CN105621464B - A kind of aluminum oxide synthetic method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of aluminum oxide synthetic method, and the aluminum oxide constituent is amorphous alumina, with two-stage duct；The aluminum oxide synthetic method is first handled carbon black and alkali lye mixing, then aluminum salt solution is configured, the carbon black that filtration drying is obtained mixes with aluminum salt solution and dries mixture after ultrasonication, is then sequentially placed into nitrogen atmosphere and is handled with oxygen atmosphere, obtains aluminum oxide.The inventive method is without using expensive organic additive, and operating procedure is simple and easy to apply, low production cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to porous inorganic material synthesis field, specifically a kind of aluminum oxide synthetic method.
Background technology
According to the classification of IUPAC, porous material can be divided into three major types：Large pore material（Directly
＞ 50nm）, mesoporous material（2nm≤directly≤50nm）And poromerics（Direct ＜ 2nm）.Due to poromerics and mesoporous material
Applied with succeeding in Industrial Catalysis with the field such as separating, thus be always study and application focus.In recent years, with big
Porous materials compensate for conventional small pore molecular sieve in fields such as bulky molecular catalysis, separation and mesoporous material is difficult to allow macromolecular to enter
Shortcoming inside duct, and the advantage that some other physical chemical characteristics is embodied, the sight of the researcher gradually attracted turn into
The popular domain of research.
CN102040235A, a kind of three-dimensional ordered macroporous alumina and preparation method thereof, disclose a kind of three-dimensional order big
Porous aluminum oxide and preparation method thereof.This method is also to prepare large pore material using template, is comprised the following steps：Will be monodispersed poly-
Compound microballoon is assembled into glue crystal template, then into template fill ad hoc approach prepare alumina sol, most afterwards through dry and
Roasting obtains macroporous aluminium oxide.
At present, industry expands the aperture of aluminum oxide frequently with following two methods, and one is during extrusion plus people is each
Expanding agent is planted, two be that extrusion shapes laggard water-filling heat treatment or high-temperature process.
CN103055948A, the preparation method of macropore alumina supporter is the lightweight stove generated that burnt with crops stem shell
Ashes is expanding agent, while adding the triethanolamine aqueous solution, macroporous aluminium oxide is prepared using kneading method.Prepared macropore oxidation
There is aluminium diplopore distribution, bore dia the 50%-70% of total pore volume is accounted in 10-20nm pore volume, and the pore volume that bore dia is more than 100nm is accounted for
The 20%-30% of total pore volume.
The alumina support moment of shaping is warming up to 500- by CN 1087289A, method for preparing macropore alumina supporter
650 DEG C, and a few hours are maintained at high temperature, the purpose for expanding aperture can be reached.
CN 1209355A, macropore alumina supporter and preparation method thereof, be first boehmite raw material is carried out peptization or
Material after thermalization, extruded moulding, can be with the aperture of aluminum oxide with containing being handled by the compound of ion.
Macroporous aluminium oxide material, such as CN101863499A, a kind of foramen magnum-mesoporous oxygen can be prepared in addition with other technologies
Change the preparation method of aluminium, prepare a kind of aluminum oxide containing two sets of ducts of 5~40nm and 50~150nm.The patent include with
Lower step：A. first reaction promoter and aluminium salt are dissolved in organic solvent solution, then template are added into above-mentioned solution and dissolved,
The pH value of solution is controlled 3.5~6.0；B., a is walked to the solution prepared and carries out burin-in process, makes it progressively organic in removing system
Solvent and moisture obtain macroporous-mesoporous alumina presoma；C. macroporous-mesoporous alumina is obtained through 400~800 DEG C of calcination process
Powder.The template that the patent is used is expensive triblock copolymer.
CN101200297A, the preparation method of integral macroporous alumina, patent prepares macropore oxygen using template
Change aluminium.Preparation includes procedure below：Reverse concentrated emulsions method is first used to prepare monoblock type using styrene and divinylbenzene as monomer big
Hole organic formwork；Again Al is prepared using aluminium isopropoxide or boehmite as predecessor2O3The hydrosol；Then by Al2O3The hydrosol is filled out
It is charged in monoblock type macropore organic formwork；Finally by the monolithic devices organic/inorganic composite after filling through drying, roasting removing mould
Plate, obtains integral macroporous alumina.Obtained Integral macroporous alumina has the macropore duct that micron order is interconnected, hole
Footpath is 1~50 μm.
