CN105550302A - Domain ontology based distributed learning content interoperation system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a domain ontology based distributed learning content interoperation system, which can be applied to the design of intelligent distributed learning content taking a domain ontology as a knowledge base in an internet environment and the development of an intelligent teaching system, and can realize moving and sharing of domain ontology based learning content among different intelligent teaching systems. The interoperation system comprises a domain ontology based universal framework for domain knowledge, a domain ontology based distributed content object model, a communication mechanism for a distributed content object to query the domain ontology, a communication interface prototype for realizing distributed query of the domain ontology, a communication data model for distributed query of the domain ontology, and a work division unit for a teaching management system and the distributed content object.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to intersecting of computer technology and education skill, relate to the distributed treatment in computer realm, artificial intelligence, and the multiple technologies such as intelligent tutoring system, learning content design in pedagogy field, specifically based on the Distributed Learning content inter-operation system of domain body, can be applied under internet environment, with domain body is the design of intelligent distributed learning content and the exploitation of intelligent tutoring system of knowledge base, realizes the movement between different intelligent teaching systems of learning content based on domain body and shares.
Background technology
Along with the develop rapidly of computer technology, education skill is faced with two and challenges greatly: the 1) multiple technologies such as how integrated use artificial intelligence, pedagogy and cognitive psychology, simulating human teachers ' teaching, realize teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and carry out the targeted open man-machine interaction teaching instructed, finally realize computing machine and be progressively transitioned into replacement teachers ' teaching from assisted teacher's teaching, therefore intelligent tutoring system is the large focus of one in current education skill and difficult point; 2) for adapting to the current internet highly developed information age, how to avoid the overlapping development of teaching courseware, realizing the interoperability with various heterogeneous tutoring system of sharing of all kinds of teaching resource.For this reason, from 1997, have numerous tissue to go in for the study in the world and formulate distance education technique specification, more famous had: IEEE learning art standard committee LTSC, the JTC1/SC36 working group of ISO tissue, Federal Government organizes ADL advanced distributed learning group etc.At home, taken the lead in calendar year 2001 by the Ministry of Education and set up the CELTS council, promulgated CELTS series standard.Along with the maximum network multimedia software company Macromedia in the whole world in its Adobe software to comprehensive support of SCORM and AICC specification, applying of current distance education technique specification manifests fast-developing trend.
At present, most typical intelligent tutoring system technical manual is the scorm specification that the advanced distributed learning under Federal Government organizes ADL to issue, this specification has been included in the middle of ISO learning art standards system, and has obtained the support of the numerous software platforms comprising Adobe.Scorm specification has broken the method for designing of traditional closed tutoring system, make the Content aggregation model based on GTO thyristor application SCO and the learning sequence model based on production rule, the content of courses and instructional strategies are stripped out from its running environment, designed according to unified standard by disciplinary faculty, simultaneously for tutoring system has formulated standardized operational mode, make can exchange all kinds of resource between heterogeneous tutoring system, thus achieve a distributed Web tutoring system Model for Interoperability.But the current domain knowledge pattern of scorm specification only have employed the structuring courseware of Student oriented, do not introduce the subject expert model based on domain body, its object module just achieves one and can be the self-adaptive teaching system that learner provides individualized teaching, structure based courseware and production rule, and its overall intelligence degree is not high.
The ontology (ontology) originating from philosophy is widely applied at message area in recent years, and especially the application of ontology on Web result in the birth of Semantic Web.Body is the consistent agreement about shared ideas, and its key concept is knowledge sharing, and therefore body makes to be widely used in knowledge engineering from once opening.The description logic DL (DescriptionLogic) of body grows up on the basis of semantic net and framework, is a decidable subset of first order logic, has the decidability of good semanteme, powerful knowledge representation ability and reasoning.At present, Semantic Web and body are widely used in intelligent tutoring system, comprise: the semantic tagger of education resource and the semantic retrieval of learning object, based on domain body learning content exploitation and assemble, and based on the individualized learning of domain body, natural language interface and theorem proving etc.
At present, the OWLDL based on description logic that W3C tissue is issued is as ontology description language, achieve the interoperability of ontology representation, namely domain body can realize Share and interoperability between different tutoring systems, but it is inner that the various content of courses designs based on domain body are still still closed in different tutoring systems, causes the overlapping development of a large amount of intelligent coursewares based on domain body.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed at present based on the present situation that various content of courses design and the intelligent tutoring system of domain body are bound mutually, propose a kind of Distributed Learning content inter-operation system based on domain body.Here interoperability refers to that this Distributed Learning content can move without the need to making any amendment and share between the intelligent tutoring system of various heterogeneous; Distributedly refer to that the design of learning content must be completed by server end and client cooperation.Under inter-operation system of the present invention is supported, learning content design based on domain body can be separated from intelligent tutoring system, carry out Standardized Design, thus realize based on the movement between different intelligent teaching systems of the learning content of domain body with share.
