CN105594564A - 一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法 - Google Patents
一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105594564A CN105594564A CN201610018909.9A CN201610018909A CN105594564A CN 105594564 A CN105594564 A CN 105594564A CN 201610018909 A CN201610018909 A CN 201610018909A CN 105594564 A CN105594564 A CN 105594564A
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- water
- liquid manure
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- pits
- soil
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Classifications
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G29/00—Root feeders; Injecting fertilisers into the roots
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/02—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from rain-water
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/108—Rainwater harvesting
Abstract
本发明公开了一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，在树冠下挖掘水肥坑；水肥坑布设位置确定后，先沿果树上坡平地，进行水肥坑的挖掘施工；水肥坑挖掘完毕后，坑底铺设防水层；将引流管放于水肥坑中央；再在引流管四周用多孔有机填充物料层填充压实，填致坑口处，用土壤覆盖、踩实，修成凹面状；距渗水坑壁10cm处垒砌5cm高的正方形土垄；将裁剪成的120cm×120cm大小塑料膜覆盖于正方形土垄之上；将土垄周边用土封住，适当压实，以水肥坑为中心，沿树干修葺半圆型鱼鳞坑。该方法将节水灌溉、水肥一体化技术与水土保持有机结合再一起，具有节水、保水、保肥、促肥、减少氨挥发、有效防止水土流失的作用。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于农业灌概技术领域，尤其设及一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方 法。
背景技术
[0002] 黄±高原是世界公认的最大苹果优生区，也是全国唯一符合苹果生长要求屯项气 候指标的优生区。黄±高原苹果优生区，海拔高，昼夜溫差大，日照充足，利于苹果糖份积累 和着色;气候干燥，空气湿度低，病虫危害较低，病虫害防护工作小，环境污染较轻;黄±± 层深厚，±壤主要为黄绵±，质地疏松，透气蓄水能力强，适于苹果生长。虽然黄±高原区± 层深厚，但由于长期不搞深翻改±，不施或少施肥，不重视肥料的合理搭配，加之果树生长、 生产的连续性和长期性，致使±壤板结严重，理化性状变差，肥力下降。
[0003] 水和肥是农业生产力起决定性作用的两个重要影响因子，二者作用的发挥存在着 强烈的相互依赖性。同时农业是我国的用肥、用水大户，开展农业节水、节肥，提高水肥利用 效率是当前我国农业科研的重要课题。适宜的水肥条件有利于植株的协调生长。我国黄± 高原旱地果园水资源紧缺，雨水资源分布严重不均，化肥施用不合理，水肥利用率偏低，严 重影响到旱区果业的可持续发展。
发明内容
[0004] 本发明的目的在于提供一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，旨在解决黄±高 原旱地果园水资源紧缺，雨水资源分布严重不均，化肥施用不合理，水肥利用率偏低，严重 影响到旱区果业的可持续发展的问题。
[0005] 本发明是运样实现的，该山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法包括W下步骤：
[0006] 步骤一、在树冠下挖掘水肥坑；
[0007] 步骤二、水肥坑布设位置确定后，先沿果树上坡平地，进行水肥坑的挖掘施工；
[000引步骤Ξ、水肥坑挖掘完毕后，坑底铺设防水层；
[0009] 步骤四、将引流管放于水肥坑中央;再在引流管四周用多孔有机填充物料层填充 压实，填致坑口处，用±壤覆盖、踩实，修成凹面状；
[0010] 步骤五、距渗水坑壁10cm处垒搁5cm高的正方形±垄;将裁剪成120cmX 120cm大小 塑料膜覆盖于正方形上垄之上；
[0011] 步骤六、将±垄周边用±封住，适当压实，W水肥坑为中屯、，沿树干修葺半圆型鱼 鱗坑。
[0012] 本发明还采取如下技术措施：
