CN105695910B - A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method - Google Patents
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method Download PDFInfo
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
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- C22F1/183—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon of titanium or alloys based thereon
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Abstract
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method, belongs to titanium aluminium base alloy Technology of Plastic Processing field.Its preparation method is：Take powder metallurgic method preparation TiAl-base alloy, hot rolling be sheet material after, by heat treatment method adjust TiAl-base alloy be organized as γ phases and α2900~980 DEG C are integrally heated to after the assembling of superplasticforming mould after the tiny bifurcation tissue of phase, after being incubated 20~30 minutes, the rate shapeds such as isothermal is carried out.Superplasticforming process of the present invention is simple, without carrying out any transformation to existing equipment, solves the technical barrier that titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material superplasticforming prepares parts, can provide path for the industrial applications of sheet alloy.Present invention process is simple, low for equipment requirements, is suitable to industrialized production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material superplasticforming, it is a kind of large scale titanium aluminium base alloy plate to refer in particular to
The method of material superplasticforming；Belong to titanium aluminium base alloy Technology of Plastic Processing field.
Background technology
Titanium aluminium base alloy specific strength is high, specific stiffness is high, density is low, fire resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistant, creep-resistant property are good,
It is a kind of very potential lightweight high-temperature structural material, has wide answering in industrial circles such as Aero-Space, automobile makings
Use prospect.Titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material can be also used for near-net-shape Aeronautics and Astronautics hair in addition to it can be directly used as structural material
The parts of motivation and the wing of super speed vehicle, housing, hot-zone covering, turbo blade, missile tail etc..However, titanium aluminium
Based alloy is more crisp, belongs to difficult-to-deformation material, with traditional method to titanium aluminium base alloy be processed deformation it is highly difficult, especially exist
When production prepares complex-shaped or larger-size part such as aircraft casing, turbo blade, traditional forming technique cannot have
Play a role to effect.
Superplastic Forming Techniques are used as a kind of technology of " new and effective ", its shaping and aircraft industry in difficult-to-machine material
The huge superiority that field shows increasingly is paid attention to by researchers.Material resistance of deformation when superplasticforming is carried out
Small, deflection is big, easily shaping, therefore, titanium aluminium base alloy is processed with huge advantage using Superplastic Forming Techniques.Mesh
Before, there are many researchs on titanium aluminium base alloy superplasticforming both at home and abroad.Imayev et al. is right under the conditions of 1000 DEG C
Ti-35.9Al (wt%) based alloy blanks carry out isothermal forging, then after carrying out follow-up different heat treatments, discovery is in temperature
1025 DEG C, strain rate be 0.83 × 10-3s-1~1.6 × 10-3s-1Under the conditions of, the elongation percentage of alloy sample for 130%~
250%, with superplasticforming ability.Niu et al. carries out super modeling to the Ti-43Al-4Nb-2Mo-0.5B (at%) for forging state
Property stretching when, temperature be 900 DEG C~950 DEG C, strain rate be 1 × 10-4s-1~4 × 10-4s-1When, the elongation percentage for obtaining is
170%~405%, equally there is superplasticforming ability.
Be can be seen that from other people result of study, although alloy has been provided with superplasticity under given conditions, but into
Point difference can cause superplastic temperature and the strain rate condition to have larger difference, and for specific alloy,
The condition that temperature and strain rate must be provided simultaneously with is only possible to superplasticforming ability.On the other hand, alloy unidirectionally draws
Stretch superplasticity property research and actual industrial in prepare part using super plastic forming method and also there is larger difference, due to
The research of performance is primarily upon the superplasticity property under simple unidirectional tensile stress state, and during the superplasticforming of part should
Power state is complicated a lot, not simple simple tension, while can be acted on by circumferentially compressing and rubbing against power, is answered various
In the presence of power, the condition of superplasticforming is compared to the condition with simple tension, and comparativity is smaller, that is to say, that using unidirectional drawing
, it is necessary to carry out larger adjustment to condition when prepared by the superplasticity that the superplasticity condition stretched carries out part, and adjustment degree is not
Can predict.Such as, the increase of circumferential pressure stress is conducive to improving the superplasticity of alloy, but the presence of frictional force is then unfavorable for
The superplasticforming of alloy, so adjustment direction has larger non-intellectual.It can be seen that the superplasticforming for part is, it is necessary to examine
Consider the factors such as temperature, strain rate and microscopic structure and mold shape, the change of any one condition can cause it
The respective change of its condition.Therefore it is existing in the setting of superplasticforming condition, it is necessary to consider the compound action of many factors
Research report condition mainly to corresponding material and under the conditions of there is directiveness, but for certain material under given conditions
Superplasticforming, its technological parameter but have uniqueness, and not according to it is existing research and report can directly obtain.
