CN105640949A - Low-calcium amino-acids (15) peritoneal dialysis fluid medicinal composition - Google Patents
Low-calcium amino-acids (15) peritoneal dialysis fluid medicinal composition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a low-calcium peritoneal dialysis fluid composition mainly containing 15 amino-acids but containing no glucose. With the low-calcium peritoneal dialysis fluid composition, the contact time of the peritoneum and glucose can be reduced, and the pH value of the amino-acids peritoneal dialysis fluid is relatively high and approaches to the physiologic property, so that the irritation to the peritoneum can be reduced. In addition, the amino-acids peritoneal dialysis fluid does not contain glucose, so that the generation of GDP can be avoided.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of based on 15 seed amino acids, do not contain the low calcium peritoneal dialysat composition of glucose.
Background technology
Chronic renal insufficiency (CRF) refers to that a variety of causes causes chronic progressive external Renal lesion, cause the obvious atrophy of kidney, basic function can not be maintained, clinical occur with metabolite retention, water, electrolyte, acid base imbalance, each system involvement of whole body is the clinical syndrome of main manifestations. Wherein protein metabolism produces that toxin accumulates in vivo is one of the important pathogeny of chronic renal insufficiency. The degree of symptoms of uremia is directly relevant with the accumulation of protein metabolism product. Low protein diet can alleviate symptoms of uremia the further deterioration of the chronic renal insufficiency that can slow down. But can the shortage of essential amino acids in primosome while limit protein matter. Nearly ten years along with the clinical practice of peritoneal dialysis technology is increasingly extensive, the life cycle of uremic patient then extends accordingly, but its long-term complications is also more aobvious prominent, and especially protein malnutrition has become the main factor affecting patient survival.
Peritoneal dialysis (peritonealdialysis, PD) it is the important renal replacement therapy (CRRT) of end stage renal failure patient, due to compared with hemodialysis, have applied widely, dialytic efficiency is high, residual renal function is kept, patients ' life quality advantages of higher, occupies more and more consequence in the alternative medicine of chronic renal failure. Successful peritoneal dialysis it is critical only that the peritoneum and peritoneal dialysis solution that ultrafiltration function is good. Due to the chronicity of peritoneal dialysis treatment, the ultrafiltration performance of peritoneum is often affected by various factors over the course for the treatment of changes, and this change is irreversible, will ultimately result in patient's peritoneum ultrafiltration function and loses, it is impossible to carries out abdomen again and thoroughly treat.
Abdomen abdomen dialysis solution (peritonealdialysisfluid, PDF) it is core link in PD, the ultimate principle of peritoneal dialysis, be exactly utilize different the formed electrochemistry potential energy difference of the concentration of each composition between patients serum from peritoneal dialysis liquid in peritoneal cavity, by disperse and Ultrafiltration correct in uremic patient blood physically different. The setting of each composition of peritoneal dialysis liquid and compatibility are based primarily upon this principle. Peritoneal fibrosis and ultrafiltration caused by the poor biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis solution (peritonealdialysisfluid, PDF) unsuccessfully become the major issue that current peritoneal dialysis is badly in need of and must be solved.
Traditional glucose peritoneal dialysis liquid can form glucose degradation products, and Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells has obvious cytotoxicity, is cause peritoneal fibrosis and the failed main cause of ultrafiltration.
The peritoneal dialysis solution commonly used clinically at present is using glucose as main penetrating agent, due to its high sugar, height ooze, low ph value (pH=5.2) and have glucose degradation products (GDP) to produce, poor biocompatibility, the change of peritoneum 26S Proteasome Structure and Function can be caused, and ultimately result in peritoneal fibrosis and make peritoneum generation ultrafiltration failure.Additionally, long-term glucose dialysis is also cause that hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinemia, fat major reason occur patient.