[0013] 所述的水肥坑的布设深度在40cm-80cm之间。
[0014] 所述的水肥坑上部设置有lOOcmX 100cm的集水面，集水面上铺设有集雨膜，集雨 膜采用厚度为0.015mm聚乙締塑料膜，尺寸为120cmX120cm，集雨膜铺设于水肥坑坑口凹面 处。
[0015] 所述的引流管采用陶±管、PVC管中的一种。
[0016] 所述的有机填充物料层由50%粉碎的賴杆、杂草、树枝材料，20%有机肥，20%要 园±和10%化学肥料均匀混合而成。
[0017] 本发明提供的具有的优点和积极效果是:该山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法对 黄±高原地区快速发展的山地苹果产业规范化种植管理具有重要作用，用于山地受水分胁 迫的旱地经济林水肥一体化调控管理技术，对于气候、立地条件相似地区生产也有一定借 鉴意义;该方法将节水灌概、水肥一体化技术与水±保持有机结合再一起，与地面灌概相比 较，具有节水、保水、保肥、促肥、减少氨挥发、减少水分蒸发损失、有效防止水±流失的作 用，且成本低廉、技术简单、易操作、效果好易掌握，因此在我国干旱半干旱果业地区具有广 阔的应用前景。
附图说明
[0018] 图1是本发明实施例提供的山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法的流程图；
[0019] 图2是本发明实施例提供的雨水集聚深层入渗装置的结构示意图；
[0020] 图中：1、经济林坡地坡面;2、集雨膜;3、水肥坑;4、防水层;5、有机填充物料层;6、 水分测量管;7、果树树干;8、鱼鱗坑;9、引流管；10、树冠。
具体实施方式
[0021] 为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，W下结合实施例，对本发明 进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用W解释本发明，并不用于 限定本发明。
[0022] 下面结合附图1、2及具体实施例对本发明的应用原理作进一步描述。
[0023] 该山地果园园雨水集聚深层入渗方法包括W下步骤：
[0024] S101、在树冠10下挖掘水肥坑3;
[0025] S102、水肥坑3布设位置确定后，先沿果树上坡平地，进行水肥坑3的挖掘施工；
[0026] S103、水肥坑3挖掘完毕后，坑底铺设防水层4;
[0027] S104、将引流管9放于水肥坑3中央;再在引流管9四周用多孔有机填充物料层5填 充压实，填致坑口处，用±壤覆盖、踩实，修成凹面状；
[0028] S105、距渗水坑壁10cm处垒搁5cm高的正方形±垄;将裁剪成120cmX 120cm大小塑 料膜覆盖于正方形上垄之上；
[0029] 8106、将±垄周边用±封住，适当压实，W水肥坑3为中屯、，沿果树树干7修葺半圆 型鱼鱗坑8。
[0030] 经济林坡地坡面1上设置有水肥坑3,水肥坑3的中部垂直安装有一引流管9,水肥 坑3的底部铺设有防水层4,引流管9的周围填充有有机填充物料层5;水肥坑3的上端铺设有 集雨膜2,水肥坑3的经济林坡地坡面1上种植有果树7,果树树干7的周围布设有鱼鱗坑8,果 树树干7与水肥坑3之间内竖直安装有一水分测量管6。
[0031] 所述的水肥坑3的布设深度在40cm-80cm之间。
[0032] 所述的水肥坑3上部设置有lOOcmX 100cm的集水面，集水面上铺设有集雨膜2,集 雨膜2采用厚度为0.015mm聚乙締塑料膜，尺寸为120cmX 120cm，集雨膜2铺设于水肥坑3坑 口凹面处。
[0033] 所述的引流管9采用陶±管、PVC管中的一种。
[0034] 所述的有机填充物料层5由50%粉碎的賴杆、杂草、树枝材料，20%有机肥，20%要 园±和10%化学肥料均匀混合而成。
[0035] 通过水肥坑3上部塑料膜的集雨作用或将地表径流通过坡面疏导系统直接引入水 肥坑3;引流管9采用陶±管、PVC管中的一种。通过引流管9沿水肥坑3壁直接作用于果树树 干7根区±壤，供果树树干7根系吸收利用，实现雨水集聚深层入渗，它是一种中深层立体灌 概方法。
[0036] 水肥坑3上部设置有100cm X 100cm的集水面，集水面上铺设有集雨膜2，集雨膜2采 用厚度为0.015mm聚乙締塑料膜，尺寸为120cmX 120cm，集雨膜2铺设于水肥坑3坑口凹面 处。
[0037] 用Φ 15。1]1陶±管或PVC管（管壁四周间隔1cm均匀开Φ 1mm的孔隙）做成40cm、60cm 和80cm cm长Ξ种规格的引流管9,将不透水塑料膜收集到的雨水和地表径流水直接引流至 要树根际±壤。防止引流水集聚渗出根系分布层，在引流管9底部铺设牛毛拉作为防水层4， 防止收集到的地表径流水的深层渗漏损失。
[0038] 有机填充物料层5由50%粉碎的賴杆、杂草、树枝等材料，20%有机肥，20%要园± 和10%化学肥料均匀混合而成。賴杆、杂草、树枝等材料就地取材;有机肥为马粪、牛粪、猪 粪、鸡粪、大粪干等经高溫堆制发酵、充分腐熟后捣碎的有机物料;果园±为当地果园±壤； 化学肥料在当地就近购买，化肥N、P、K配施量参照GB6127/T 022-2015山地矮化密植红要施 肥技术规范。
[0039] 果树株间距含3m的果园，水肥坑3布设于两棵果树中间位置;果树株间距>3m的果 园，在两颗果树连线上各距果树90cm处分别布置一个渗水坑，共两个水肥坑3。