CN102311133A, a kind of Integral macroporous alumina and preparation method thereof, disclose a kind of monoblock type macropore oxygen
Change the preparation method of aluminium.Preparation process is：After silicon source, polyethylene glycol and low-carbon alcohol and water at least one are well mixed,
Low-carbon epoxyalkane is added in described mixture, Integral macroporous alumina is obtained through aging, immersion, dry and roasting.
Its aperture of gained Integral macroporous alumina is at 0.05~10 μm.
CN102311134A, a kind of spherical integral macroporous alumina and preparation method thereof, disclose a kind of spherical entirety
Formula macroporous aluminium oxide and preparation method thereof.This method comprises the following steps：Polymer microballoon emulsion, alumina sol and rush is solidifying
Agent is well mixed with certain proportion, and the mixture is scattered in oil phase, forms w/o type drop, then reheats above-mentioned mixed phase
System, makes the alumina sol balling-up in aqueous phase, isolates the gel micro-ball of shaping from oil phase afterwards, then in aqueous ammonia medium
Described spherical integral macroporous alumina is obtained after aged, dry and roasting.The macropore diameter of the aluminum oxide is less than 1 μm
In the range of it is homogeneous controllable, the size of spheric granules is controllable, and mechanical strength is higher.
Existing large pore material, although the existing many open reports of the preparation method of especially macroporous aluminium oxide, but still has one
A little defects need to overcome, such as the template assemblies of colloid crystal templating take long, preparation cost height, it is difficult to industrialized production；Have
The macropore ratio and content for the large pore material that a little technologies are obtained are too low, and macropore diameter is generally higher than 200nm, the excessive application in aperture
Value is relatively low, and pore diameter range in 100~200nm there is the macropore of high application value to be difficult to prepare.Therefore, study new, especially
It is the preparation method of the macropore carbon of Cheap highly effective just with very real meaning.
The content of the invention
In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the invention provides a kind of aluminum oxide synthetic method.The aluminum oxide that the present invention is provided
With abundant macropore, preparation method is simple and easy to apply, and production cost is low.
The present invention provides a kind of aluminum oxide, and the aluminum oxide has following feature：Constituent is amorphous alumina, tool
There is two-stage duct, the aperture in first order duct is 40~50nm, and the aperture in second level duct is 100~200nm, and specific surface area is
200~300m2/g。
The synthetic method of aluminum oxide of the present invention, comprises the following steps：
（1）Carbon black is mixed with aqueous slkali, 0.5~3h of stir process, is then filtered under the conditions of 50~90 DEG C, will filtered
Obtained solid matter dries 5~15h at 100~150 DEG C；
（2）Under agitation, aluminium salt and water are mixed to get solution A；
（3）To step（2）Step is added in obtained solution A（1）Obtained carbon black, ultrasonication 1 after being well mixed
~10h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution removed in the way of droplet splashes contain solution equipment, collect splash
The droplet gone out, the then drying process under the conditions of 100~120 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained mixture is placed in nitrogen atmosphere, and 3~5h is heat-treated at 400~600 DEG C；
（6）By step（5）Obtained mixture is placed in oxygen atmosphere, and 3~10h is heat-treated at 400~600 DEG C, is obtained
To aluminum oxide.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（1）Described in carbon black be general goods carbon black, the granularity of carbon black for 30~
50nm。
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（1）Described in aqueous slkali be sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide in one kind or two
Kind, the alkaline concentration is 0.01~0.1mol/L, and the mass ratio of carbon black and aqueous slkali is 1：5~1：50, preferably 1：10~
1：20.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（2）Described in aluminium salt be aluminum nitrate and/or aluminium chloride；The aluminium salt and water
Mass ratio be 1：4~1：10, preferably 1：5~1：8.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（3）Described in aluminium salt, carbon black mass ratio be 1：0.5~1：3, preferably 1：0.8
~1：2.5.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（4）Described in solution remove in the way of droplet splashes and to contain solution
Equipment, the splashing mode, which is specifically as follows quickly to stir solution, makes solution sputter to come with the form of droplet, Huo Zhe
Under stirring, solution is passed through with high velocity air, solution is sputtered in droplet form；It is small that the collection is sputtered
The mode of drop is to be collected with filter paper or filter cloth.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（5）Described in nitrogen atmosphere, nitrogen flow rate is 100~500mL/min, excellent
Elect 150~450mL/min as.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（5）Described in heat treatment handle 3.5 preferably at 450~550 DEG C~
4.5h。
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（5）And step（6）Described in heat treatment heating rate be more than 10 DEG C/min,
Heated up with constant heating rate.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（6）Described in oxygen atmosphere in, oxygen gas flow rate be 200~500mL/min,
Preferably 150~450mL/min.
