CN1056016A - The chromoscope that has focus adjustment means in the in-line gun - Google Patents

The chromoscope that has focus adjustment means in the in-line gun Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1056016A
CN1056016A CN91102510A CN91102510A CN1056016A CN 1056016 A CN1056016 A CN 1056016A CN 91102510 A CN91102510 A CN 91102510A CN 91102510 A CN91102510 A CN 91102510A CN 1056016 A CN1056016 A CN 1056016A
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electrode
lens
electron beam
hole
electron
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Granted
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CN91102510A
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CN1041577C (en
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洛伦·L·曼宁格
布鲁斯·G·马克斯
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Technicolor USA Inc
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Thomson Consumer Electronics Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/46Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement
    • H01J29/48Electron guns
    • H01J29/50Electron guns two or more guns in a single vacuum space, e.g. for plural-ray tube
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/46Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement
    • H01J29/48Electron guns
    • H01J29/50Electron guns two or more guns in a single vacuum space, e.g. for plural-ray tube
    • H01J29/503Three or more guns, the axes of which lay in a common plane
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/46Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement
    • H01J29/58Arrangements for focusing or reflecting ray or beam
    • H01J29/62Electrostatic lenses
    • H01J29/622Electrostatic lenses producing fields exhibiting symmetry of revolution
    • H01J29/624Electrostatic lenses producing fields exhibiting symmetry of revolution co-operating with or closely associated to an electron gun
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2229/00Details of cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2229/48Electron guns
    • H01J2229/4844Electron guns characterised by beam passing apertures or combinations
    • H01J2229/4848Aperture shape as viewed along beam axis
    • H01J2229/4872Aperture shape as viewed along beam axis circular
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2229/00Details of cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2229/48Electron guns
    • H01J2229/4844Electron guns characterised by beam passing apertures or combinations
    • H01J2229/4848Aperture shape as viewed along beam axis
    • H01J2229/4896Aperture shape as viewed along beam axis complex and not provided for

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  • Video Image Reproduction Devices For Color Tv Systems (AREA)
  • Cathode-Ray Tubes And Fluorescent Screens For Display (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)

Abstract

Chromoscope 10 has the electron gun 26 of watching screen 22 and generation word order electron beam (central authorities and both sides electron beam) and guiding its directive screen, and rifle 26 comprises the electrode that forms three condenser lenses, and the first lens L1 is positioned at electron beam forming area.The second lens L2 comprises at least one electrode 42 that asymmetrical shape electron beam to the three lens L3 are provided, and L3 is the shared main focusing lens of three electron-beam.Improvement place provides main convergence correction amount for the shape of an electrode 48 in the electrode 44,48 of L3 can be made into to each electron beam; And the electrode of L2 comprises that device 70,71,72 is to provide its surplus of virtually completely proofreading and correct the required convergence correction of each electron beam.

