CN105608222A - Rapid building method of tile pyramid for large-scale raster data set - Google Patents
Rapid building method of tile pyramid for large-scale raster data set Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of treatment of geographic information, and relates to a rapid building method of a tile pyramid for a large-scale raster data set. The method comprises the steps that 1, the data set comprising image files is obtained; 2, the image files in the data set are traversed, and a spatial index file is built; 3, the tile pyramid maximum hierarchy and the image file number threshold value are set; the iteration variable k initial value is defined as the tile pyramid maximum hierarchy; 4, the current hierarchy single-tile range retrieved image file number is compared with the threshold value; if the image file number is smaller than or equal to the set threshold value, each tile in the hierarchy is traversed, an xml type character string of each tile is generated to be transferred to a Mapnik drawing engine for drawing and stored into the corresponding hierarchy of the pyramid; if the image file number is larger than the set threshold value, tile data of the existing k+1 hierarchies is called, and resampling is carried out to generate tile data of k hierarchies to be stored into the corresponding hierarchies; 5, 1 is subtracted from the current hierarchy number k, if the result is larger than 0, the step 4 is executed again, and if not, the process is finished.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to geographic information processing technical field, relate in a kind of GIS-Geographic Information System extensiveThe tile pyramid fast construction method of Raster Images data set.
Background technology
Along with the development that geographical spatial data obtains technology, domestic and international many functional organizations, research institutionCan obtain more expediently more high-resolution photomap. Especially the unmanned plane technology of taking photo by planeAdvance by leaps and bounds, make to obtain territory, county, the high resolution image data integration of regional extent for may.High resolution image data are generally with continuous in geographical distribution, the upper discrete a large amount of phase appositions of file storageThe raster data of formula is stored in disk file system, and the extensive characteristic limitations of data its passHigh-efficiency tissue and the index accesses of system in relational database, becomes the efficiency bottle neck of its quick visualization.
Present stage extensive raster dataset the visual mass data pretreatment time that conventionally needs, mainConsume at image joint, build the data visualization preparations such as image pyramid and tile pyramid,Realize visual speed and lagged far behind data acquisition speed. Efficient tile pyramid construction is to realizeThe key technology of image data quick visualization, ArcGIS, MapGIS, BaiduMap, GoogleMapAll use tile technology to improve its Map Services effect etc. GIS-Geographic Information System or geodata serviceRate. But the existing tile generation method efficiency for extensive raster dataset of industry is lower,The trend day by day increasing through far not adapting to current geographical data set scale. Therefore, how to believe at geographyIn breath system (GIS), provide the quick visualization service of extensive raster dataset to become urgently to be resolved hurrilyTechnical barrier.
Forefathers' research forms the generalized flowsheet of a set of large-scale dataset tile pyramid construction gradually,Mainly comprise image joint, build the basic steps such as pyramid, tile cutting, need to use geographical letterBreath system or other image processing instruments. In GIS and various map application, carrying out map convergent-divergent is the utmost pointFor common user's operation scenario, in order to show fast the map result under different zoom yardstick, GISModal way is set up image pyramid buffer structure exactly, and user side sends request and directly calls afterwardsThe data of the corresponding level of image pyramid, to reach the object of Fast Drawing.
Image pyramid be generated by certain resampling rule by original image from fine to coarse, data volumeThe image set of descending different resolution level, is a kind of typical hierarchical data structure form, suitableClose the multiresolution tissue in raster data, when image display, only need carry out a small amount of calculating and a small amount ofInquiry, can significantly reduce image and draw the time, improves visual speed so become GIS-Geographic Information SystemThe data structure that rate extensively adopts. If map cover geographic range excessive, when viewport scope very little,Need to call the higher pyramidal layer DBMS of resolution ratio time, travel through whole layer data, according to pixels granularity is comeData within the scope of inquiry viewport will consume long time. And in a large number of users Concurrency Access dataApplication scenarios in, directly use the performance of raw video pyramid map making to become very slow.For overcoming the inefficiencies of traversal retrieval, tile segmentation technique is arisen at the historic moment. The image gold word buildingOn tower foundation, then image data is significantly safeguarded to a tile pyramid buffer memory, when access, only need to adjustWith the tile data of corresponding resolution, greatly improve the high concurrency performance of map making, makeGIS Map Services based on Web meets large-scale user's request becomes possibility.