In synthetic method of the present invention, step（6）Described in heat treatment 4~8h is handled preferably at 450~550 DEG C.
The two-stage duct aluminum oxide that the present invention is provided has abundant macropore, can be used as catalyst carrier, adsorbent, chromatogram
Column packing, it is also possible to make the synthesis masterplate of inorganic organic material.
Compared with prior art, the two-stage duct aluminum oxide and its synthetic method that the present invention is provided have advantages below：
（1）The present invention, which provides two-stage duct aluminum oxide, has unique physicochemical characteristic, with two-stage duct, the wherein first order
The aperture integrated distribution scope in duct is 40~50nm, and the aperture integrated distribution scope in second level duct is 100~200nm.This
The pore passage structure of sample is very beneficial for the transmission diffusion of macromolecular substances, has in bulky molecular catalysis process and adsorption separation process
Prominent advantage.
（2）In the inventive method, using the carbon black by base extraction as hard template, required multi-stage porous can be obtained
Road aluminum oxide, uses base extraction carbon black, and the Surface electric property of carbon black can be made to change, and promotes a part of single dispersing form
Carbon black is assembled, and makes several carbon black particles assemble to form miniature coherent condition, in order to form the template needed for macropore duct；
, can be as the template needed for medium duct and remaining carbon black still keeps monodisperse status.And by step（5）And step
（6）In programmed rate control in the high-speed more than 10 DEG C/min, can expand the duct of intermediate pore size, be beneficial to
Prepare relatively wide medium duct.The preparation method of macroporous aluminium oxide of the present invention is simple and easy to apply, and topmost feature is not
Using expensive poisonous organic formwork agent or additive, cost is low.
（3）In the inventive method, by controlling the ratio of various materials, ultrasound is stirred, the operating procedure such as roasting, to control
Charcoal processing black track producing particle（Including single dispersing and miniature state of aggregation）Dispersity.Especially step（4）Mode of operation, by step
（3）The solution sputters to collect and then processing is dried again in droplet form, is that a kind of dynamic drying and static state are dry
Dry combination.This drying mode can make the carbon black particle of aluminium and state of aggregation and single dispersing state all the time in uniformly mixing shape
State, it is to avoid aluminium, because density variation is separated, causes aluminium can not effectively wrap up carbon black with carbon black, and then causes to prepare
The aluminum oxide gone out is that aperture is less than the common small-bore aluminum oxide of 5nm.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the SEM photograph for the aluminum oxide that embodiment 1 is synthesized.
Embodiment
The preparation method of carbon material of the present invention is described in detail below by specific embodiment, but is not limited to
Embodiment.The granularity of carbon black used is 40nm or so in embodiment, and manufacturer is Shandong Ao Long Group Co., Ltd.