Description

The chromoscope that has focus adjustment means in the in-line gun
The present invention relates to have the improved chromoscope of word order electron gun, particularly relate to a kind of picture tube, this pipe has word order electron gun and this rifle and comprises that focusing with another electron beam is as the criterion and adjust the device that an electron beam focuses on.
With regard to a chromoscope, the definition of image depends on that this pipe watches and have little electron-baem spot size on the screen, and in this kind picture tube, an electron gun produces three electron beams that must focus on the point of watching on the screen simultaneously.
Have in six or the more multielectrode electron gun a kind of, award to people's such as Bechis United States Patent (USP) the 4th as on December 10th, 1985,558, disclosed in No. 253, three beams word order electron beam is focused on separately by first and second electrostatic lens, focus on jointly by a main focusing lens then, because this main lens is single common lens, and since this three electron-beam along the trunnion axis copline, this main lens is not to be horizontal symmetrical for each electron beam, thereby different with the focusing to central electron beam to the focusing of dual-side electron beam.Powered by a shared focusing power supply because electron gun is combining structure and focusing electrode, this electron gun must comprise the device that all three electron-beams is focused on a shared focus voltage.Each electron beam is focused on not only require each electron beam that identical focus voltage is arranged and make the electron beam can free-falling (not being subjected to deflection), and the astigmatism of each electron beam must be correct.According to performance requirement, the astigmatism of both sides electron beam can be identical or different with the astigmatism of central electron beam.Astigmatism is defined as the level that makes electron beam and focuses on the poor of needed focus voltage with vertical composition, that is astigmatism=V level-V vertical (volt).In non-dynamic focus formula electron gun, be the lensing that the compensation deflection yoke makes when the deflection beam each electron beam excessively focus on, make astigmatism be just (V level>V is vertical) in screen center.This just as diffusing proterties condition for realizing, focus voltage is set up in making the horizontal composition of electron beam make the numerical value of point focusing.The required astigmatism of both sides electron beam can be different with central electron beam, but the horizontal composition of point focusing voltage is necessary for identical for all electron beams.In a dynamic focusing electron gun, for all three electron-beams in screen center, astigmatism is set at zero.Under this situation, all three electron-beams must focus under identical horizontal focusing voltage, and have zero astigmatism.
In the prior art, the last optimization of the focus voltage of each electron beam and astigmatism is with length, width and the diameter at the recess of adjusting the main focusing lens final electrode simultaneously and edge and realize.Because main focusing lens is shared by all three electron-beams, the change on this size can produce interaction simultaneously to all three electron-beams.
Even be not impossible, it also is difficult finding out one group of size that can satisfy three electron-beam focusing requirement simultaneously in main focus lens electrode.The present invention has utilized second condenser lens in the electron gun to provide the essential focus voltage and the astigmatism that can not only be provided by main focusing lens to proofread and correct to address the above problem.
Chromoscope according to the present invention has watches screen and in order to produce three beams word order electron beam (central electron beam and dual-side electron beam) and to guide the electron gun of its this screen of directive.This electron gun comprises the electrode that forms three condenser lenses.First lens are positioned at the electron beam forming area territory of this electron gun, and second lens comprise at least one electrode, in order to each electron beam to the three-lens system of asymmetrical shape to be provided.The 3rd lens then are the shared main lens of all three electron-beams.Its improvement comprises that an electrode configuration that makes the 3rd lens becomes to be provided main convergence correction amount and an electrode of second lens is comprised in order to the device of its surplus of virtually completely proofreading and correct the required convergence correction amount of each independent electron beam to be provided each independent electron beam.
Fig. 1 is the plane graph of specific implementation a kind of chromoscope of the present invention, and part is an axial cross section.
Fig. 2 is with the axial cross section end view of electron gun shown in the dotted line among Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the front view of G6 electrode surface relative with the G5 electrode in the electron gun with Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is the front view of the G5 electrode surface that the G6 electrode is relative in the electron gun with Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is the front view of G4 electrode in the electron gun of Fig. 2.