The superplasticforming of the TiAl alloy sheet material prepared for ingot metallurgy method prepares part, due to itself it is difficult to make
Standby large-sized sheet material, and alloy grain prepared by ingot metallurgy method is typically thicker, and it is inclined to be usually present composition
Analysis or the defect of tissue looseness, cause the difficulty of its superplasticforming to increase.Patent of the present invention is based on early stage sheet material superplasticity row
For fundamental research, it is proposed that be adapted to the process of large size plate superplasticforming.
The content of the invention
A kind of titanium aluminium that can produce large-size part is provided it is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiency of prior art
The method of based alloy plate superplasticforming.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, comprises the steps：
The first step：Alloy substrate tissue is adjusted
Take the TiAl-base alloy of powder metallurgic method preparation, after hot rolling is sheet material, TiAl bases is adjusted by heat treatment method and is closed
Payment organization is γ phases and α2The tiny bifurcation tissue of phase；
Second step：Superplasticforming
900~980 DEG C are integrally heated to after the TiAl-base alloy that the first step is obtained and the assembling of superplasticforming mould, are protected
Temperature carries out the rate shapeds such as isothermal after 20~30 minutes；
3rd step：Stabilization processes
Superplasticforming terminates, and stabilizing annealing heat treatment is carried out after depanning.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, the technological parameter of the heat treatment method is：Protect
1250~1270 DEG C of temperature, soaking time is 4~5 hours, and insulation terminates rear air cooling.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, the γ phases and α2The tiny bifurcation tissue of phase
In, the average grain size of γ phases is 15~20 μm, and percentage is 40%~45%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is
20~25 μm, percentage is 55%~60%.
The speed forming parameters such as a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, the isothermal are：
900~980 DEG C of forming temperature, strain rate is 8 × 10-5s-1~5 × 10-4s-1；In forming process：The temperature of workpiece and mould
Change is less than or equal to 10 DEG C, and strain rate keeps constant.
A kind of TiAl-base alloy super plastic forming method of the present invention, the Annealing Temperature is 850 DEG C~900 DEG C,
Soaking time is come out of the stove air cooling after 3~5 hours.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, the TiAl-base alloy includes following components, presses
Atomic percent is constituted：Al43~46%, Nb6.5~7.2%, W0.28~0.32%, impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, remains
Remaining is Ti.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, the TiAl base alloy plate width obtained after hot rolling
It is 250~300mm, length is 300~400mm, and thickness is 2~2.5mm.
A kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method of the present invention, to after heat treatment method adjusts matrix
TiAl base alloy plate carry out surface grinding process, the oxidation products in removal heat treatment process make sheet metal thickness equal
Even, then any surface finish, is assembled with superplasticforming mould.