[0040] 水肥坑3与鱼鱗坑8配合使用效果更佳，水肥坑3布设在鱼鱗坑8中央。水肥坑3的坑 口设计为80cmX80cm正方形，水肥坑坑深主要根据不同树龄果园进行设计:①在15年W下 树龄的果园坑深设置为40cm;②在15-20年树的龄果园坑深设置为60cm;③在20年W上树龄 的果园坑深设置为80cm。
[0041 ] 平地果园，果树株间距含3m的果园，渗水坑布设于两棵果树中间位置;果树株间距 >3m的果园，在两颗果树连线上各距果树90cm处分别布置一个水肥坑3,之间共设置两个水 肥坑3。
[0042] 翌年，果实采收完毕后，先进行枝条修剪和清园，将修剪下的枝条用机械切割为 5cm长，放入下陷的地方，覆±修葺，覆塑料膜。该技术措施施用使用2-3年后，再围绕果树另 一边布设新的水肥坑3。
[0043] 水肥坑3建设期，坑内多孔有机营养基肥力能够基本满足要树全年生长需求。果树 生育期内如需追施肥，具体的措施参照GB6127/T 022-2015山地矮化密植红要施肥技术规 范。追施肥料，要W肥液的形式用过引流管9直接施入果树根际±壤，供果树直接吸收利用。
[0044] 水肥坑3组合技术是通过水肥坑3回填多孔有机营养基质材料将雨水集聚技术、雨 水深层引流技术和引流防渗技术Ξ个技术有机组合在一起。回填多孔有机营养基是该技术 保水、保肥，水肥高效利用的关键环节。多孔有机营养基具有疏松多孔带动特性，其中有机 质中的有机胶体能够吸附大量的阳离子和水分子，具有良好的保水、保肥的作用，并且能够 为果树根际±壤持续释放水分和营养供果树吸收利用，达到水肥高效利用效果。
[0045] 该方法自2012年提出，到现在累积在宝塔区川口、柳林、要园、河庄坪等7个乡镇试 验推广(见附表）。
[0046] 附表水肥坑3灌技术增肥保水技术示范推广面积(单位:万亩）
[0047]
[004引效益分析：
[0049] (1)经济效益:本项目实施后，产量上按亩产增产800公斤，10000亩产量达800万公 斤，每公斤4元计，每年增值就可达3200万元:劳力上每亩每年巧施肥与过去相比可W节约5 个劳力约600元，10000亩可减少600万元:肥源利用率可增加40%，每亩施肥按500元计算减 少成本200元，10000亩可减少200万元:每个坑施肥水集雨水600斤左右，每亩按通常拉运计 算可W节约资金300元，10000亩可减少300万元。经济效益十分可观，对福射带动区域经济 发展，具有较好的社会效益。
[0050] (2)社会效益:通过本项目示范推广，可福射带动周边乡镇的果业管理水平稳步提 升，项目区果农通过参加项目建设，既提高了自身科学务果、管果能力，又增加了经济收入， 对推动宝塔果业由传统型向现代型转变和改造升级有着非常重要的社会效益。
[0051] (3)生态效益:实施坑施肥水是生态农业模式建设，主要W绿色、环保为主题，整个 项目建成不但不会产生环节污染，而且还可W减少水±流失、培肥±壤，提高±地的利用价 值，增加±壤有机质含量。同时，还能改善植被条件和保护生态环境，实现果业良性循环发 展，促进果业持续健康发展有很大的现实意义。
[0052] W上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用W限制本发明，凡在本发明的精 神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1. 一种山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，其特征在于，该山地经济林雨水集聚深层 入渗方法包括以下步骤： 步骤一、在树冠下挖掘水肥坑； 步骤二、水肥坑布设位置确定后，先沿果树上坡平地，进行水肥坑的挖掘施工； 步骤三、水肥坑挖掘完毕后，坑底铺设防水层； 步骤四、将引流管放于水肥坑中央;再在引流管四周用多孔有机填充物料层填充压实， 填致坑口处，用土壤覆盖、踩实，修成凹面状； 步骤五、距渗水坑壁10cm处皇砌5cm高的正方形土垄;将裁剪成120cmX 120cm大小塑料 膜覆盖于正方形土垄之上； 步骤六、将土垄周边用土封住，适当压实，以水肥坑为中心，沿树干修葺半圆型鱼鳞坑。
2. 如权利要求1所述的山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，其特征在于，所述的水肥坑 的布设深度在40-cm-80cm之间。
3. 如权利要求1所述的山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，其特征在于，所述的水肥坑 上部设置有l〇〇cm X 100cm的集水面，集水面上铺设有集水材料，集水材料采用厚度为 0 · 015mm聚乙烯塑料膜，尺寸为120cm X 120cm，集水材料铺设于水肥坑坑口凹面处。
4. 如权利要求1所述的山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，其特征在于，所述的引流管 采用陶土管、PVC管中的一种。
5. 如权利要求1所述的山地经济林雨水集聚深层入渗方法，其特征在于，所述的有机填 充物料层由50 %粉碎的秸杆、杂草、树枝材料，20 %有机肥，20 %枣园土和10 %化学肥料均 匀混合而成。
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