This inter-operation system comprises: the communication mechanism of the domain knowledge general framework based on domain body, the distributed content object model based on domain body, distributed content Object Query domain body, realize the division of labor of the communication interface prototype of domain body distributed query, the communication data model of domain body distributed query and Education Administration Information System and distributed content object.
1, based on the domain knowledge general framework of domain body: for supporting intelligent tutoring, this framework specifically comprises:
1) the interoperability level of domain knowledge general framework and BNF define
The present invention is with reference to the hierarchical structure of Semantic Web, and the BNF provided based on the domain knowledge knowledge structure of body is defined as follows:
(symbol description:: :=representing definition, <> represents nonterminal symbol, and " " represents terminal symbol, | represent or, () represents one group, and [] represents optional, there is one or many in { } expression, italics represents the description of definition);
< domain knowledge structure >::=(< heavyweight domain body >;
< heavyweight domain body >::=(< concept >, < concept hierarchy >, < relation >, <TBox asserts that >, <ABox assert >);
< concept >::=< field concept >|< abstract concept >;
< abstract concept name >::=< field concept name >+ " _ "+< feature descriptor >;
< concept hierarchy >::=mono-conceptional tree that be made up of all concepts, that be formed by connecting by inheritance;
< relation >::=< relation name > (field of definition: < concept >, codomain: < concept >|< data type >);
< relation name >::=< meaning attribute >|< inheritance >|< subordinate relation >|< relation of inclusion >|< Domain relation >;
< meaning relation on attributes >::=hasMeaning (field of definition: < field concept >, codomain: string);
<TBox asserts >::=(< relation axiom >, < concept axiom >);
< relation axiom >::=" transitive relation " | " symmetric relation " | " funtcional relationship " | " reverse-power " | " inverse function relation ";
(< concept definition asserts > to < concept axiom >::=, < concept specialization asserts that >, < relation constraint asserts >);
< concept definition asserts the logical expression of a >::=concept meaning and the association of text description;
< concept specialization asserts that >::=indicates parent or the feature of concept;
< relation constraint asserts that >::=indicates the type of conceptual relation codomain or value or scope;
<ABox asserts >::=({ the individual >} in < field, { the individual >} of < relation).(2) Trinitarian concept meaning characterizes and comprises:
Synonymous concept: all concepts with same meaning defined in TBox are the methods of a conception of species meaning interpretation and conversion, can be natural language interface and provides synon support with the semantic tagger of teaching text;
Significance logic: one that defines in the TBox description logic expression formula retrained based on field concept and Domain relation, it is a kind of meaning form of Machine oriented reasoning, be mainly used in the knowledge reasoning in problem solving, simultaneously also for meaning describe in the segmentation of bulk component and semantic tagger foundation is provided;
Meaning describes: the string attribute binding occurrence provided in TBox, and be the text description of the concept meaning that a kind of Student oriented is understood, it is the language template of significance logic, is mainly used in generating answer and content.
(3) the concept specialization based on abstract concept is cleared up:
By introducing abstract concept and complementary component, concept specialization implication in TBOX is changed into the definition of an abstract concept.
2, based on the distributed content object model of domain body:
The present invention is by the Distributed Learning content design of a kind of distributed content object implementatio8 based on domain body based on domain body.This distributed content object (OBDCO:Ontology-BasedDistributedContentObject) based on domain body is defined as one can follow the tracks of by Education Administration Information System (TMS:TeachingManagementSystem), exist with form web page, with domain body be the teaching object of the content of courses.OBDCO can communicate with TMS in operational process, thus can according to the ability of learner and performance, the content of amount body design learning, step and style, and creates condition for the instructional technology realizing intelligent tutoring, real-time instruction etc. novel.Can set up from different tutoring systems to make an OBDCO and communicate, the present invention is the running environment that OBDCO devises an interoperable, mainly comprises general starting method, an a set of general CommAPI interface and commmunication data model.Based in the Web education resource of http protocol, embed relevant API communication instruction according to resource Initiated Mechanism of the present invention and communication principle, just can form OBDCO proposed by the invention.An OBDCO at least can locate the API adapter of TMS, and comprise the initialization API Calls Initialize setting up with TMS and talk with, API Calls SetOntology, the GetOntology of Ontology Query and the termination API Calls Finish of end dialog, and other relevant application bodies carry out the shell script of imparting knowledge to students and Web resource.Wherein, Initialize is conversation initialization method, and SetOntology is inquiry method to set up, and GetOntology is inquiry return method, and Finish is session termination method.