Under normal circumstances, rolled TiAl base alloy plate is organized as bifurcation tissue, wherein γ phases and α2/ γ colonies
Ratio is about 1:3, although this microstructure characteristic compared with hot rolling before nearly γ tissues or the plasticity of fully lamellar composition increase,
But γ phases and α2The ratio of/γ colonies and nonplastic optimal ratio combination, this microstructure characteristic do not possess super modeling still
Property shaping ability, it is necessary to be heat-treated to sheet material, γ phases and α in adjustment alloy2The ratio of/γ colonies, can just make sheet material
Ability with superplasticforming.Because TiAl-base alloy plasticity is poor in itself, carries out microstructure modification and make it have properly
γ phases and α2While the ratio of/γ colonies, it is necessary to super modeling is just capable of achieving under suitable forming temperature and velocity conditions
Property shaping.Therefore, the superplasticforming of TiAl alloy sheet material is realized, three kinds of efficient combinations of condition are needed.
The present invention prepares TiAl-base alloy large scale blank using the path of powder metallurgy, and large scale titanium aluminium is prepared in hot rolling
Based alloy plate, makes alloy have tiny, uniform bifurcation tissue in conjunction with heat treatment measure, and superplasticforming is finally carried out again
It is a kind of feasible route for preparing large-size titanium aluminium base alloy part.The present invention first, using powder metallurgy formation technology system
Casting flaw, crystal grain thinning tissue can be avoided for the hot rolling blank for going out；Secondly, the large scale titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material that hot rolling goes out
For shaping large-scale part is laid a good foundation；It is the bifurcation fine microstructures that are obtained in particular with heat treatment measure, uniform, with good
Good plasticity, is heat-treated, and both for titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material superplasticforming has prepared good matrix, is also reduced
Requirement to production equipment.Realize large scale and with tiny, uniform alloy tissue titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material in different bars
Superplasticforming under part, obtains the alloy part of large-size.
The present invention uses above-mentioned process, can carry out superplasticforming system to powder metallurgy titanium aluminium base alloy rolled plate
Standby part.Advantages of the present invention：1st, it is the feature of the high-temperature oxidation having using powder metallurgy Nb titanium-aluminium alloys high in itself,
Only there is surface discolouration at 900~980 DEG C, rather than other low Nb or the titanium-aluminium alloy without Nb will more than 900 DEG C
Generation oxidation comes off, it is to avoid required inoxidzable coating or atmosphere protection during superplasticforming.2nd, superplasticforming
Before, alloy substrate tissue is adjusted by heat treatment method, to realize that titanium aluminium base alloy sheet material superplasticforming provides suitable group
Condition is knitted, makes sheet material that there is the microscopic structure of optimal plastic deformation ability, including γ phases and α2The grain size and ratio of/γ colonies
Example；3rd, using temperature and the efficient combination of strain rate, it is ensured that sheet alloy has good superplasticforming.
Superplasticforming process is simple, sheet material need to be only heat-treated before superplasticforming is carried out, it is ensured that its
Suitable microscopic structure condition, controls forming temperature and speed during superplasticforming, you can realize prepared by part, without
Any transformation is carried out to existing equipment, and can realize producing in enormous quantities.In sum, the present invention is powder metallurgy Nb titaniums aluminium high
Sheet alloy superplasticforming part is prepared and provides a simple efficient approach.
Brief description of the drawings：
The microscopic structure of the hot rolled plate that accompanying drawing 1 is heat-treated.
The sheet material microscopic structure that accompanying drawing 2 is obtained using Technology for Heating Processing before superplasticforming in embodiment 1.
The sheet material microscopic structure that accompanying drawing 3 is obtained using Technology for Heating Processing before superplasticforming in embodiment 2.
The sheet material microscopic structure that accompanying drawing 4 is obtained using Technology for Heating Processing before superplasticforming in embodiment 3.
Accompanying drawing 5 is superplasticforming mould of the present invention and shaping schematic diagram.
From figure 1 it appears that the quantity of γ phases is much smaller than α in the sheet material being heat-treated2/ γ colony quantity, and
And crystal grain is presented and elongates shape, the change tissue crystal grain of this elongation is also unfavorable for superplasticforming.
Be can be seen that from accompanying drawing 2-4：And pass through the sheet material γ phases and α of present invention heat treatment2The ratio of/γ colonies is suitable,
And crystal grain in etc. shaft-like, be more beneficial for superplasticforming.