Glucose peritoneal dialysis liquid primarily serves the purpose of removing toxin, ultrafiltration moisture, but internal amino acid moiety also can be made to run off simultaneously, bigger pressure is caused for chronic renal insufficiency fragile amino acid balance in the patient, thus aggravation amino acid whose shortage in the patient, thus causing the decline of patient's body constitution. There are some researches prove, albumen synthesis reduces, and decomposes the main mechanism accelerating to occur for CRF malnutrition, and uremic toxins's accumulation suppresses albumen synthesis to be the important mechanisms that CRF malnutrition occurs. It is well known that there is obvious protein metabolism disorder and the accumulation of Proteometabolism product in Chronic Renal Failure Patients body. Being characterized in, in blood plasma, most essential amino acids, TEAA level reduce, and some non essential amino acid level is higher, and, its exact mechanism still imperfectly understands after protein-bearing more so. It is now recognized that its mechanism be likely to following factor about: (1) albumen takes the photograph the minimizing of people, (2) branched-chain amino acid decomposes in skeletal muscle and is likely to play a role, (3) it is excessively absorbed the reason that can not explain its low SI by viscera tissue, and (4) intraor extracellular amino acids distribution can change. Chronic renal insufficiency patient's ubiquity protein/Aminoacidopathy also reported by document. its mechanism and influence factor mainly include anorexia, low protein diet and to the adaptive damage of low protein diet, acidosis, hormonal resistance, energy metabolism the exception and branched-chain amino acid Developmental and Metabolic Disorder etc. of abnormal, cytokine. Based on above reason, lot of documents is reported, the bad incidence rate of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient's Middle nutrition is up to 18%��56%. Along with the prolongation of PD time, incidence rate can be higher.
For the untoward reaction of the malnutrition occurred after peritoneal dialysis and glucose peritoneal dialysis solution, occur in that aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution clinically. In amino acid dialysis, aminoacid substitutes glucose as penetrating agent, can reduce the time of contact of peritoneum and glucose, and aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution acid-base value higher (6��PH < 7), closer to physiological, it is possible to reduce peritoneum is stimulated. Additionally, without glucose in amino acid dialysis, the generation of GDP can be avoided. External and zoopery it turned out, and the common glucose dialysis of amino acid dialysis liquor ratio has better biocompatibility.
Peritoneal dialysis patient it is generally desirable to blood calcium in level normally on the low side, except blood calcium, also relevant to serium inorganic phosphorus and blood parathyroid hormone etc., if there is hypercalcemia, it usually needs uses Low-calcium dialysate.
Summary of the invention
Through Literature Consult and research, we have found that in dialysis solution, aminoacid is used to substitute glucose as penetrating agent, the time of contact of peritoneum and glucose can be reduced, and aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution acid-base value higher (6��PH < 7), closer to physiological, it is possible to reduce peritoneum is stimulated. Additionally, without glucose in amino acid dialysis, the generation of GDP can be avoided. In peritoneal dialysis solution of the present invention, 15 kinds of required and non essential amino acid and 4 kinds are from molecular aqueous solution, its pH is higher, can maintain the various functions of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells, the transport features of peritoneum is affected less, simultaneously can the loss of amino acid and protein in added body, correct the aminogram caused because of renal failure disorderly, maintain nitrogen balance, make the synthetic ratio of protein increase. The calcium ion concentration simultaneously controlled in peritoneal dialysis solution will assist in blood calcium in control volume, it is to avoid the too high or too low impact on health caused of blood calcium concentration.
Aminoacid in peritoneal dialysis solution of the present invention is used for producing hyperosmotic solution, thus forming osmotic gradient, to promote that liquid is transferred to abdominal cavity by blood plasma.The noxious substance of blood middle high concentration and metabolite can enter dialysis solution by peritoneum. Except the lactate as bicarbonate precursor, other electrolyte in solution can correct the electrolyte concentration in blood plasma.
Aminoacid in peritoneal dialysis solution of the present invention contains the essential amino acids of more than 60% (w/w) and the non essential amino acid of less than 40% (w/w), ensureing on the basis of certain osmotic pressure, both can supplement the essential amino acids loss that chronic renal insufficiency causes in time, can reduce again because non essential amino acid disappearance causes essential amino acids to change the metabolism burden caused in vivo. Non essential amino acid is in order to meet the needs of Chronic Renal Failure Patients, containing histidine (being considered as essential amino acids under renal failure state) and arginine. Aminoacid in this prescription both can improve the aminogram in blood, can improve again nitrogen balance.
Peritoneal dialysis solution of the present invention employs the basic amino acids such as arginine, histidine, lysine, it is to avoid use the glutamic acid in cysteine and acidic amino acid, aspartic acid in aminoacid.
A kind of peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition, containing following compositions in every 1000ml:
| Composition | Recipe quantity |
| Serine (C3H7NO3) | 0.5-0.6g |
| Glycine (C2H5NO2) | 0.5-0.6g |
| Histidine (C6H9N3O2) | 0.65-0.75g |
| Arginine (C6H14N4O2) | 1.0-1.1g |
| Threonine (C4H9NO3) | 0.6-0.7g |
| Alanine (C3H7NO2) | 0.90-1.0g |
| Proline (C5H9NO2) | 0.55-0.65g |
| Tyrosine (C9H11NO3) | 0.25-0.35g |
| Valine (C5H11NO2) | 1.3-1.5g |
| Methionine (C15H11NO2S) | 0.8-0.9g |
| Isoleucine (C6H13NO2) | 0.8-0.9g |
| Leucine (C6H13NO2) | 1.0-1.1g |
| Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2) | 0.50-0.60g |
| Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2) | 0.25-0.35g |
| Lysine hydrochloride (C6H14N2O2��HCl) | 0.9-1.0g |
| Water for injection | Surplus |
��
Above-mentioned a kind of peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution contains following component:
| Composition | Recipe quantity |
| Serine (C3H7NO3) | 0.510g |
| Glycine (C2H5NO2) | 0.510g |
| Histidine (C6H9N3O2) | 0.714g |
| Arginine (C6H14N4O2) | 1.071g |
| Threonine (C4H9NO3) | 0.646g |
| Alanine (C3H7NO2) | 0.951g |
| Proline (C5H9NO2) | 0.595g |
| Tyrosine (C9H11NO3) | 0.300g |
| Valine (C5H11NO2) | 1.393g |
| Methionine (C15H11NO2S) | 0.850g |
| Isoleucine (C6H13NO2) | 0.850g |
| Leucine (C6H13NO2) | 1.020g |
| Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2) | 0.570g |
| Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2) | 0.270g |
| Lysine hydrochloride (C6H14N2O2��HCl) | 0.955g |
| Water for injection | Surplus |
��
Above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition:
| Composition | Recipe quantity |
| Serine (C3H7NO3) | 0.5-0.6g |
| Glycine (C2H5NO2) | 0.5-0.6g |
| Histidine (C6H9N3O2) | 0.65-0.75g |
| Arginine (C6H14N4O2) | 1.0-1.1g |
| Threonine (C4H9NO3) | 0.6-0.7g |
| Alanine (C3H7NO2) | 0.90-1.0g |
| Proline (C5H9NO2) | 0.55-0.65g |
| Tyrosine (C9H11NO3) | 0.25-0.35g |
| Valine (C5H11NO2) | 1.3-1.5g |
| Methionine (C15H11NO2S) | 0.8-0.9g |
| Isoleucine (C6H13NO2) | 0.8-0.9g |
| Leucine (C6H13NO2) | 1.0-1.1g |
| Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2) | 0.50-0.60g |
| Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2) | 0.25-0.35g |
| Lysine hydrochloride (C6H14N2O2��HCl) | 0.9-1.0g |
| Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 5.3-5.4g |
| Calcium chloride (CaCl2��2H2O) | 0.15-0.20g |
| Magnesium chloride (MgCl2��6H2O) | 0.04-0.06g |
| Sodium lactate (C3H5NaO3) | 4.4-4.5g |
| Water for injection | Surplus |
��
Above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition:
| Composition | Recipe quantity |
| Serine (C3H7NO3) | 0.510g |
| Glycine (C2H5NO2) | 0.510g |
| Histidine (C6H9N3O2) | 0.714g |
| Arginine (C6H14N4O2) | 1.071g |
| Threonine (C4H9NO3) | 0.646g |
| Alanine (C3H7NO2) | 0.951g |
| Proline (C5H9NO2) | 0.595g |
| Tyrosine (C9H11NO3) | 0.300g |
| Valine (C5H11NO2) | 1.393g |
| Methionine (C15H11NO2S) | 0.850g |
| Isoleucine (C6H13NO2) | 0.850g |
| Leucine (C6H13NO2) | 1.020g |
| Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2) | 0.570g |
| Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2) | 0.270g |
| Lysine hydrochloride (C6H14N2O2��HCl) | 0.955g |
| Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 5.380g |
| Calcium chloride (CaCl2��2H2O) | 0.184g |
| Magnesium chloride (MgCl2��6H2O) | 0.051g |
| Sodium lactate (C3H5NaO3) | 4.480g |
| Water for injection | Surplus |
��
Above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution, is characterized in that 6��PH < 7.
Above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution, is characterized in that osmotic pressure is 330��400mOsm/kg.
The application in peritoneal dialysis of the above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution.
The application in preparation treatment chronic renal failure of the above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution.
Above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution causes the application in protein metabolism imbalance medicine in preparation treatment or preventing chronic renal insufficiency.
The application in the low albumin medicine that preparation treatment chronic renal failure causes of the above-mentioned peritoneal dialysis solution.
Embodiment
Example of formulations 1-3
Every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition
Preparation method:
1, in Agitation Tank, add the fresh water for injection (70��80 DEG C) of recipe quantity 80%, under nitrogen flowing, feed intake according to prescription order, stirring and dissolving.
2, treating that fluid temperature is down to room temperature, regulate to 6��PH < 7 with hydrochloric acid, moisturizing is to full dose.
3, activated carbon 0.1% (w/v) is added, stir about 30 minutes, de-charcoal.
4, clear and bright to medicinal liquid with �� 0.22 ��m of double-deck filtering with microporous membrane of 0.45 ��m of+��, the fill when inflated with nitrogen, jump a queue.
5, sterilizing 15 minutes under 118 DEG C of conditions.
6, Quan Jian, packaging.
Example of formulations 4-6
Every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition
Make 1000ml
Preparation method:
Preparation method is with embodiment 1-3.
Control formulation embodiment 1
According to " the aminoacid peritoneal dialysis impact on the saturating Nutritional Status of Patients of abdomen " (nephropathy and dialysis renal transplantation magazine, 13rd volume, 4th phase, in August, 2004,330-332) peritoneal dialysis solution prepared by the partial amino-acid prescription (see following table) of table 2 in 331 pages, and preparation method is with embodiment 1
| Essential amino acids | (g/dl) | Non essential amino acid | (g/dl) |
| Valine | 0.625 | ALANINE | 1.204 |
| L-Leu | 1.250 | L-arginine | 1.175 |
| ILE | 0.625 | L-PROLINE | 0.690 |
| L-Methionine | 0.300 | TYR | 0.060 |
| 1B | 1.000 | L-glycine | 1.000 |
| L-Histidine | 0.281 | Serine | 0.315 |
| L-threonine | 0.300 | Pidolidone acid | 0.200 |
| L-phenylalanine | 0.260 | L-Aspartic acid | 0.245 |
| L-Trp | 0.120 | Cys | 0.023 |
Control formulation embodiment 2
According to " aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution and the impact on Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells function of the conventional peritoneal dialysis liquid " (Chinese Journal of Nephrology, in February, 2004,20th volume the 1st phase, 37-41) peritoneal dialysis solution prepared by the aminoacid prescription (see following table) of table 2 in 38 pages, and preparation method is with embodiment 1.
| Essential amino acids | (g/l) | Non essential amino acid | (g/l) |
| Valine | 1.39 | ALANINE | 0.95 |
| L-Leu | 1.02 | L-arginine | 1.07 |
| ILE | 0.85 | L-PROLINE | 0.60 |
| L-Methionine | 0.85 | L-glycine | 0.51 |
| 1B | 0.76 | Serine | 0.51 |
| L-Histidine | 0.71 | L tyrosine | 0.30 |
| L-threonine | 0.65 | ||
| L-phenylalanine | 0.57 |
Amino acid supplementation effect is tested by effect example 1
With peritoneal dialysis inpatient for object of study, carry out the research of 3 days by a definite date, investigate the compensating action that amino acid and protein is run off by embodiment.
Research adopts EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN simple and easy, open, that intersect, successive administration, often organizes 20 peritoneal dialysis and is in hospital male patient, and body weight is between 60-70Kg. Within first day, all patients all carry out peritoneal equilibrium test (peritonealequilibrationtest, PET). Within second day, first all patients accept the glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (lactate) (Tianjin TianAn Medicine Industry Co., Ltd's production) of 1.5%, then carry out conventional therapy. Within 3rd day, respectively organize patient and use the dialysis solution of embodiment 1-6 and comparative examples 1-2 respectively, then carry out conventional therapy. The dialysis solution consumption of use in two days, number of times, method are all identical, and the dialysis waste liquid collecting second day and the 3rd day carries out amino acid and protein analysis, meansigma methods in mensuration group.
Result shows, uses aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution relatively to use glucose peritoneal dialysis solution can increase amino acid whose intake better, is conducive to patient body healthy.
Effect example 2 change of serum C O2 total amount (TCO2) is tested
For investigating the safety of aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution dialysis long-term treatment, carry out change of serum C O by DimensionAR automatic clinical chemistry analyzer2Total amount (TCO2) experiment
With peritoneal dialysis inpatient for object of study, carry out the research of 30 days by a definite date, investigate glucose peritoneal dialysis solution, embodiment, comparative examples to internal change of serum C O2Total amount (TCO2) impact.
Research adopts EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN simple and easy, open, that intersect, successive administration, often organizes 20 peritoneal dialysis and is in hospital male patient, and body weight is between 60-70Kg.Glucose group patient accepts the glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (lactate) (Tianjin TianAn Medicine Industry Co., Ltd's production) of 1.5%, then carries out conventional therapy. Embodiment is respectively organized patient and is used the dialysis solution of embodiment 1-6 and comparative examples 1-2 respectively, then carries out conventional therapy. Glucose group, dialysis solution consumption, method that embodiment group uses are all identical, are and once dialyse every day, carry out the peritoneal dialysis of 90 days, measured proprietary change of serum C O at 0 day respectively2Total amount (TCO2) and calculate meansigma methods, the 90th day packet mensuration change of serum C O2Total amount (TCO2) and calculate meansigma methods.
Result shows, uses the aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution of embodiment prescription relatively to use the peritoneal dialysis solution of comparative examples prescription can better control ground change of serum C O2Total amount, especially life-time service would be even more beneficial to patient body health, reduce because using aminoacid to pay the acidosis that certain dialysis solution causes.
Peritoneum impact test
Laboratory animal: SD male rat, 6-8 week old, body weight 200 �� 10g
Chronic renal failure animal model: by laboratory animal SD rat, feeds, containing 0.5% adenine feedstuff, to detect serum creatinine, urea nitrogen levels, reach the standard of chronic renal failure after 10 weeks.
Health model: give same recipe with above-mentioned healthy rat but do not contain the forage feed 10 weeks of 0.5% adenine. Blank model group and chronic renal failure animal model post processing: 2% pentobarbital sodium anesthetized rat. Under rat xiphoid-process, 1.scm place makes a stringer otch and inserts abdomen and thoroughly manage, and pipe end is placed in left back wall. Purse string suture is made with fixing Dialysis tubing along stomach wall around Dialysis tubing. Prepare to give peritoneal dialysis.
Low protein diet: heat is the feedstuff of 3600Kcal, wherein tyrosine content is 6%, and calcium content is 1.5%. Test method: by successful for modeling chronic renal failure rat model, healthy rat random packet, often group 10, every day is given and conventional feed.