Embodiment 1
（1）5g carbon blacks are mixed with 50mL 0.02mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h are stirred under the conditions of 70 DEG C, then mistake
Filter, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）5g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50mL distilled water, stir process 20min；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 5h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained material is placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen, nitrogen flow rate is 300mL/min, with 12
DEG C/min is from room temperature to 450 DEG C, constant temperature 3.5h；Oxygen is then passed to, oxygen gas flow rate is 300mL/min, it is permanent at 450 DEG C
Warm 5h, obtains aluminum oxide, and numbering is CL1, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 2
（1）6g carbon blacks are mixed with 100mL 0.02mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h is stirred under the conditions of 70 DEG C；Then
Filtering, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）5g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 60mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 7h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained material is placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen, nitrogen flow rate is 200mL/min, with 12
DEG C/min is from room temperature to 450 DEG C, constant temperature 4h；Oxygen is then passed to, oxygen gas flow rate is 350mL/min, the constant temperature at 450 DEG C
7h, obtains aluminum oxide, and numbering is CL2, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 3
（1）8g carbon blacks are mixed with 80mL 0.02mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h is stirred under the conditions of 60 DEG C；Then cross
Filter, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）4g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 5h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained material is placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen, nitrogen flow rate is 260mL/min, with 11
DEG C/min is from room temperature to 500 DEG C, constant temperature 4h；Then pass to oxygen, oxygen gas flow rate is 300mL/min, 500 DEG C of constant temperature 5h,
Aluminum oxide is obtained, numbering is CL3, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 4
（1）12g carbon blacks are mixed with 150mL 0.04mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h are stirred under the conditions of 70 DEG C, then
Filtering, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）6 g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 100 mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 4h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained material is placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen, and nitrogen flow rate is 300mL/min；With 11
DEG C/min is from room temperature to 530 DEG C, constant temperature 4h；Then pass to oxygen, oxygen gas flow rate is 300mL/min, 530 DEG C of constant temperature 4h,
Aluminum oxide is obtained, numbering is CL4, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 5
（1）4.5g carbon blacks are mixed with 50mL 0.06mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h is stirred under the conditions of 50 DEG C；Then
Filtering, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）5 g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50 mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 5h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained material be placed in tube furnace, be passed through nitrogen, nitrogen flow rate is 260mL/min, with
11 DEG C/min is from room temperature to 500 DEG C, constant temperature 4h；Oxygen is then passed to, oxygen gas flow rate is 300mL/min, 500 DEG C of constant temperature
8h, obtains aluminum oxide, and numbering is CL5, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative example 1
（1）5g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50 mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（2）To step（1）5g carbon blacks are added in obtained solution, 1h are stirred, then ultrasonication 5h；
（3）By step（2）Obtained solution is quickly stirred, by solution with the form of droplet sputter come, and with filter
Paper collects the droplet for sputtering and, and is then dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（4）By step（3）Obtained mixture is placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen, and nitrogen flow rate is 300mL/min；With
12 DEG C/min is from room temperature to 450 DEG C, constant temperature 3.5h；Oxygen is then passed to, oxygen gas flow rate is 300mL/min, 450 DEG C of constant temperature
5h, obtains aluminum oxide, and numbering is CL6, and the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution and reference area of gained sample the results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative example 2
（1）5g carbon blacks are mixed with 50mL 0.02mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions, 2h is stirred under the conditions of 70 DEG C；Then cross
Filter, 10h is dried by obtained solid sample under the conditions of 100 DEG C；
（2）5 g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50 mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（3）To step（2）Solution in add step（1）Obtained carbon black, stirs 1h, then ultrasonication 5h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution is directly dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C, is subsequently placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen
Gas, nitrogen flow rate is 300mL/min；With 12 DEG C/min from room temperature to 450 DEG C, constant temperature 3.5h；Finally it is passed through oxygen, oxygen
Flow velocity is 300mL/min, 450 DEG C of constant temperature 5h, obtains aluminum oxide, and numbering is CL7, and the duct apertures at different levels of gained sample, which are concentrated, to be divided
Cloth and reference area the results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative example 3
（1）5 g aluminum nitrates are mixed with 50 mL distilled water, 20min is stirred；
（2）To step（1）5g carbon blacks are added in obtained solution, 1h are stirred, then ultrasonication 5h；
（3）By step（2）Obtained mixture is dried under the conditions of 100 DEG C, is subsequently placed in tube furnace, is passed through nitrogen,
Nitrogen flow rate is 300mL/min；With 12 DEG C/min from room temperature to 450 DEG C, constant temperature 3.5h；Finally it is passed through oxygen, oxygen stream
Speed is 300mL/min, 450 DEG C of constant temperature 5h, obtains aluminum oxide, numbering is CL8, the duct apertures at different levels integrated distribution of gained sample
1 is the results are shown in Table with reference area.
