield tunneling machine cutterhead | |
| CN104775754A (en) | Pole disc type multi-boom drill jumbo | |
| CN105332715B (en) | By changing the method that cutterhead thickness and support radius reduce full face rock tunnel boring machine Construction Vibration | |
| CN103742155B (en) | A kind of long-span segment method for dismounting | |
| CN207999260U (en) | A kind of anti-sticking single shield TBM of NEW TYPE OF COMPOSITE | |
| CN205243517U (en) | But shield constructs machine quick assembly disassembly tears sword | |
| CN204492828U (en) | A kind of balancing earth-pressure shielding machine soil storehouse mud cake sniffer | |
| CN105673030B (en) | Increase the method and curved surface cutterhead of the discontinuous cutterhead rigidity of complete-section tunnel boring machine | |
| CN206346747U (en) | A kind of small diameter central axle drives triumphant formula TBM | |
| CN104747197A (en) | Earth pressure balance shield tunneling machine earth chamber mud cake detection device | |
| CN209483366U (en) | A kind of axial, lateral two-way excavation cutterhead | |
| CN208456605U (en) | A kind of minor diameter open type TBM advance support system | |
| CN208137943U (en) | A kind of anti-sticking double-shielded TBM of NEW TYPE OF COMPOSITE | |
| CN103216258B (en) | Km rig concentrates strip-type to draw out methane method | |
| CN108691549A (en) | A kind of experimental provision and its test method of simulation cutter head of shield machine cutting section of jurisdiction | |
| CN209483360U (en) | A kind of rectangular cross section hard rock mole | |
| CN204163730U (en) | Slurry shield Slurry treatment system mud pit | |
| CN208441844U (en) | A kind of experimental provision of simulation cutter head of shield machine cutting section of jurisdiction | |
| CN208220799U (en) | A kind of novel shield rounding machine cutter | |
| CN207863965U (en) | A kind of reducing normal pressure tool changing cutterhead and the shield machine using the cutterhead |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |