CN105646856B - A kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN105646856B
CN105646856B CN201511018911.8A CN201511018911A CN105646856B CN 105646856 B CN105646856 B CN 105646856B CN 201511018911 A CN201511018911 A CN 201511018911A CN 105646856 B CN105646856 B CN 105646856B
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polyester
strength
ethylene glycol
shrinkage
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CN105646856A (en
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王丽丽
赵慧荣
冯爱可
刘千涵
张烨
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Jiangsu Hengli Chemical Fiber Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/12Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/16Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/18Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
    • C08G63/181Acids containing aromatic rings
    • C08G63/183Terephthalic acids
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78Preparation processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78Preparation processes
    • C08G63/82Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used
    • C08G63/83Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, beryllium, magnesium, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, manganese, or compounds thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78Preparation processes
    • C08G63/82Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used
    • C08G63/85Germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or compounds thereof
    • C08G63/86Germanium, antimony, or compounds thereof
    • C08G63/866Antimony or compounds thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01FCHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/58Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
    • D01F6/62Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polyesters

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silks and preparation method thereof, low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk is dissolved and washed away by polyester, spinning after solid-phase tack producing and obtain, the low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk is in the case where temperature is the test condition of 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 1.8 ± 0.5%, fracture strength >=7.5cN/dtex of the fiber of the low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, using ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol mixture as polycondensation catalyst, its thermal degradation coefficient very little, the amount of nucleating agent in polyester is also reduced simultaneously, the probability of homogeneous nucleation is increased on the basis of reducing heterogeneous nucleation, dissolve and wash away the content that further reduced oligomer, be conducive to growing up and crystallizing integrity optimization for crystallite dimension in low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk fiber.Low-shrinkage high-strength PET industrial yarn is due to its intensity height, and percent thermal shrinkage is low, and impact resistance is excellent, and fabric or manufactured rubber product have good dimensional stability and heat-resistant stability.

Description

A kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The invention belongs to polyester industrial fiber preparing technical field, it is related to a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and its preparation side Method, especially a kind of polycondensation catalyst through water and dissolve and wash away agent using the mixture and polyester slice of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol At 120~130 DEG C, brew, the polyester of washing and low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and its preparation side under the conditions of 0.2~0.3MPa Method.
Background technology
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a kind of polymer of function admirable, PET is high with its modulus, intensity is high, It is well-pressed, conformality is good, pure health, barrier property are good etc., be widely used in fiber, the fields such as bottle is packed, film and sheet material, Yield cumulative year after year, position in industry are obviously improved.
Pet Industrial Fiber is primarily referred to as mostly being applied to industry, national defence, medical treatment, environmental protection and most advanced branches of science each side Face is that have relatively special physicalchemical structure, performance and purposes, or the chemical fibre with specific function, major embodiment Be able to bear strong corrosion, low abrasion, high temperature resistant, radiation hardness, fire-retardant, fire-resistant, high voltage withstanding, high strength and modulus and plurality of medical work( Energy.The PVC shelter cloths produced using high-strength low-shrinkage polyester industrial filament yarn as raw material have higher peel strength and tearing strong Degree makes shelter cloth be suitable for various uses, flexible body advertising lamp box material, inflatable structure material, fluffy lid architectural fabrics sunshade account Paulin etc..It is that main textile material obtains in terms of the military supplies such as special protective garment, camouflage, covering, knapsack with high-strength low-shrinkage industrial yarn To application.One kind as earth working material having many advantages, such as light, soft, high-strength, wear-resisting, anticorrosive, non-conductive, damping.Make It is used time safe ready, efficient, and lifting object will not be damaged.The application field of Pet Industrial Fiber, which is expanded, drives application The whole competitiveness in field is promoted, and no matter in the weight for mitigating composite material, cost is raised in the durability used and reduction repair Etc. all various aspects, polyesters high-performance fiber increasingly plays its synthetic competitive advantages.Following many decades, high-performance polyester The development of fiber not only has a considerable progress in quantity, more carrying in the expansion of application field and industrial chain whole competitiveness It goes up and obtains substantive effect.
The Main way that high intensity, high-modulus, lower shrinkage, dimensional stability, functionalization develop Pet Industrial Fiber, And influence fiber quality be polyester macromolecule collection state structure, the active force being mainly concerned between polyester molecule, the shape of crystallization State and structure, orientation structure etc., and the form and structure that crystallize are emphasis therein.Low-shrinkage high-strength PET industrial yarn is A major class in polyester, due to its intensity height, percent thermal shrinkage is low, and impact resistance is excellent, fabric or manufactured rubber product With good dimensional stability and heat-resistant stability, impact load can be absorbed, and has the characteristics that polyamide fibre softness, therefore is had Very extensive application field.Low-shrinkage high-strength PET industrial yarn is mainly used for coated fabric (lamp house cloth, tent, shelter cloth, advertisement Board, puggaree, waterproof cloth, Puffer-type swimming pool, roof drape, for building, agriculture use, aircushion vehicle, pneumatic boat etc.), canvas, Soft water pipe, fire hose, pitch tube, sewing thread, Industry thread, geotextile, filter cloth etc..
End carboxyl, oligomer, diethylene glycol (DEG) (DEG) content are the important quality index of polyester slice, wherein oligomer, two sweet Alcohol is all oligomer, they not only reflect the quality of production status, also affects the product quality of spinning processing.Therefore, Reducing the end carboxyl in polyester slice, oligomer, diethylene glycol content just becomes the critically important link of raising polyester product quality.End Influence of the carboxyl to polymer performance is not allowed not regard, and only control polyester content of carboxyl end group is stablized in production, could stablize Control the homogeneity of its relative molecular mass distribution.Content of the diethylene glycol (DEG) in polyester slice be in production of polyester one it is critically important Quality index.Because it directly influences the fusing point of polyester slice, the fusing point of polyester slice can be with the increasing of the wherein content of DEG Urgent acute decline, so it not only reflects the quality of production status, directly influences the matter of post-processing-spinning technique and silk Amount.Oligomer in polyester refers to the oligomer that the degree of polymerization is less than 10, is divided into linear oligomerization object and cyclic oligomer, wherein with ring Shape aggressiveness especially cyclic trimer is in the majority, and oligomer is mainly concerned with heterogeneous nucleation, spinning processing etc., performance to polyester and Road processing afterwards causes certain harmful effect.It is particularly significant in polyester production process to control content of the three in polyester slice Project.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silks and preparation method thereof, are a kind of polycondensation catalysts Using the polyester and low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk and preparation method thereof of ethylene glycol magnesium and the mixture of antimony glycol.It is described low Contracting high-strength polyester industrial silk is in the case where temperature is the test condition of 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex, the xeothermic contraction of fiber Rate is 1.8 ± 0.5%, fracture strength >=7.5cN/dtex of the fiber of the low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk.The present invention uses The mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol be polycondensation catalyst, by thermal degradation be reduced to minimum and polyester slice through water with Agent is dissolved and washed away at 130 DEG C, brew, washing under the conditions of 0.3MPa;End carboxyl, oligomer, diethylene glycol content is reduced to add Direct-spinning of PET Fiber The influence of work.
A kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk of the present invention for the polyester is terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol through esterification and The mixture through catalytic of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol effect under polycondensation, be granulated and dissolve and wash away, after solid-phase tack producing spinning and obtain;
In the slice of the industry polyester, content of carboxyl end group is less than 15mol/t, and oligomer mass percentage content is less than 0.5%, the mass percentage content of diethylene glycol (DEG) is less than 0.5%;
The molecular formula of the ethylene glycol magnesium is Mg (OCH2CH2OH)2
It is described dissolve and wash away refer to slice after being granulated through water with dissolve and wash away agent under the conditions of 120~130 DEG C with 0.2~0.3MPa and boil Bubble and washing.
The Main way that high intensity, high-modulus, lower shrinkage, dimensional stability, functionalization develop Pet Industrial Fiber, And influence fiber quality be polyester macromolecule collection state structure, the active force being mainly concerned between polyester molecule, the shape of crystallization State and structure, orientation structure etc., and the form and structure that crystallize are emphasis therein.
Lower shrinkage, dimensional stability are to influence the principal element of high-quality polyester, and the macroscopic view of polyester fiber is heat-shrinked phenomenon It is the Entropy Changes trend because of local elongation macromolecular chain, the internal stress and spinning process generated to rolled state development is freezed Axial internal stress in the sample, this local internal stress can be relayed to entire material by molecule web frame, when the external world provides foot When enough thermal energy, there is a phenomenon where.
Polyester fiber, which belongs to, is orientated hypocrystalline high molecular material, is made of the different structural unit of orientation stability:(1) The crystalline portion of high stable and high integrity degree;(2) the not perfect crystalline portion of relatively low stability;(3) knot of low stability Transition zone between brilliant and amorphous;(4) unstable orientation amorphous phase.When polyester fiber is heated, it may occur however that following situation: Retraction and crystallization occur for the amorphous phase of orientation;The destruction of not perfect crystalline portion be recrystallized with possible:The thickening of crystal grain or Crystal grain melts completely.Illustrate that crystallite dimension and crystallization degree of perfection are an important factor for ensureing fiber high temperature dimensional stability.177 DEG C percent thermal shrinkage it is low be the splendid fiber of thermal dimensional stability, there are two design features for tool:Crystallite dimension is greatly and crystallization is perfect Property is good.Therefore the crystallite dimension of fiber is greatly and crystallization integrity is good, is the guarantee of low shrinkage fibre quality.
The factor for influencing crystallizing polyester mainly has:(1) structure of strand itself.(2) selection of crystallization temperature.(3) divide The influence of son amount.(4) application of nucleating agent.(5) be exactly finally process conditions influence.Wherein nucleation is that crystallization process is main A critically important ring nucleating agent is the progress that can accelerate to crystallize to a certain extent in link, while to low-shrinkage polyester industrial Silk more importantly influences the size and crystallization integrity of crystallization.
Determining terminal carboxy group in PET is high, and the thermal stability of polyester resin is poor, while polyester gathers with what carboxylic acid reactant salt generated The carboxylate of ester large molecule chain, consists of nucleus, and polyester is made to accelerate heterogeneous nucleation.The oligomer containing 3-4%, more in polyester Exist in the form of low molecular ether and ester, mainly based on cyclic trimer oligomer, diethylene glycol (DEG), product of the oligomer to polyester Matter is affected, and the crystallization nucleation mechanism of polyester, crystallinity, crystal habit and crystallization are mainly influenced in a manner of nucleating agent Integrality etc. and then the quality for influencing polyester fiber, the especially percent thermal shrinkage of polyester industrial fiber.Pure polyester without diethylene glycol (DEG), No matter how crystallization condition changes, and is all not in the form of abnormal spherocrystal;And when containing diethylene glycol (DEG) in sample, meeting in crystalline region There is the form normally coexisted with abnormal spherocrystal, and with the increase of diethylene glycol content, abnormal spherocrystal is in entire form Ratio rises, thus influences the integrality of crystallization, and the crystallization integrity of its polyester is made to reduce.Cyclic trimer polyester mostly with The mode of nucleation occurs, and nucleating agent is more, and crystallization rate is fast, and crystal grain quantity is big, but crystallite dimension is smaller, and then influences crystallization Integrity.The increase of heterogeneous nucleation so that high stable and the crystalline portion of high integrity degree are reduced, relatively low stability it is endless Kind transition zone between crystalline portion and the crystallization and amorphous of low stability increases, and bad shadow is generated to the thermal contraction of polyester fiber It rings.
A kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the line density deviation ratio of the low-shrinkage high strength industrial filament≤ 1.5%, fracture strength >=7.5cN/dtex, fracture strength CV value≤2.5%, extension at break is 20.0 ± 1.5%, extension at break CV value≤7.0%.
In the mixture of a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, second Two magnesium alkoxides are 2~3 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1.
It is that terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol pass through the present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk Esterification and the obtained polyester of polycondensation under the effect of the mixture through catalytic of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, then obtain polyester through pelletizing and cut Piece, then by dissolveing and washing away, solid phase polycondensation thickening;Again through metering, extrusion, cooling, oil, stretch, thermal finalization, winding, be made resistance to Hot polyester industrial fiber.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, main technique are:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
In single-cell for electrolyzation plus ethylene glycol, supporting electrolyte are magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is graphite; Logical direct current, 6~10VV of starting voltage, cathode-current density are 150~200mA, and 50~60 DEG C of whens are electrolysed 10~12 hours, electricity Electrode is taken out after solution, obtains white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and second two is obtained after dry Magnesium alkoxide;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
The esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, anti-ether agent is added, esterification is carried out after being made into uniform sizing material, Obtain esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure is controlled in normal pressure~0.3MPa, and temperature is 250~260 DEG C, it is esterification terminal that esterification water quantity, which reaches 90% of theoretical value or more,;
The polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Catalyst and stabilizer is added, under conditions of negative pressure in the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage in esterification products Start polycondensation reaction, which by normal pressure is steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 500Pa hereinafter, temperature control is at 260~270 DEG C, Reaction time is 30~50 minutes;The catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol;
The polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize, makes reaction pressure after the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage Power is down to absolute pressure and is less than 100Pa, and reaction temperature control is at 275~280 DEG C, 50~90 minutes reaction time;
Polyester is made, polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
The polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent brew 3-5 hours under the conditions of 120~130 DEG C with 0.2~0.3MPa, after It is washed;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, and the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is made to be increased to 1.0~1.2dL/ G, as high viscous slice;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of the extrusion is 290~320 DEG C;
The wind-warm syndrome of the cooling is 20~30 DEG C;
The stretching, heat setting process:
480~600m/min of GR-1 speed;Temperature is room temperature;
500~1000m/min of GR-2 speed;80~100 DEG C of temperature;
1800~2500m/min of GR-3 speed;100~150 DEG C of temperature;
2800~3500m/min of GR-4 speed;200~250 DEG C of temperature;
2800~3500m/min of GR-5 speed;200~250 DEG C of temperature;
2600~3400m/min of GR-6 speed;150~220 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of the winding is 2600~3400m/min.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the ethylene glycol and the terephthalic acid (TPA) Molar ratio be 1.2~2.0:1.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol mix It closes in object, ethylene glycol magnesium is 2~3 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1;The catalyst amount is the terephthalic acid (TPA) quality 0.01%~0.05%.
Using ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol mixture as polycondensation catalyst, ethylene glycol magnesium belongs to comparatively gentle one Class, thermal degradation coefficient very little, the side reaction caused during the reaction is less, reduces end carboxyl in process and low The generation of polymers.It is high mild catalyst to cause the principal element of thermal degradation, and high temperature is that response intensity is excessively high, and degradation is caused to add Speed produces end carboxyl, while also cyclic oligomer being made to increase;Catalyst is then related to the degradation reaction constant of catalyst, In polycondensation process, the effect of catalyst, which is not only in that be catalyzed, generates main reaction, to influence the rate and yield of reaction, simultaneously Thermal degradation can also be catalyzed and ehter bond generates, increase the content of diethylene glycol (DEG), to increase the content of end carboxyl.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the stabilizer be selected from triphenyl phosphate, One kind in trimethyl phosphate and Trimethyl phosphite, stabilizing agent dosage be the terephthalic acid (TPA) weight 0.01%~ 0.05%.For stabilizer mainly based on phosphate, main function is the free radical that catching reaction generates in the course of the polymerization process, is reduced Side reaction.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the water are with the mass ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent 100:3~4, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:5-10;It is described to dissolve and wash away agent as one second of ethylene glycol One kind in ether, propyl cellosolve and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE), what addition was a small amount of in water dissolves and washes away agent, dissolves and washes away agent and is dissolved in water, together When also can dissolve most of low molecular ethers and ester, be conducive to improve washing effect and oligomer reduction.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the washing refers to polyester slice after brew With 70~80 DEG C of 10~15min of hot water wash, then cleaned with cold water, Drying and cooling is spare.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk as described above, the anti-ether agent are sodium acetate and calcium acetate In one kind, anti-ether agent dosage be the terephthalic acid (TPA) weight 0.01%~0.05%.Anti- ether agent is a small amount of by being added NaAc reduces the generation of ether in acid condition, to reduce the activity that glycol reaction generates diethylene glycol (DEG).
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silks, using relatively mild a kind of polycondensation catalyst second Two magnesium alkoxides, the less thermal degradation during the less side reaction caused during the reaction is less and process, reduce and are adding The generation of oligomer during work.Polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent at 130 DEG C, and brew is conducive to improve and wash under the conditions of 0.3MPa The reduction of the effect and oligomer washed.Oligomer is reduced in polymerization process, and the reduction of thermal degradation, greatly reduces in process Impurity in polyester, while the amount of nucleating agent in polyester is also reduced, it increases on the basis of reducing heterogeneous nucleation homogeneous The probability of nucleation, be conducive to the crystallite dimension in low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk fiber grow up and crystallize integrity optimization.
Advantageous effect:
● using ethylene glycol magnesium with antimony glycol mixture as polycondensation catalyst, ethylene glycol magnesium belongs to comparatively gentle one Class, thermal degradation coefficient very little, the side reaction caused during the reaction is less, reduces end carboxyl in process and low The generation of polymers.
● the content of carboxyl end group of polyester slice is less than 15mol/t, and oligomer mass percentage content is less than 0.5%, and two is sweet The mass percentage content of alcohol is less than 0.5%, is conducive to the quality for further increasing fiber.
● polyester slice through water with dissolve and wash away agent brew under the conditions of 120~130 DEG C with 0.2~0.3MPa be conducive to improve wash The reduction of the effect and oligomer washed.
● anti-ether agent reduces the generation of ether in acid condition by the way that a small amount of NaAc is added, to reduce glycol reaction Generate the activity of diethylene glycol (DEG).
● oligomer is reduced in polymerization process, and the reduction of thermal degradation, greatly reduces miscellaneous in polyester in process Matter, while the amount of nucleating agent in polyester is also reduced, the probability of homogeneous nucleation is increased on the basis of reducing heterogeneous nucleation, is had Conducive in low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk fiber crystallite dimension grow up and crystallize integrity optimization.
● low-shrinkage high-strength PET industrial yarn is due to its intensity height, and percent thermal shrinkage is low, and impact resistance is excellent, fabric or system At rubber product there is good dimensional stability and heat-resistant stability, impact load can be absorbed, and soft with polyamide fibre Feature, therefore the field that is widely used.
Specific implementation mode
The invention will be further elucidated with reference to specific embodiments.It should be understood that these embodiments are merely to illustrate this hair It is bright rather than limit the scope of the invention.In addition, it should also be understood that, after reading the content taught by the present invention, art technology Personnel can make various changes or modifications the present invention, and such equivalent forms equally fall within the application the appended claims and limited Fixed range.
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk of the present invention, terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol through esterification and Polyester is made in the lower polycondensation of the mixture through catalytic of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol effect, then obtains polyester slice through pelletizing;Then lead to It crosses to dissolve and wash away and be viscosified with solid phase polycondensation;Again through metering, extrusion, cooling, oil, stretch, thermal finalization and winding, it is high-strength poly- that low-shrinkage is made Ester industrial yarn.
Embodiment 1
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, main technique are:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
Ethylene glycol is added in single-cell for electrolyzation, supporting electrolyte is magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is stone Ink;Logical direct current, starting voltage 6V, cathode-current density 150mA, 50 DEG C of whens, are electrolysed 10 hours, and electricity is taken out after electrolysis Pole obtains white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is obtained after dry;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
Esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, the molar ratio of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (TPA) is 1.2:1, it is added Anti- ether agent sodium acetate, sodium acetate dosage are the 0.01% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, carry out esterification after being made into uniform sizing material, obtain To esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure is controlled in normal pressure, and at 250 DEG C, esterification water quantity reaches temperature It is esterification terminal to the 91% of theoretical value;
Polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Catalyst and stabilizer triphenyl phosphate ester, triphenyl phosphate is added in the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage in esterification products Ester dosage is the 0.01% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, and catalyst amount is the 0.01% of terephthalic acid (TPA) quality, in the item of negative pressure Start polycondensation reaction under part, which is steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 498Pa by normal pressure, and temperature is controlled at 260 DEG C, reaction Between be 30 minutes;Catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is 2 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1;
Polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize, reaction pressure is made to drop after the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage To absolute pressure 98Pa, reaction temperature control is at 275 DEG C, 50 minutes reaction time;Polyester is made, obtains polyester through pelletizing and cuts Piece;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
Polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent ethylene glycol monoethyl ether brew 3 hours under the conditions of 120 DEG C with 0.2MPa, by washing It washs, i.e., 70 DEG C of hot water wash 10min of polyester slice after brew, is then cleaned with cold water, Drying and cooling is spare, water and dissolves and washes away agent Mass ratio is 100:3, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:5;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, so that the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is increased to 1.0dL/g, as The viscous slice of height;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of extrusion is 290 DEG C;
Cooling wind-warm syndrome is 20 DEG C;
It stretches, heat setting process:
GR-1 speed 480m/min;Temperature is room temperature;
GR-2 speed 500m/min;80 DEG C of temperature;
GR-3 speed 1800m/min;100 DEG C of temperature;
GR-4 speed 2800m/min;200 DEG C of temperature;
GR-5 speed 2800m/min;200 DEG C of temperature;
GR-6 speed 2600m/min;150 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of winding is 2600m/min.
Low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk obtained is in the test condition that temperature is 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex Under, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 2.3%, the fracture strength 7.5cN/dtex of the fiber of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk;Line is close Spend deviation ratio 1.4%, fracture strength 7.8cN/dtex, fracture strength CV values 2.3%, extension at break 20.0%, extension at break CV values 6.8%.
Embodiment 2
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, main technique are:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
Ethylene glycol is added in single-cell for electrolyzation, supporting electrolyte is magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is stone Ink;Logical direct current, starting voltage 10V, cathode-current density 200mA, 60 DEG C of whens, are electrolysed 12 hours, and electricity is taken out after electrolysis Pole obtains white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is obtained after dry;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
Esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, the molar ratio of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (TPA) is 2.0:1, it is added Anti- ether agent calcium acetate, calcium acetate dosage are the 0.05% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, carry out esterification after being made into uniform sizing material, obtain To esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure control is in 0.3MPa, and temperature is at 260 DEG C, esterification water quantity It is esterification terminal to reach the 92% of theoretical value;
Polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Catalyst and stabilizer trimethyl phosphate, tripotassium phosphate is added in polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage in esterification products Ester dosage is the 0.02% of the terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, and catalyst amount is the 0.02% of terephthalic acid (TPA) quality, in negative pressure Under conditions of start polycondensation reaction, which is steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 495Pa by normal pressure, and temperature is controlled at 265 DEG C, instead It is 40 minutes between seasonable;Catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is with antimony glycol mass ratio 3:1;
Polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize after polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage, and reaction pressure is made to be down to absolutely To pressure 98Pa, reaction temperature control is at 278 DEG C, 80 minutes reaction time;Polyester is made, polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
Polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent propyl cellosolve brew 4 hours under the conditions of 125 DEG C with 0.25MPa, by Washing, i.e., 78 DEG C of hot water wash 12min of polyester slice after brew, then with cold water clean, Drying and cooling is spare, water with dissolve and wash away agent Mass ratio be 100:4, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:9;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, so that the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is increased to 1.1dL/g, as The viscous slice of height;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of extrusion is 320 DEG C;
Cooling wind-warm syndrome is 30 DEG C;
It stretches, heat setting process:
GR-1 speed 600m/min;Temperature is room temperature;
GR-2 speed 1000m/min;100 DEG C of temperature;
GR-3 speed 2500m/min;150 DEG C of temperature;
GR-4 speed 3500m/min;250 DEG C of temperature;
GR-5 speed 3500m/min;250 DEG C of temperature;
GR-6 speed 3400m/min;220 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of winding is 3400m/min.
Low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk obtained is in the test condition that temperature is 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex Under, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 1.3%, the fracture strength 7.7cN/dtex of the fiber of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk;Line is close Spend deviation ratio 1.2%, fracture strength 7.6cN/dtex, fracture strength CV values 2.2%, extension at break 21.5%, extension at break CV values 6.5%.
Embodiment 3
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, main technique are:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
Ethylene glycol is added in single-cell for electrolyzation, supporting electrolyte is magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is stone Ink;Logical direct current, starting voltage 8V, cathode-current density 160mA, 56 DEG C of whens, are electrolysed 11 hours, and electricity is taken out after electrolysis Pole obtains white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is obtained after dry;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
Esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, the molar ratio of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (TPA) is 1.8:1, it is added Anti- ether agent sodium acetate, sodium acetate dosage are the 0.03% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, carry out esterification after being made into uniform sizing material, obtain To esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure control is in 0.2MPa, and temperature is at 255 DEG C, esterification water quantity It is esterification terminal to reach the 95% of theoretical value;
Polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Catalyst and stabilizer Trimethyl phosphite, phosphorous acid is added in polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage in esterification products Trimethyl dosage is the 0.03% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, and catalyst amount is the 0.04% of terephthalic acid (TPA) quality, in negative pressure Under conditions of start polycondensation reaction, which is steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 495Pa by normal pressure, and temperature is controlled at 266 DEG C, instead It is 38 minutes between seasonable;Catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is with antimony glycol mass ratio 3:1;
Polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize after polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage, and reaction pressure is made to be down to absolutely To pressure 99Pa, reaction temperature control is at 277 DEG C, 70 minutes reaction time;Polyester is made, polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
Polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE) brew 3 hours under the conditions of 128 DEG C with 0.25MPa, by Washing, i.e., 75 DEG C of hot water wash 12min of polyester slice after brew, then with cold water clean, Drying and cooling is spare, water with dissolve and wash away agent Mass ratio be 100:4, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:8;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, so that the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is increased to 1.2dL/g, as The viscous slice of height;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of extrusion is 300 DEG C;
Cooling wind-warm syndrome is 25 DEG C;
It stretches, heat setting process:
GR-1 speed 490m/min;Temperature is room temperature;
GR-2 speed 600m/min;90 DEG C of temperature;
GR-3 speed 2000m/min;120 DEG C of temperature;
GR-4 speed 3200m/min;220 DEG C of temperature;
GR-5 speed 3000m/min;220 DEG C of temperature;
GR-6 speed 2700m/min;200 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of winding is 3200m/min.
Low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk obtained is in the test condition that temperature is 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex Under, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 1.3%, the fracture strength 8.9cN/dtex of the fiber of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk;Line is close Spend deviation ratio 1.2%, fracture strength 7.8cN/dtex, fracture strength CV values 2.1%, extension at break 20.5%, extension at break CV values 6.3%.
Embodiment 4
A kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, main technique are:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
Ethylene glycol is added in single-cell for electrolyzation, supporting electrolyte is magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is stone Ink;Logical direct current, starting voltage 10V, cathode-current density 150mA, 50 DEG C of whens, are electrolysed 12 hours, and electricity is taken out after electrolysis Pole obtains white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is obtained after dry;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
Esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, the molar ratio of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (TPA) is 19:1, it is added Anti- ether agent sodium acetate, sodium acetate dosage are the 0.04% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, carry out esterification after being made into uniform sizing material, obtain To esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure control is in 0.2MPa, and temperature is at 258 DEG C, esterification water quantity It is esterification terminal to reach the 96% of theoretical value;
Polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage, is added catalyst and stabilizer triphenyl phosphate ester in esterification products, and triphenyl phosphate ester is used Amount is the 0.03% of terephthalic acid (TPA) weight, and catalyst amount is the 0.04% of terephthalic acid (TPA) quality, under conditions of negative pressure Start polycondensation reaction, which is steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 495Pa by normal pressure, and temperature control is in 265 DEG C, reaction time 30 minutes;Catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, and ethylene glycol magnesium is 3 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1;
Polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize after polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage, and reaction pressure is made to be down to absolutely To pressure 98Pa, reaction temperature control is at 277 DEG C, 70 minutes reaction time;Polyester is made, polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
Polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent ethylene glycol monoethyl ether brew 5 hours under the conditions of 120 DEG C with 0.3MPa, by washing It washs, i.e., 72 DEG C of hot water wash 12min of polyester slice after brew, is then cleaned with cold water, Drying and cooling is spare, water and dissolves and washes away agent Mass ratio is 100:4, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:8;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, so that the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is increased to 1.2dL/g, as The viscous slice of height;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of extrusion is 300 DEG C;
Cooling wind-warm syndrome is 20 DEG C;
It stretches, heat setting process:
GR-1 speed 600m/min;Temperature is room temperature;
GR-2 speed 500m/min;90 DEG C of temperature;
GR-3 speed 2500m/min;120 DEG C of temperature;
GR-4 speed 3500m/min;220 DEG C of temperature;
GR-5 speed 2800m/min;220 DEG C of temperature;
GR-6 speed 2600m/min;170 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of winding is 3400m/min.
Low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk obtained is in the test condition that temperature is 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex Under, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 1.8%, the fracture strength 7.7cN/dtex of the fiber of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk;Line is close Spend deviation ratio 1.2%, fracture strength 8.2cN/dtex, fracture strength CV values 2.2%, extension at break 21.5%, extension at break CV values 6.8%.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk, it is characterized in that:The low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk is by polyester through dissolveing and washing away and consolidating Mutually viscosify after spinning and obtain, the low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk temperature be 177 DEG C × 10min × 0.05cN/dtex survey Under the conditions of examination, the dry-hot shrinkage of fiber is 1.8 ± 0.5%, the fracture strength of the fiber of the low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk >=7.5cN/dtex, the polyester are terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol through esterification and in the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol Under catalytic action polycondensation and after granulation be made;
In the slice of the polyester, content of carboxyl end group is less than 15mol/t, and oligomer mass percentage content is less than 0.5%, and two is sweet The mass percentage content of alcohol is less than 0.5%;
The molecular formula of the ethylene glycol magnesium is Mg (OCH2CH2OH)2
It is described dissolve and wash away refer to be granulated after slice through water and dissolve and wash away agent 120~130 DEG C with 0.2~0.3MPa under the conditions of brew after Washing;
In the mixture of the ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol, ethylene glycol magnesium is 2~3 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1.
2. a kind of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the low-shrinkage high strength industrial filament Line density deviation ratio≤1.5%, fracture strength >=7.5cN/dtex, fracture strength CV value≤2.5%, extension at break 20.0 ± 1.5%, extension at break CV value≤7.0%.
3. such as a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to any one of claims 1 to 2, it is characterized in that: Polyester is made in polycondensation through esterification and under the effect of the mixture through catalytic of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol for terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol, Again polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;Then it is viscosified with solid phase polycondensation by dissolveing and washing away;Again through metering, extrusion, cooling, oil, stretch, Low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk is made in thermal finalization and winding.
4. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:Main technique For:
(1) preparation of catalyst glycol magnesium:
Ethylene glycol is added in single-cell for electrolyzation, supporting electrolyte is magnesium chloride, and metal MAG block is anode, and cathode is graphite;It is logical Direct current, 6~10V of starting voltage, cathode-current density are 150~200mA, are electrolysed 10~12 hours at 50~60 DEG C, electrolysis After take out electrode, obtain white suspension;It is filtered under diminished pressure, white solid is washed with absolute ethyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol is obtained after dry Magnesium;
(2) preparation of polyester, including esterification and polycondensation reaction:
The esterification:
Using terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol as raw material, anti-ether agent is added, carries out esterification after being made into uniform sizing material, obtains Esterification products;Esterification is pressurizeed in nitrogen atmosphere, and pressure control is in normal pressure~0.3MPa, and temperature is at 250~260 DEG C, ester It is esterification terminal to change water quantity of distillate to reach 90% of theoretical value or more;
The polycondensation reaction:
Including polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage and polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig:
Catalyst and stabilizer are added in esterification products, starts under conditions of negative pressure for the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage Polycondensation reaction, the staged pressure are steadily evacuated to absolute pressure 500Pa hereinafter, temperature control is reacted at 260~270 DEG C by normal pressure Time is 30~50 minutes;The catalyst is the mixture of ethylene glycol magnesium and antimony glycol;
The polycondensation reaction high vacuum stage of Fig continues to vacuumize, reaction pressure is made to drop after the polycondensation reaction low vacuum stage It is less than 100Pa to absolute pressure, reaction temperature control is at 275~280 DEG C, 50~90 minutes reaction time;
Polyester is made, polyester slice is obtained through pelletizing;
(3) it dissolves and washes away
The polyester slice is through water and dissolves and washes away agent brew 3-5 hours under the conditions of 120~130 DEG C with 0.2~0.3MPa, by washing It washs;
(4) solid phase polycondensation:
Acquired polyester slice is viscosified by solid phase polycondensation, so that the inherent viscosity of polyester slice is increased to 1.0~1.2dL/g, i.e., For the viscous slice of height;
(5) spinning main technologic parameters:
The temperature of the extrusion is 290~320 DEG C;
The wind-warm syndrome of the cooling is 20~30 DEG C;
The stretching, heat setting process:
480~600m/min of GR-1 speed;Temperature is room temperature;
500~1000m/min of GR-2 speed;80~100 DEG C of temperature;
1800~2500m/min of GR-3 speed;100~150 DEG C of temperature;
2800~3500m/min of GR-4 speed;200~250 DEG C of temperature;
2800~3500m/min of GR-5 speed;200~250 DEG C of temperature;
2600~3400m/min of GR-6 speed;150~220 DEG C of temperature;
The speed of the winding is 2600~3400m/min.
5. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the second two The molar ratio of alcohol and the terephthalic acid (TPA) is 1.2~2.0:1.
6. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the second two In the mixture of magnesium alkoxide and antimony glycol, ethylene glycol magnesium is 2~3 with antimony glycol mass ratio:1;The catalyst amount is institute State the 0.01%~0.05% of terephthalic acid (TPA) quality;The stabilizer is selected from triphenyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphate and phosphorous acid One kind in trimethyl, stabilizing agent dosage are the 0.01%~0.05% of the terephthalic acid (TPA) weight.
7. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the water with The mass ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent is 100:3~4, polyester slice and water and the ratio for dissolveing and washing away agent, i.e. solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:5~10;It is described It is one kind in ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propyl cellosolve and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE) to dissolve and wash away agent.
8. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the washing Refer to 70~80 DEG C of 10~15min of hot water wash of polyester slice after brew, is then cleaned with cold water, Drying and cooling is spare.
9. a kind of preparation method of low-shrinkage high-strength polyester industrial silk according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the anti-ether Agent is one kind in sodium acetate and calcium acetate, and anti-ether agent dosage is the 0.01%~0.05% of the terephthalic acid (TPA) weight.
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