Fig. 6 has shown that the vertical and horizontal electron beam focuses on and the relation of astigmatism voltage and G4 electrode column hole width.
Fig. 7 has shown the relation of focusing and astigmatism voltage and G4 thickness of electrode.
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are respectively facing of an available G4 electrode and end view.
Figure 10 is the end view of the second available G4 electrode.
Figure 11 is the end view of the 3rd available G4 electrode.
Figure 12 is the end view of the 4th available G4 electrode.
Figure 13 is first kind of optional end view of representing with axial cross section with electron gun.
Figure 14 is second kind of optional end view of representing with axial cross section with electron gun.
Fig. 1 has shown the colored chromoscope 10 of the rectangle with a glass shell 11, and this shell comprises a rectangle screen dish 12 and bores 16 necks that connected 14 by a rectangular tube.Pipe awl 16 has an internal conductive coatings (not shown) and extends to neck 14 from a positive contact (not shown).Screen dish 12 comprises watches panel 18 and a periphery flange or limit wall 20, with frit limit wall 20 is sealed in pipe awl 16.A kind of tricolour phosphor screen 22 is by the inner surface carrying of panel 18.This phosphor screen 22 is the strip phosphor screen preferably, and phosphor strip is configured to each tlv triple, and each tlv triple comprises each colored phosphor strip in three kinds of colours.Another way, this phosphor screen can be dot fluorescent screen.One porous color select electrode or shadow mask 24 utilize usual way with removable form be installed in phosphor screen 22 be the predetermined space place.Be placed among the neck 14 with heart in the illustrated improvement electron gun 26 of dotted line among Fig. 1, with produce three electron-beam and guide electron beam along convergence path by shadow mask 24 and the phosphor screen 22 that arrives.
Picture tube is designed to be and a kind of external magnetic deflection yoke among Fig. 1, for example manages near yoke 30 uses shown in boring the neck junction.When excitation, yoke 30 makes three electron-beam be subjected to the effect of magnetic field boundary, and the magnetic field boundary causes each electron beam level and vertical scanning on phosphor screen 22 to go out a rectangular raster.The initial plane of deflection (during zero deflection) is about the middle part of yoke 30.
Fig. 2,3,4 and 5 have shown the concrete structure of electron gun 26.Electron gun 26 comprises that three isolated word order negative electrode 34(only show one of them), one control grid electrode 36(G1), one screen electrode 38(G2), one accelerating electrode 40(G3), one plate shape electrode 42(G4), one first main focus lens electrode 44(G5) and one second main focus lens electrode 48(G6), they are spaced apart with listed order.G1 to G6 electrode respectively has hole, three word order hurdles therein to pass through with the permission three electron-beam, and the static main focusing lens of electron gun 26 is by 48 form in the face of part of 44 and G6 electrode of G5 electrode.
48 of 44 and the G6 electrode of electrode G5 is that in textural similarity they have facing surfaces.These surfaces comprise periphery edge 60 and 61 and hurdle bore portion 62 and 63 are arranged separately, and respectively this has the hurdle bore portion to place respectively from the big recess 64 at edge and 66 back.Have hurdle bore portion 62 to comprise the hole, hurdle 68 of three word orders, part 63 comprises the hole, hurdle 69 of three word orders.Edge 60 and 61 is two electrodes 44 and 48 mutual immediate parts, and has the main effect that forms main focusing lens.
G1 control grid 36 and G2 screen electrode 38 are plate, each electrode comprises three little holes, word order hurdle, the G2 screen electrode surface relative with G3 electrode 40 is preferably in comprising rectangular channel (not shown), this groove is around hole, three G2 hurdles, the moving of each electron beam that the purposes of this groove is caused with the compensating focusing variation in voltage for the position of adjusting outer electron beam.
All electrodes of electron gun 26 directly or indirectly are connected in two insulation steady arms (not shown), and these bars are extensible and support G1 electrode 36 and G2 electrode 38, and perhaps this two electrode can be additional to G3 electrode 40 with some other seals.Preferable way is, steady arm is a glass, and they are heated and press to the pawl that extends from each electrode, and each pawl is imbedded in the bar.