From present Research, existing generalized information system need to be carried out Image Mosaics, pyramid construction etc.Pretreatment process could generate complete tile pyramid, so that map tile service to be provided, has increased numberAccording to the visual overall time of collection. And in the process of data processing, the think of of less employing parallelizationRoad, can not effectively utilize hardware computational resource. Process extensive grid number according to this set of traditional processDuring according to collection, need very long data pretreatment time, especially the pyramidal efficiency of cutting tile extremelyLowly, and less for building the optimization research that tile pyramidal structure does.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the invention provides the adaptive extensive grid of a kind of multi-layerData tile pyramid fast construction method. First the concept relating in invention is described, showLevel refers to the progression of map convergent-divergent in viewport, and different levels show the map view of different scale rank.Number of levels is less, and indication range is larger, and resolution ratio is lower; Number of levels is larger, and indication range is less,Resolution ratio is higher, and the highest level that general highest level view display resolution can reach is exactly source numberAccording to resolution ratio, i.e. demonstration raw video data within the scope of viewport. The present invention is based on the drafting of increasing incomeRender engine Mapnik realizes. The tile gold that concrete technical scheme is a kind of extensive raster datasetWord tower fast construction method, comprises the following steps:
(S1) obtain the data set that comprises image file; Described image file is grid.
(S2) the concentrated Raster Images file of ergodic data, the minimum outsourcing of reading all image filesFrame, sets up spatial index file, and spatial index file is stored in file system;
(S3) initialize, setting the maximum number of levels of tile pyramid is Max_Level, setting of imageQuantity of documents threshold value; Definition iteration variable k, initial value is Max_Level; Wherein, Max_Level,K is integer;
(S4) the single tile range retrieval of more current level arrives image file quantity and setting thresholdMagnitude relationship;
If be less than or equal to setting threshold, travel through each tile of this level, taking its scope as inquiry window,The crossing image file of spatial index document retrieval of setting up by step (S2), generates each tileXml pattern character string pass to Mapnik drawing engine, draw all tile datas of this level,Deposit the pyramidal corresponding level of tile in;
If be greater than setting threshold, call the tile number of the k+1 level having generated in tile pyramid buffer memoryAccording to, interlacing generates the tile data of k level every column weight sampling, deposit the pyramidal corresponding level of tile in;
(S5) current layer progression k is subtracted to 1, if current layer progression is greater than 0, return to step (S4);If current layer progression is not more than 0, complete tile pyramid has built complete.
Further, described step (S2) is set up the detailed process of spatial index file and is:
(S21) ergodic data collection, it is suitable to choose according to the minimum area-encasing rectangle size of each image fileSizing grid, the grid length of side is designated as Grid_Size;
(S22) set up grid index structure, state a two-dimemsional number that covers whole data set scopeGroup, in logic a corresponding grid that the unit length of side is Grid_Size;
(S23) according to the minimum area-encasing rectangle of each image file with the crossing situation of grid by image literary compositionPart is registered in the grid of index structure as the member of grid under separately, has set up spatial indexFile.
The less length of side of the minimum area-encasing rectangle that further, the described grid length of side is minimum image fileHalf.
Further, described setting threshold equals 30.
For a better understanding of the present invention, now relevant principle is described further, in the present invention, basis is lookedMouth demonstration level is dynamically switched the tactful self adaptation tile construction method of drafting, general GIS display layerProgression is 20 grades, therefrom selects a middle thresholding level view, is designated as LevelN. On meetingState the level corresponding to image file amount threshold of setting; The establishment of levelN is with one of each levelThe crossing image file quantity of individual tile scope is reference frame.
Number of levels is higher than the part of levelN, i.e. the tile of pyramid low layer: call the slice tool of increasing incomeMapnik, according to the minimum outsourcing rectangle of each tile (MinimumBoundaryRectangular,Be called for short MBR, also referred to as smallest enclosing box) retrieve the crossing Raster Images data of its spatial coverageFile, along with the change of viewport inquiry window dynamically generates xml pattern character string, offers MapnikCut into slices (Mapnik is a kit that is used for developing GIS application program), generate this layerThe corresponding tile data of level.