Healthy group: by the rat random packet of health model, often group 10, accepts 20ml normal saline gavage every day, totally 14 days.
Blank group: successful for modeling chronic renal failure rat model is taken at random 10 packets, blank group is accepted normal saline 2Oml lumbar injection every day, totally 14 days.
Administration group: by successful for modeling Chronic Renal Failure Rats random packet, often group 10. The rat of embodiment 1 to 6 group gives the peritoneal dialysis solution of the corresponding group number of embodiment group and carries out peritoneal dialysis, each 30ml/Kg, once a day, give 1.5% glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (lactate) (Tianjin TianAn Medicine Industry Co., Ltd's production) again, each 30ml/Kg, every day three times, totally 90 days. The peritoneal dialysis solution that the rat of matched group 1 to 2 group gives in the corresponding group number of comparative examples group carries out peritoneal dialysis, each 30ml/Kg, once a day, give 1.5% glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (lactate) (Tianjin TianAn Medicine Industry Co., Ltd's production) again, each 30ml/Kg, every day three times, totally 90 days. Each the 1st day administration phase of group is administered first 0 hour and the 91st day and measures rat weight, by each group of rat tail vein is taken a blood sample, measure albumin level in blood, and measure twenty-four-hour urine albumen, calculate the difference of body weight, albumin, twenty-four-hour urine albumen forward backward averaging value, i.e. statistical average before the 15th day data meansigma methods-administration in 1 day.
Respectively organize rat serum albumin (Alb), (n=10)
| Group number | Alb difference (g/L) | Twenty-four-hour urine albumen difference (mg) | Body weight difference (g) |
| Blank group | -4.31 | 43.7 | -37.4 |
| Healthy group | 1.27 | -1.42 | 5.6 |
| Embodiment 1 | 5.27 | 15.8 | -7.2 |
| Embodiment 2 | 6.39 | 13.1 | -6.0 |
| Embodiment 3 | 6.68 | 12.8 | -5.9 |
| Embodiment 4 | 5.01 | 17.2 | -9.7 |
| Embodiment 5 | 5.97 | 14.7 | -7.6 |
| Embodiment 6 | 6.15 | 13.6 | -6.9 |
| Comparative examples 1 | 2.92 | 28.5 | -23.8 |
| Comparative examples 2 | 3.87 | 23.9 | -17.1 |
Proved by above-mentioned experiment, aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution in the present invention absorbs better compared with the aminoacid peritoneal dialysis solution of other prescriptions, internal Alb is made to increase, further it is surprising that the trend that twenty-four-hour urine albumen also takes an evident turn for the better, so that the body weight of rat increase substantially, health degree improves.
Claims (10)
1. a peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition, containing following compositions in every 1000ml:
��
2. a kind of peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution contains following component:
��
3. peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition:
��
4. peritoneal dialysis solution pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that every liter of peritoneal dialysis solution consists of the following composition:
��
5. peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that 6��PH < 7.
6. peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that osmotic pressure is 330��400mOsm/kg.
7. a peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1 application in peritoneal dialysis.
8. a peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1 treats the application in chronic renal failure in preparation.
9. a peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1 causes the application in protein metabolism imbalance medicine in preparation treatment or preventing chronic renal insufficiency.
10. a peritoneal dialysis solution as claimed in claim 1 treats the application in the low albumin medicine that chronic renal failure causes in preparation.
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Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| B. FALLER ET AL.: "Clinical evaluation of an optimized 1.1% amino-acid solution for peritoneal dialysis", 《NEPHROL DIAL TRANSPLANT》 * |
| BAXTER CORPORATION: "NUTRINEALTM PD4 1.1% Amino Acid Pertitoneal Dialysis Solution", 《PRODUCT MONOGRAPH》 * |
| MICHAEL R. JONES: "REPLACEMENT OF AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN LOSSES WITH 1.1% AMINO ACID PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION", 《PERITONEAL DIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL》 * |
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Application publication date: 20160608 |