Fig. 5 is superplasticforming mould of the present invention and shaping schematic diagram, and bossing is main during superplasticforming
Deformation position, is 0.8~0.9 through adjusting the true strain when position deforms, and 105~120% are reached equivalent to sheet material elongation,
When therefore carrying out superplasticforming to TiAl alloy sheet material using the inventive method, the plasticity of sheet material need to meet elongation and be more than
105%.
Specific embodiment：
, it is necessary to carry out superplasticity property test to sheet material to be formed before carrying out superplasticforming and preparing part, only
The sheet material for possessing superplasticity property is only possible to realize prepared by superplasticforming part.The sheet material standby for being rolled into shape, works as plate
When material is heat-treated, the average grain size of γ phases is 15 ± 5 μm in tissue, and percentage is 30 ± 2%, α2/γ
The average-size of colony be 20 ± 5 μm, percentage be 65 ± 5%, temperature be 980 ± 10 DEG C, strain rate be 1 ×
10-4s-1Under conditions of when being stretched, the elongation of sheet material is 53%, without superplasticity, therefore is not appropriate for carrying out super modeling
Property shaping；After carrying out the heat treatment such as following examples to rolled plate, carried out under the conditions of corresponding temperature and strain rate
When tensile property is tested, elongation respectively reaches 113%, 125% and 120%, has been provided with superplasticity, therefore can be surpassed
Plastic Forming prepares part.
In the embodiment of the present invention, comparative example, superplasticforming is carried out using mould shown in accompanying drawing 5, make helmet-shaped
Parts.
Comparative example
It is to atomic percent composition prepared by powder metallurgy process：Al44.5 ± 1.5%, Nb7 ± 0.2%, W0.3 ±
0.02%, remaining impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, and remaining as the titanium-aluminium alloy of Ti, to carry out hot rolling for width be 300mm, long
Degree is more than 350mm, the sheet material of 2.75 ± 0.25mm of thickness.The average grain size of γ phases is 15 ± 5 μm in hot rolled plate tissue,
Percentage is 30 ± 2%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is 20 ± 5 μm, and percentage is 65 ± 5%, by hot rolled plate
Material carries out surface grinding process, removes the oxidation products in heat treatment process, it is ensured that sheet metal thickness is uniform, any surface finish,
The thickness of sheet material is 2.2 ± 0.2mm after grinding process.It is placed in after sheet material after surface treatment is assembled with superplasticforming mould
Heating and thermal insulation together in heating furnace.Heating-up temperature is 980 ± 10 DEG C, is incubated 30 minutes.After insulation by the sheet material after combination with it is super
Plastic Forming mould carries out the speed superplasticforming such as isothermal on forcing press.Superplastic forming temperature is consistent with holding temperature to be
980 ± 10 DEG C, strain rate is 1 × 10-4s-1, when carrying out superplasticforming with this understanding, part is not yet fully formed, then
It is broken in arc top position, it is impossible to realize superplasticforming.
Embodiment 1
It is to atomic percent composition prepared by powder metallurgy process：Al44.5 ± 1.5%, Nb7 ± 0.2%, W0.3 ±
0.02%, remaining impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, and remaining as the titanium-aluminium alloy of Ti, to carry out hot rolling for width be 250mm, long
Degree is more than 300mm, the sheet material of 2.75 ± 0.25mm of thickness.It is incubated under the conditions of being 1260 ± 10 DEG C in temperature by sheet material to be formed
Air cooling after 4.5 ± 0.5 hours, obtains the sheet material with tiny bifurcation tissue, and in bifurcation tissue γ phases average grain size
It it is 17.5 ± 2.5 μm, percentage is 42.5 ± 2.5%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is 22.5 ± 3 μm, shared percentage
Than being 57.5 ± 2.5%.Sheet material after heat treatment is carried out into surface grinding process, the surface oxidation in removal heat treatment process is produced
Thing, it is ensured that sheet metal thickness is uniform, any surface finish, the thickness of sheet material is 2.2 ± 0.2mm after grinding process.After surface treatment
Sheet material heating and thermal insulation together with being placed in heating furnace after the assembling of superplasticforming mould.Heating-up temperature is 900 ± 10 DEG C, insulation 30
Minute.The sheet material after combination and superplasticforming mould are carried out into the speed superplasticforming such as isothermal on forcing press after insulation.