Number of levels is lower than the part of levelN, i.e. the tile of pyramid high level: taking levelN as basisCarry out interval sampling synthetic, generate the more tile cutting data of high-level, set up pyramid-like structureData Layer, is stored in buffer memory and takes waiting, in the time narrowing down to low level view, as long as call equivalent layerThe slice of data of level can show fast.
Further, at ergodic data collection generating mesh index, inquiry intersection data file and pass through bottomTile resampling generates in the process of high-rise tile data, adopts separately parallel programming method, usesMultiple process deal with data, for example, parallel ergodic data collection is set up index, subregion and is drawn that piece is parallel to be looked intoFile is intersected in inquiry, the parallel resampling of piece is drawn in subregion, to utilize substantially multinuclear hardware environment, the utmost pointThe earth has improved data-handling efficiency.
The beneficial effect that adopts the present invention to obtain is: the image tile pyramid that (1) the present invention generatesThe abstract storehouse GDAL of cache file and geographical spatial data (GeospatialDataAbstractLibrary,The abstract storehouse of geodata) consistent with the tile file format of ArcGIS Map Services generation. GDALA geographic information processing the being widely used storehouse of increasing income, many well-known geographical maps service bottomsAlgorithm is all realized based on GDAL; ArcGIS is leading business GIS software, extensivelyBe applied to all kinds of image processing and spatial analysis. (2) to build tile pyramid efficiency high in the present invention. ?Physically skip traditional structure image pyramid step, directly by adopting not according to different levelsWith tactful mode, efficiently set up tile pyramid, greatly shorten the map visualization service of issuingTime cycle. (3) two kinds of tile construction strategy that adopt in different levels that the present invention proposes all haveNovelty. Generating high-rise tile data by the sampling of low layer tile data is conventional construction image pyramidThe migrate application of method; The crossing image file of usage space indexed search tile scope has greatly reducedThe scale of drawing engine the desired style file, has adapted to extensive image data and has concentrated image file quantityHuge feature. (4) at ergodic data collection generating indexes, inquiry intersection data file and passing through at the endThe resampling of layer tile generates in the whole process of high-rise tile data, all adopts parallel programming thought, makesBy multiple process deal with data, utilize better current multinuclear hardware environment of generally disposing, greatlyGround has improved data-handling efficiency.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is overall procedure schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is spatial index schematic diagram and the grid-indexed data structure that the present invention sets up;
Fig. 3 is the example of an inquiry scene while generating low layer tile;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram that resampling generates high-rise tile;
Fig. 5 is that the present invention completes the contrast that builds consumption task time of tile pyramid and ArcGIS.
Detailed description of the invention
The invention will be further described with specific embodiment by reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is overall procedure schematic diagram of the present invention. Detailed process is as follows:
(S1) obtain the data set that comprises image file; Wanting to realize to map service platform registration canDepending on the Raster Images data set of change.
(S2) the concentrated image file of ergodic data, reads the minimum outsourcing frame of all image files,Set up spatial index file, and spatial index file is stored in file system;
Obtain the identifier of data set, the id of the unique identification data collection in file system, sets up phaseThe index file of answering, to inquire about complying with of coherent video file as supplying Mapnik to draw in tile processAccording to. While setting up spatial index in the present embodiment, for adopted image data collection with measure-alikeRectangular extent covers into the characteristic of spatial distribution of panel region, adopts grid index method intuitively. If numberThere is other characteristic of spatial distributions or other storage formats according to collection image file, also can adopt four forksThe space index methods such as tree, KD tree, R tree, Geohash coding.
(S3) note independent variable k is current level, from the pyramidal bottom level of tile,Making the initial value of k is Max_Level, travels through each tile of this level, taking its scope as inquiryWindow, retrieves crossing image file by the index file establishing, and generates the xml sample of each tileFormula character string passes to Mapnik drawing engine, draws all tile datas of this level, deposits in wattThe pyramidal corresponding level of sheet. Complete after the tile drafting of a level, k is subtracted to 1, enterCirculation. In loop body, along with reducing of k value, show that level improves, each tile coversGeographic range will constantly expand, and the coherent video quantity of documents that retrieval obtains can be increasing, generatesPattern file scale also can be increasing, for do not make Mapnik drawing engine pressure continue increaseGreatly, a coherent video quantity of documents threshold value is set, in the present embodiment, setting threshold is 30, when certainThe coherent video quantity of documents that the single tile range retrieval of individual level (be made as M, M is integer) arrives is largeAt 30 o'clock, switch tile generation strategy, enter into resampling flow process. In the time of k≤M, call wattThe tile data of the k+1 level having generated in sheet pyramid, interlacing generates k level every column weight samplingTile data. K reduces at 0 o'clock, and complete tile pyramid has just built. Finally based on this wattSheet pyramid provides the high concurrent data collection of WebGIS Visualization Service.