3. the communication mechanism of distributed content Object Query domain body and the communication interface prototype of domain body distributed query:
For realizing based on the interoperability of OBDCO between different TMS of body, the present invention devises a set of OBDCO and TMS and carries out the general-purpose interface prototype that Ontology Query communicates.First, for realizing the versatility of this communication interface, under the support of current ontology element (COE:CurrentOntologyElement) communication data structure, an Ontology Query expression formula is decomposed into known conditions and unknown result two part by the present invention, and is arranged by inquiry and return two steps complete an Ontology Query with result.Wherein, inquiry setting up procedure is used for OBDCO transmits known conditions from inquiry to TMS, and inquiry return course is used for TMS transmits result from inquiry to OBDCO.
Under the support of above communication mechanism, the CommAPI example that TMS provides only need encapsulate six methods: Initialize, Finsh, SetOntology, GetOntology, GetError and GetErrorString.Wherein, comprise two session method Initialize and Finsh, two ontology element transmission method SetOntology and GetOntology, and two error handling method GetError and GetErrorString.Function and the prototype of these six communication meanss are defined as follows: Initialize is conversation initialization method: grammer: return_value=Initialize (parameter); Describe: this function is used for initialize communications session, it allows some special initialization matter of Education Administration Information System process; Parameter p arameter:(" ") – is a null character string; Rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false "; Distributed content object obtains mistake numbering by calling GetError () method, draws reason of makeing mistakes; Finish is session termination method: grammer: return_value=Finish (parameter); Describe: this function is used for terminate communication sessions, it allows Education Administration Information System to be released in server end for carrying out with distributed content object the provided resource overhead that communicates; Parameter p arameter:(" ") – is a null character string; Rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false "; Distributed content object obtains mistake numbering by calling GetError () method, draws reason of makeing mistakes; SetOntology is inquiry method to set up: grammer: return_value=SetOntology (parameter_1, parameter_2); Describe: the method is used for distributed content object and known ontology element parameter_2 in inquiry is passed to the current body communication data element parameter_1 in Education Administration Information System; The current body communication data element that parameter_1 maintains at server end for Education Administration Information System, for receiving ontology element known in inquiry that distributed content object provides, ontology element known in the inquiry that parameter_2 provides in client for distributed content object distribution formula content; Rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false "; Distributed content object obtains mistake numbering by calling GetError () method, draws reason of makeing mistakes; GetOntology is inquiry return method: grammer: return_value=GetOntology (parameter_1, parameter_2); Describing: the method combines for triggering Education Administration Information System the querying condition arranged, to the unknown ontology element in parameter_1, at server end, the domain body shared being inquired about, and Query Result is delivered in the parameter_2 of client; The current body communication data element that parameter p arameter_1 maintains at server end for Education Administration Information System, for representing the ontology element that distributed content object is to be checked, parameter_2 be a distributed content object in client for receiving the variable of Query Result; Rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false "; Distributed content object obtains mistake numbering by calling GetError () method, draws reason of makeing mistakes; Obtaining error code method GetError is: grammer: return_value=GetError (); Describe: the method is for returning Education Administration Information System the last error code produced in communication process; Rreturn value: return the round values that represents error code numbering; Obtaining error message method GetErrorString is: grammer: return_value=GetErrorString (parameter); Describe: the method is for retrieving the text descriptor of current erroneous, and parameter is error code numbering to be checked;
Rreturn value: return the character string that represents error message.4. the communication data model of domain body distributed query: namely Education Administration Information System is each distributed content Object Creation communicated with and current ontology element (COE) the communication data structure maintained.
The present invention is by a COE hierarchical data structure, and record OBDCO inquires about known conditions and the Query Result of body, and passes through the design details of COE hierarchical data structure encapsulation field body, realizes the mapping to domain body and inquiry.TMS is each distributed content Object Creation communicated with and maintains a COE data structure.This data structure by TMS server end in session start time create, real-time update in conversation procedure, and discharging when conversation end.
Current ontology element communication data structure comprises level, COE data, description and authority, and wherein, authority refers to the access rights of distributed content object to these data.
5. the division of labor of Education Administration Information System and distributed content object:
Content of the present invention and system be separated based in the intelligent tutoring process of domain body, Education Administration Information System has different responsibilities and the division of labor from distributed content object, and meet different Standardized Design requirements respectively, thus the distributed content object realized based on domain body moves between the tutoring system of various heterogeneous and interoperability.
Wherein, Education Administration Information System meets following functions and Standardized Design requirement: (1), in the browser of client, starts distributed content object; (2) in the browser of client, for distributed content object provides the API communication interface example of Ontology Query, this API example is DOM (DocumentObjectModel is organized by W3C and the proposes) document object of a called after API_Ontology; (3) at server end, be the current ontology element communication data structure that the present invention of distributed content Object Creation and maintenance proposes; (4) at server end, realize the inquiry to domain body and access, and Query Result is converted to current ontology element.