Each electrode of electron gun 26 provides three lens that each electron beam is focused on.First lens (L1) are located between the G2 and G3 electrode 38 and 40 in the electron beam forming area territory of this rifle.First lens (L1) provide in fact electron beam to the second lens of symmetry, second lens (L2) are then in the central authorities of G4 electrode 42, these lens (L2) provide electron beam to the three lens of asymmetric shape, the 3rd lens (L3) are between G5 and G6 electrode 44 and 48, these lens (L3) are a low aberration main focusing lens, provide the circular or asymmetric shape electron beam that is essentially constant current density to phosphor screen 22.
Shown in Fig. 3 and 4, recess 66 in G6 electrode 48 has and the different shape of G5 electrode 44 center dants 64, makes in the shape of G6 electrode 48 center dants 66 can make central authorities and both sides electron beam become desired free-falling situation and approach required focusing and the astigmatism situation.Realize that these will adjust following size simultaneously: the length of the recess 66 that the word order direction in hole, hurdle 69 records; The width of the recess 66 that records perpendicular to this word order direction at place, hole, central hurdle; And the diameter of recess 66 ends.As mentioned above, the adjustment to every size of these length, width and diameter interacts to all three electron-beams.Therefore, focus on and the required main correcting value of astigmatism, can not provide all the time to focus on required whole corrections though this kind adjustment can provide.After the shape of G6 electrode recess 66 being adjusted, find that the both sides electron beam still needs relative central electron beam do additive correction.According to the present invention, the realization of this kind additive correction is to make the electron beam of both sides by focusing on different independent focusing with central electron beam and finishing in the second condenser lens L2.The preferably, this proofreaies and correct by the structure of revising G4 electrode 42 and provides.
Fig. 5 shows the G4 electrode 42 that wherein has hole, three word order hurdles 70,71 and 72.Total circle that is shaped as in this hole, three hurdles but, expands in the mode of the part circular of small radii in their each sides and to stretch this hole, hurdle.For required different convergence corrections are provided, the size in the hole, hurdle 70 of both sides and 72 size and hole, central hurdle 71 is slightly different.It should be noted that other hurdle hole shape also can be used in the G4 electrode.
As shown in Figure 6, for the purpose of the size difference of determining hole, central hurdle and hole, hurdle, both sides, vertical and horizontal focus voltage and astigmatism voltage have been determined and at the relation curve of the measured G4 electrode column hole horizontal width of the word order direction in hole, word order hurdle for central authorities and both sides electron beam.In Fig. 6, the vertical dimension in each measured hole, hurdle is fixed in 0.158 inch (about 0.401 centimetre) on the word order direction perpendicular to hole, word order hurdle.Central authorities and both sides beam-focus voltage slope of a curve there is no big-difference.Central authorities are little with the slope of the horizontal focusing voltage curve of both sides electron beam.But, these slopes are again enough big, find out separately with activation and to make each electron beam enter the hurdle hole dimension of horizontal focusing when the same voltage, as can be seen from Figure 6, all electron beams can be realized horizontal focusing with the central hurdle hole horizontal width of 0.1638 inch (about 0.416 centimetre) and the side hurdle hole width of 0.1765 inch (about 0.448 centimeter) under 7KV.Above-mentioned width can be intersected with the 7KV line wherein and determined by each curve.The slope of vertical focusing voltage is bigger, and is opposite symbol with the horizontal focusing voltage slope, and the result produces the astigmatism of central authorities and both sides electron beam under these hurdle hole widths.
This kind astigmatism can utilize the bottom curve that has shown central authorities and both sides electron beam astigmatism to find out, this remaining astigmatism can be proofreaied and correct by the shape (length, width and diameter) of revising G6 electrode center dant, or can be proofreaied and correct in G4 electrode itself at the thickness at place, Qi Gelan hole by changing the G4 electrode.
Fig. 7 shows that central authorities and both sides electron beam focus on and the relation curve of astigmatism voltage and G4 thickness.As shown in the figure, because curve is quite smooth, the change on the thickness does not almost have influence to the horizontal focusing of central authorities and both sides electron beam, but for the vertical focusing of these electron beams tangible influence is arranged then, and this is because the positive slope of curve causes.Therefore, can come correct astigmatism by the thickness that changes this electrode and not influence horizontal focusing situation (because this change only influences the vertical focusing of each electron beam).With regard to the situation shown in Fig. 7, with regard to the electron beam of both sides 41 volts per Mils (about 16.1 kv/cm) as the astigmatism slope of the function of G4 thickness of electrode, then 28 volts per Mils (about 11.0 kv/cm) with regard to central electron beam.If the horizontal focusing voltage of central authorities and both sides electron beam is equal to 7KV, according to Fig. 6, can increase G4 thickness of electrode 0.0088 inch (about 0.022 centimetre) at the central electron beam place and 416 volts central electron beam astigmatism reduced to 167 volts side electron beam astigmatism.
Fig. 8 and 9 show an available G4 electrode 42 ', as mentioned above this electrode in hole, side hurdle 70 ' and the 72 ' thickness locating to reduce.At another available G4 electrode 42 shown in Figure 10 " in; the thickness of this electrode " is located to be reduced in hole, central hurdle 71, other has two can select for use G4 electrode 142 and 242 to be shown in respectively in Figure 11 and 12, G4 electrode 142 attenuation on two surfaces at both sides electron beam place, 242 attenuation on two surfaces at place, hole, central hurdle of G4 electrode, the example of selected special G4 electrode will depend on the curve of a specific pattern electron gun gained.
List a packet size of electron gun 26 in the following table, in this instantiation, all three electron-beams are used the G4 hurdle hole thickness that equates and obtain desired astigmatism.
Table 1
Hurdle bore dia=0.028 of G1 and G2 " (0.711 millimeter)
At the central hurdle of G3 porch bore dia=0.048 " (1.219 millimeters)
At the outer hurdle of G3 porch bore dia=0.055 " (1.397 millimeters)
Heat interval=0.003 " (0.076 millimeter) between negative electrode and G1
Interval between G1 and G2=0.009 " (0.229 millimeter)
Interval between G2 and G3=0.030 " (0.762 millimeter)
The thickness of G1=0.004 " (0.102 millimeter)
The thickness of G2=0.025 " (0.635 millimeter)
G3 is in thickness=0.010 of porch " (0.254 millimeter)
In the hurdle in G3 exit bore dia=0.148 " (3.759 millimeters)
Interval between G3 and G4=0.050 " (1.270 millimeters)
The thickness of G4=0.020 " (0.508 millimeter)
Main shaft size=0.168 " (4.267 millimeters) in hole, G4 central authorities hurdle
Countershaft size=0.158 " (4.013 millimeters) in hole, G4 central authorities hurdle
Main shaft size=0.175 in hole, hurdle, G4 both sides " (4.445 millimeters)
Countershaft size=0.158 in hole, hurdle, G4 both sides " (4.013 millimeters)
Interval between G4 and G5=0.050 " (1.270 millimeters)
In the hurdle of G5 porch bore dia=0.158 " (4.013 millimeters)
In the heart interval=0.2635 " (6.693 millimeters) in hole, hurdle, G3 porch
Central hurdle bore dia=0.160 " (4.064 millimeters) in G5 outlet and G6 porch
Export side hurdle bore dia=0.180 " (4.572 millimeters) that reaches with the G6 porch at G5
In the heart interval=0.245 " (6.223 millimeters) in G5 outlet and hole, hurdle, G6 porch
G5 and G6 concave depth=0.115 " (2.921 millimeters)
The interval of G5 and G6=0.050 " (1.270 millimeters)
The length of G5 recess=0.755 " (19.177 millimeters)
The width of G5 recess=0.326 " (8.280 millimeters)
The length of G6 recess=0.748 " (18.999 millimeters)
At place, the center column hole wide portion of G6 recess=0.299 " (7.595 millimeters)
Diameter=0.308 of G6 recess end " (7.823 millimeters)
The details situation that may use another electron gun example 27 of the present invention is shown among Figure 13, this electron gun is similar to electron gun 26, difference is that the G5 electrode is divided into two parts, i.e. one the one or four utmost point electrode 45(G5B) and the two or four utmost point electrode and the first main focus lens electrode 47(G5T of combination), these four utmost points electrodes form a quadrupole lens in each electron beam path, the purpose of these quadrupole lenss is to provide the dynamic astigmatism in the electron gun to proofread and correct.
G5B electrode 45 comprises a cup-like portion 54, in its bottom hole, three hurdles is arranged.Openend with plate 56 closed these cup-like portion 54 in hole, three word order hurdles.This plate 56 comprises that each tensioning member comprises two fan-shaped parts 58 from wherein stretching out the tensioning member of aiming at each hole, hurdle.This two fan-shaped part 58 places the position relative to each other, and each fan-shaped part 58 is surrounded the cylinder periphery of about 85 degree.
G5T electrode 47 also comprises a cup-like portion 49, it have by the plate 57 that comprises hole, three word order hurdles closed openend.Each hole has the tensioning member that extends to G5 electrode 45, and the tensioning member in each hole, hurdle forms two fan-shaped parts 72.This two fan-shaped part 72 places the position relative to each other, and each fan-shaped part 72 is surrounded about 85 ° cylinder periphery.The position of fan-shaped part 72 is the half-twist places, position from the fan-shaped part 58 of G5B electrode 45.The position of these four fan-shaped parts is made up in the mode that does not make contact to interdigital.
Can utilize another electron gun 29 of the present invention to be shown in Figure 14, this electron gun 29 is also similar to electron gun 26, and difference is that electrode finishes conduction by different way and connect, and particularly the G6 electrode is connected in the G4 electrode, and the G5 electrode is connected in the G3 electrode.