Fig. 2 is spatial index signal and the internal data structure figure thereof that the present invention builds. A, B in figure,C, D, E are the member of example raster dataset, and 5 × 5 grid is the patrolling of grid index of foundationCollect position. The idiographic flow of setting up spatial index is as follows:
1. ergodic data collection, according to the minimum of each image file (being tiff form in the present embodiment)Area-encasing rectangle size is chosen suitable sizing grid; Grid is excessive will cause grid literary composition in single gridNumber of packages amount is too much, and index efficiency is not high; The too small meeting of grid causes grid number excessive, index scale mistakeReduce greatly, equally index efficiency. In embodiment, choose the less limit of the MBR of minimum raster fileLong half, is designated as Grid_Size, as the size of single grid;
2. set up grid index structure, state a two-dimemsional number that can cover whole data set scopeGroup, a corresponding grid in logic, the cell size of grid is Grid_Size;
3. according to the MBR of each image data (smallest enclosing box) with the crossing situation of grid by tiffImage file is registered in the grid of index structure as the member of grid under separately, for example, and Fig. 2In MBR scope and the coordinate of Raster Images file C be the grid of (0,3), (0,4), (1,3), (Isosorbide-5-Nitrae)Intersect, so comprise Raster Images file C in the member of these four indexing units. Can also be to indexThe data structure of file is carried out special design, and the index object of design has comprised tiff image literary composition hereinThe store path of part in file system and geographical coverage MBR separately, so that carry out follow-upFine filtering operation, in structure, also comprise other attribute informations of image data collection according to other demands,Comprise dataset name, coverage, the initial geographical coordinate in the upper left corner, size of mesh opening, grid numberDeng, finally the index file of building up is stored in file system.
Fig. 3 is the example of a tile range query scene while generating low layer tile. At generation layer progressionWhile being greater than the pyramidal tile data of thresholding level, need to travel through the MBR of all tiles of this level,And taking as inquiry window inquire about. For example, the darker square frame of the color in figure is inquiry window (QueryWindow), be the MBR of any one tile wherein, coverage is crossing with data centralization separatelyImage file calculates its crossing net in grid index according to the geographical coordinate in its upper left corner and the lower right cornerLattice coordinate, is numbered (2,0), (2,1), (3,0), (3,1) four nets in this inquiry window and index in exampleLattice intersect, and extract all image file members that comprise in these four grids in index, and it is right that removal repeatsResemble, obtain this Query Result and be: A, B, C, D. The image file that last reading result comprisesRelevant information generate pattern file character string, pass to Mapnik and draw tile, deposit this level inTile pyramid buffer memory relevant position.
Because the scale that may reach thousands of width of actual image data collection, adopts this kind of strategy, canShowing that level is higher, in the situation that namely single tile coverage is less, quick-searching is to numberAccording to concentrating relevant a small amount of image data file, the xml pattern file character string of generation is small,Greatly reduce the burden of drawing engine, and then reached rapid build tile pyramid, fast canDepending on the object of change.
Fig. 4 is the process schematic diagram that is generated high-level tile by the resampling of low-level tile. At structure wattWhen sheet pyramid, when traversing thresholding level, work as the single tile scope of certain level (being made as M)The coherent video quantity of documents retrieving is greater than at 30 o'clock, no longer adopts Mapnik to draw tile, butThe tile data of the M+1 level based on generated, successively sampling generates the tile of 1 to N levelData. In the time generating the tile data of k level (1≤k≤M-1), use the k+1 layer to calculateLevel tile data, by the N of k+1 levelk+1Individual tile data is drawn taking four field type adjacent tiles as unitBe divided into Nk+1/ 4 tile bags, in 4 tiles of each tile bag inside, adopt every two row to get oneThe mode that capable, every two row are got row is sampled and is generated 1 tile, namely by 512 × 512 tile groupGenerate 256 × 256 tile, obtain the tile data of k level.