It is 900 ± 10 DEG C that superplastic forming temperature is consistent with holding temperature, and strain rate is 8 × 10-5s-1.Superplasticforming terminates, and goes out
Air cooling after stabilizing annealing 5 hours under the conditions of being 850 DEG C in temperature after mould；Helmet-like part circular arc top to the openend of preparation
The distance of plane is 248-252mm, and using ultrasonic examination, circular arc top has no crackle.
Embodiment 2
It is to atomic percent composition prepared by powder metallurgy process：Al44.5 ± 1.5%, Nb7 ± 0.2%, W0.3 ±
0.02%, remaining impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, and remaining as the titanium-aluminium alloy of Ti, to carry out hot rolling for width be 280mm, long
Degree is more than 350mm, the sheet material of 2.75 ± 0.25mm of thickness.It is incubated under the conditions of being 1260 ± 10 DEG C in temperature by sheet material to be formed
Air cooling after 4.5 ± 0.5 hours, obtains the sheet material with tiny bifurcation tissue, and in bifurcation tissue γ phases average grain size
It it is 17.5 ± 2.5 μm, percentage is 42.5 ± 2.5%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is 22.5 ± 3 μm, shared percentage
Than being 57.5 ± 2.5%.Sheet material after heat treatment is carried out into surface grinding process, the surface oxidation in removal heat treatment process is produced
Thing, it is ensured that sheet metal thickness is uniform, any surface finish, the thickness of sheet material is 2.2 ± 0.2mm after grinding process.After surface treatment
Sheet material heating and thermal insulation together with being placed in heating furnace after the assembling of superplasticforming mould.Heating-up temperature is 950 ± 10 DEG C, insulation 25
Minute.The sheet material after combination and superplasticforming mould are carried out into the speed superplasticforming such as isothermal on forcing press after insulation.
It is 950 ± 10 DEG C that superplastic forming temperature is consistent with holding temperature, and strain rate is 1 × 10-4s-1.Superplasticforming terminates, and goes out
Air cooling after stabilizing annealing 4 hours under the conditions of being 880 DEG C in temperature after mould；Helmet-like part circular arc top to the openend of preparation
The distance of plane is 248-252mm, and using ultrasonic examination, circular arc top has no crackle.
Embodiment 3
It is to atomic percent composition prepared by powder metallurgy process：Al44.5 ± 1.5%, Nb7 ± 0.2%, W0.3 ±
0.02%, remaining impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, and remaining as the titanium-aluminium alloy of Ti, to carry out hot rolling for width be 300mm, long
Degree is more than 400mm, the sheet material of 2.75 ± 0.25mm of thickness.It is incubated under the conditions of being 1260 ± 10 DEG C in temperature by sheet material to be formed
Air cooling after 4.5 ± 0.5 hours, obtains the sheet material with tiny bifurcation tissue, and in bifurcation tissue γ phases average grain size
It it is 17.5 ± 2.5 μm, percentage is 42.5 ± 2.5%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is 22.5 ± 3 μm, shared percentage
Than being 57.5 ± 2.5%.Sheet material after heat treatment is carried out into surface grinding process, the surface oxidation in removal heat treatment process is produced
Thing, it is ensured that sheet metal thickness is uniform, any surface finish, the thickness of sheet material is 2.2 ± 0.2mm after grinding process.After surface treatment
Sheet material heating and thermal insulation together with being placed in heating furnace after the assembling of superplasticforming mould.Heating-up temperature is 980 ± 10 DEG C, insulation 20
Minute.The sheet material after combination and superplasticforming mould are carried out into the speed superplasticforming such as isothermal on forcing press after insulation.