Sample physico-chemical property obtained by the embodiment of table 1 and comparative example
It can be drawn by embodiment and comparative example, the inventive method can prepare high-quality macroporous aluminium oxide, and
The operating procedure of the present invention is not used, and the aluminum oxide prepared in the case of same material proportion does not contain macroporous structure.
Claims (21)
1. a kind of aluminum oxide synthetic method, the aluminum oxide constituent is amorphous alumina, with two-stage duct, the first order
The aperture in duct is 40~50nm, and the aperture in second level duct is 100~200nm, and specific surface area is 200~300m2/g；It is described
Aluminum oxide synthetic method comprises the following steps：
（1）Carbon black is mixed with aqueous slkali, 0.5~3h of stir process, is then filtered under the conditions of 50~90 DEG C, will be filtrated to get
Solid matter at 100~150 DEG C dry 5~15h；
（2）Under agitation, aluminium salt and water are mixed to get solution A；
（3）To step（2）Step is added in obtained solution A（1）Obtained carbon black, well mixed rear ultrasonication 1~
10h；
（4）By step（3）Obtained solution remove in the way of droplet splashes the equipment for containing solution, collect and sputter
Droplet, the then drying process under the conditions of 100~120 DEG C；
（5）By step（4）Obtained mixture is placed in nitrogen atmosphere, and 3~5h is heat-treated at 400~600 DEG C；
（6）By step（5）Obtained mixture is placed in oxygen atmosphere, and 3~10h is heat-treated at 400~600 DEG C, oxygen is obtained
Change aluminium.
2. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）Described in carbon black granularity be 30~50nm.
3. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）Described in aqueous slkali be sodium hydroxide, hydroxide
One or both of potassium.
4. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）Described in alkaline concentration be 0.01~
0.1mol/L。
5. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）Described in the mass ratio of carbon black and aqueous slkali be
1：5~1：50.
6. in accordance with the method for claim 5, it is characterised in that：Step（1）Described in the mass ratio of carbon black and aqueous slkali be
1：10~1：20.
7. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（2）Described in aluminium salt be aluminum nitrate and/or chlorination
Aluminium.
8. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（2）Described in aluminium salt and water mass ratio be 1：4~
1：10.
9. in accordance with the method for claim 8, it is characterised in that：Step（2）Described in aluminium salt and water mass ratio be 1：5~
1：8.
10. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（3）Described in aluminium salt, carbon black mass ratio be 1：
0.5~1：3.
11. in accordance with the method for claim 10, it is characterised in that：Step（3）Described in aluminium salt, carbon black mass ratio be 1：
0.8~1：2.5.
12. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（4）Described in the side splashed with droplet of solution
Formula removes the equipment for containing solution, and the splashing mode makes solution be sputtered with the form of droplet for solution is quickly stirred
Come, or under stirring, solution is passed through with high velocity air, solution is sputtered in droplet form.
13. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（4）Described in collect the droplet for sputtering and
Mode is to be collected with filter paper or filter cloth.
14. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（5）Described in nitrogen atmosphere, nitrogen flow rate is
100~500mL/min.
15. in accordance with the method for claim 14, it is characterised in that：Step（5）Described in nitrogen atmosphere, nitrogen flow rate is
150~450mL/min.
16. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（5）Described in heat treatment at 450~550 DEG C
Handle 3.5~4.5h.
17. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（5）And step（6）Described in heat treatment heating
Speed is more than 10 DEG C/min.
18. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（5）And step（6）Described in heat treatment with perseverance
Fixed heating rate heating.
19. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（6）Described in oxygen atmosphere in, oxygen gas flow rate
For 200~500mL/min.
20. in accordance with the method for claim 19, it is characterised in that：Step（6）Described in oxygen atmosphere in, oxygen gas flow rate
For 150~450mL/min.
21. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（6）Described in heat treatment at 450~550 DEG C
Handle 4~8h.
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| 炭黑分散法制备双重孔分布的γ-Al2O3载体;王雅菁等;《化工进展》;20121231;第31卷(第3期);第598-603页 * |
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