Fig. 5 is the efficiency contrast that the inventive method visual consuming time and ArcGIS software are realized same effectResult. HiGIS represents the present invention, and the list data of figure below is that raster dataset scale is 10-1000The result concrete consuming time of two kinds of methods when individual tiff file. Broken line graph transverse axis represents test data set scale,Be the image file quantity that data set comprises; The longitudinal axis represents to have built complete tile pyramid and disappearsThe total time of consumption, because current main-stream Map Services is all the tile pyramid good based on buffer memory, realizeFinal visual need to add the little a small amount of time delays of difference such as follow-up Internet Transmission, so canTo think that whole visual elapsed time contrast is approximately equal to the contrast of the pyramidal structure of tile time. StructureBuilding tile pyramid mainly comprises and sets up data set index, draws compared with the tile of bottom, resampling and generateThree steps of higher level tile; ArcGIS software is visual for large-scale dataset, has adopted speciallyWith inlay data set related tool, build tile pyramid buffer memory mainly comprise create inlay data set,Set up image pyramid, create thumbnail, build these steps of tile pyramid. Can from figureFind out that in image data collection scale hour efficiency of the present invention and ArcGIS difference are at an order of magnitudeWithin, and in the time that data set reaches hundred width and even thousand width image file scales, visual effect of the present inventionRate has promoted 20 times of left and right than ArcGIS. In addition, along with the increase of data set scale, of the present invention, there is not ArcGIS software processing large-scale dataset in visual substantially linear ascendant trend consuming timeThe phenomenon of exponential increase consuming time. The inventive method can be obtained and extensive image data collection can be significantly promotedVisual efficiency, and there is the conclusion of good stability.
Claims (4)
1. a tile pyramid fast construction method for extensive raster dataset, its featureBe, comprise the following steps:
(S1) obtain the data set that comprises image file;
(S2) the concentrated image file of ergodic data, the minimum outsourcing of reading all image filesFrame, sets up spatial index file, and spatial index file is stored in file system;
(S3) initialize, setting the maximum number of levels of tile pyramid is Max_Level, setsImage file amount threshold; Definition iteration variable k, initial value is Max_Level; Wherein,Max_Level, k is integer;
(S4) the single tile range retrieval of more current level to image file quantity with establishDetermine the magnitude relationship of threshold value;
If be less than or equal to setting threshold, travel through each tile of this level, taking its scope asInquiry window, the crossing image file of spatial index document retrieval of setting up by step (S2),The xml pattern character string that generates each tile passes to Mapnik drawing engine, draws this layerAll tile datas of level, deposit the pyramidal corresponding level of tile in;
If be greater than setting threshold, call the k+1 level that generated in tile pyramid buffer memoryTile data, interlacing generates the tile data of k level every column weight sampling, deposit tile pyramid inCorresponding level;
(S5) current layer progression k is subtracted to 1, if current layer progression is greater than 0, return to stepSuddenly (S4); If current layer progression is not more than 0, complete tile pyramid has builtFinish.
2. the tile pyramid of a kind of extensive raster dataset as claimed in claim 1 is fastSpeed construction method, is characterized in that, described step (S2) is set up the concrete of spatial index fileProcess is:
(S21) ergodic data collection, chooses according to the minimum area-encasing rectangle size of each image fileSuitable sizing grid, the grid length of side is designated as Grid_Size;
(S22) set up grid index structure, state that covers two of a whole data set scopeDimension group, in logic a corresponding grid that the unit length of side is Grid_Size;
(S23) will according to the minimum area-encasing rectangle of each image file and the crossing situation of gridImage file is registered in the grid of index structure as the member of grid under separately, sets upSpatial index file.
3. the tile pyramid of a kind of extensive raster dataset as claimed in claim 1 is fastSpeed construction method, is characterized in that: the minimum that the described grid length of side is minimum image file is surroundedThe half of the less length of side of rectangle.
4. the tile pyramid of a kind of extensive raster dataset as claimed in claim 1 is fastSpeed construction method, is characterized in that: described setting threshold equals 30.
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