Claims (4)

1, a kind of have a chromoscope of watching a screen and an electron gun, this electron gun is used for producing three beams word order electron beam (central electron beam and dual-side electron beam) and guiding electron beam directive, and this watches screen, this electron gun comprises at least six electrodes of three condenser lenses that formation separates with three negative electrodes in order, first lens are in the electron beam forming area territory of this rifle, second lens comprise at least one electrode, in order to the 3rd lens are provided asymmetric shaping electron beam, the 3rd lens are the shared main focusing lens of all three electron-beams, it is characterized in that:
One of the electrode (44,48) (48) of described the 3rd lens (L3) is shaped, with to each independently electron beam main convergence correction amount is provided,
An electrode (42 of described second lens (L2), 42 ', 42 "; 142; 242) comprise the device of its residual value that needed convergence correction amount is provided; virtually completely to proofread and correct each independently electron beam; an electrode of described second lens is plate shaped; comprise hole, three word order hurdles on it, hole, a central hurdle (71,71 ', 71 ") and two sidebar holes (70; 72; 70 ' 72 ') with by described three electron beams; the shape in two sidebar holes is different from the shape in hole, central hurdle, and the thickness of an electrode of described second lens at place, hole, central hurdle is different from the thickness at place, sidebar hole.
2, according to the chromoscope of claim 1, it is characterized in that it so that be included in second lens (L2) and the 3rd lens (L3) between, in order in each electron beam path, to form the element (45,47) of a quadrupole lens.
3, according to the chromoscope of claim 1 or 2, an electrode (42,42 ", 242) that it is characterized in that described second lens (L2) in hole, central hurdle (71,71 ") locate to locate to thin in sidebar hole, both sides (70,72).
4, according to the chromoscope of claim 1 or 2, an electrode (42 ', 142) that it is characterized in that described second lens (L2) in sidebar hole, both sides (70 ', 72 ') locate to locate to thin in hole, central hurdle (71 ').
CN91102510A 1990-04-16 1991-04-15 Color picture tube having inline electron gun with focus adjustment means Expired - Fee Related CN1041577C (en)

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US50953790A 1990-04-16 1990-04-16
US509,537 1990-04-16

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JP (1) JP2616849B2 (en)
KR (1) KR950002262B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1041577C (en)
CA (1) CA2039501C (en)
DE (1) DE69114893T2 (en)
MY (1) MY105411A (en)
PL (1) PL165538B1 (en)
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KR950002262B1 (en) 1995-03-15
DE69114893T2 (en) 1996-06-20
CN1041577C (en) 1999-01-06
TR25229A (en) 1993-01-01
JP2616849B2 (en) 1997-06-04
JPH04230938A (en) 1992-08-19
MY105411A (en) 1994-09-30
CA2039501C (en) 1999-02-02
PL289904A1 (en) 1992-02-10
CA2039501A1 (en) 1991-10-17
DE69114893D1 (en) 1996-01-11
RU2025818C1 (en) 1994-12-30
EP0452789A2 (en) 1991-10-23
PL165538B1 (en) 1995-01-31
KR910019103A (en) 1991-11-30
EP0452789B1 (en) 1995-11-29
EP0452789A3 (en) 1992-02-12

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