It is 980 ± 10 DEG C that superplastic forming temperature is consistent with holding temperature, and strain rate is 5 × 10-4s-1.Superplasticforming terminates, and goes out
Air cooling after stabilizing annealing 3 hours under the conditions of being 900 DEG C in temperature after mould；Helmet-like part circular arc top to the openend of preparation
The distance of plane is 248-252mm, and using ultrasonic examination, circular arc top has no crackle.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method, comprises the steps：
The first step：Alloy substrate tissue is adjusted
Take powder metallurgic method preparation TiAl-base alloy, hot rolling be sheet material after, by heat treatment method adjust TiAl-base alloy group
It is woven to γ phases and α2The tiny bifurcation tissue of phase；
The TiAl-base alloy includes following components, is constituted by atomic percent：Al43 ~ 46%, Nb6.5 ~ 7.2%, W0.28 ~
0.32%, impurity element total amount is less than 0.1%, remaining as Ti；
The technological parameter of the heat treatment method is：1250 ~ 1270 DEG C of holding temperature, soaking time is 4 ~ 5 hours, and insulation terminates
Air cooling afterwards；
The γ phases and α2In the tiny bifurcation tissue of phase, the average grain size of γ phases is 15 ~ 20 μm, and percentage is 40%
~ 45%, α2The average-size of/γ colonies is 20 ~ 25 μm, and percentage is 55% ~ 60%；
Second step：Superplasticforming
Integrally it is heated to 900 ~ 980 DEG C after TiAl-base alloy that the first step is obtained and the assembling of superplasticforming mould, insulation 20 ~
After 30 minutes, the rate shapeds such as isothermal are carried out；The speed forming parameters such as described isothermal are：900 ~ 980 DEG C of forming temperature, should
Variable Rate is 8 × 10-5s-1~5×10-4 s-1；In forming process：Workpiece is less than or equal to 10 DEG C, strain with the temperature change of mould
Rate remained constant.
2. a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Superplasticity into
Shape terminates, and stabilizing annealing heat treatment is carried out after depanning.
3. a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：The stabilization
Annealing temperature is 850 DEG C~900 DEG C, and soaking time is come out of the stove air cooling after 3~5 hours.
4. a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：After hot rolling
The TiAl base alloy plate width for arriving is 250 ~ 300 mm, and length is 300 ~ 400mm, and thickness is 2 ~ 2.5mm.
5. a kind of TiAl base alloy plate super plastic forming method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：To by heat
TiAl base alloy plate after processing method adjustment matrix carries out surface grinding process, the surface in removal heat treatment process
Oxidation product, makes sheet metal thickness uniform, and then any surface finish, is assembled with superplasticforming mould.
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| CN108097962B (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-11-24 | 中南大学 | Preparation method of Nb-toughened titanium-aluminum-based alloy composite material |
| CN111139413B (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2021-06-08 | 南京理工大学 | Method for improving service performance of superplastic forming part |
| CN111254314B (en) * | 2020-03-10 | 2021-07-13 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | TiAl alloy with low-temperature superplasticity and preparation method of component thereof |
| CN116121876B (en) * | 2023-02-20 | 2024-08-13 | 燕山大学 | TiAl single crystal with controllable phase proportion and regulation and control method thereof |
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| US7923127B2 (en) * | 2005-11-09 | 2011-04-12 | United Technologies Corporation | Direct rolling of cast gamma titanium aluminide alloys |
| CN101811137A (en) * | 2010-04-13 | 2010-08-25 | 中南大学 | Preparation method of TiAl-based alloy rolled sheet |
| CN102641890B (en) * | 2012-04-28 | 2014-04-02 | 中南大学 | Preparation method of powder metallurgy superfine crystal titanium aluminum base alloy panel |
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