Distributed content object based on domain body meets following functions and Standardized Design requires: (1) is triggered by student liking one based on the distributed content of domain body, and started by tutoring system, to run in client browser, based on the intelligent Web page teaching resource of domain body; (2), when running initial, can locate and the Ontology Query API communication interface example finding tutoring system to provide; (3) by the API communication interface of Ontology Query, the domain body of querying server end; (4) utilize the domain body obtained in conjunction with other media resource organize teaching contents, and implement interactive mode teaching to student.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1: computer literacy body fragmentary views, wherein → representing inheritance ,-> represents Domain relation.
Fig. 2: within save as the meaning phenogram of concept of example.
Fig. 3: based on the frame construction drawing of the distributed content object of domain body.
Fig. 4: the communication mechanism schematic diagram of distributed content Object Query domain body.
Embodiment
Based on a Distributed Learning content inter-operation system for domain body, comprising: the communication mechanism of the domain knowledge general framework based on domain body, the distributed content object model based on domain body, distributed content Object Query domain body, realize the division of labor of the communication interface prototype of domain body distributed query, the communication data model of domain body distributed query and Education Administration Information System and distributed content object.
It is the fragment of the computer literacy body of the domain knowledge general framework met based on domain body shown in Fig. 1.
The meaning phenogram of the concept of example is saved as within shown in Fig. 2 being.
In the understanding that the concept specialization based on abstract concept is cleared up, such as, the specialization for " internal memory " concept: internal memory
store. (data ∩
call in. main frame), by introducing abstract concept " internal memory _ effect " and the composition " internal memory " supplying right-hand side expression, concept specialization is converted to the definition to abstract concept " internal memory effect ": internal memory _ effect ≡ internal memory ∩
store. (data ∩
call in. main frame).
Fig. 3 is the frame construction drawing of the distributed content object based on domain body.Comprise the API adapter of positioning teaching management system, and comprise the initialization API Calls Initialize setting up with Education Administration Information System and talk with, API Calls SetOntology, the GetOntology of Ontology Query and the termination API Calls Finish of end dialog, and relevant application body carries out the shell script of imparting knowledge to students and Web resource: HTML fragment, multi-media segment, script fragments.
Fig. 4 shows the communication mechanism of distributed content Object Query domain body.In CommAPI case-based system error code method (GetError) that TMS provides, its rreturn value value is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 error code is numbered
In the communication data model of domain body distributed query, current ontology element COE (CurrentOntologyElement) communication data structure comprises level, COE data, description and authority, wherein, authority refers to the access rights of distributed content object to these data.Concrete as table 2.
The current ontology element hierarchical data structure of table 2
In table 2, W representative has write permission, and R representative has read right.
Claims (6)
1. based on the Distributed Learning content inter-operation system of domain body, comprise: 1) based on the domain knowledge general framework of domain body: for supporting intelligent tutoring, this framework specifically comprises: interoperability level and the BNF of (1) domain knowledge general framework define, (2) Trinitarian concept meaning characterizes, and (3) clear up based on the concept specialization of abstract concept;
2) based on the distributed content object model of domain body: design for the learning content realized based on domain body, this distributed content object at least can the API adapter of positioning teaching management system, and comprise the initialization API Calls Initialize setting up with Education Administration Information System and talk with, API Calls SetOntology, the GetOntology of Ontology Query and the termination API Calls Finish of end dialog, and other relevant application bodies carry out the shell script of imparting knowledge to students and Web resource;
3) communication mechanism of distributed content Object Query domain body: under the support of a current ontology element communication data structure, an Ontology Query expression formula is decomposed into known conditions and unknown result two part, and arranged by inquiry and return two steps complete an Ontology Query with result, wherein, inquiry setting up procedure is used for the known conditions that distributed content object is inquired about to Education Administration Information System transmission, and inquiry return course is used for the result that Education Administration Information System is inquired about to distributed content object transfer;
4) realize the communication interface prototype of domain body distributed query: under the support of above communication mechanism, the CommAPI example that Education Administration Information System provides encapsulates six communication meanss:
Conversation initialization method: for initialize communications session, it allows some special initialization matter of Education Administration Information System process;
Session termination method: for terminate communication sessions, it allows Education Administration Information System to be released in server end for carrying out with distributed content object the provided resource overhead that communicates;
Inquiry method to set up: known ontology element parameter_2 in inquiry is passed to the current body communication data element parameter_1 in Education Administration Information System for distributed content object;
Inquiry return method: combine the querying condition arranged for triggering Education Administration Information System, to the unknown ontology element in parameter_1, at server end, the domain body shared is inquired about, and Query Result is delivered in the parameter_2 of client;
Obtain error code method: for returning Education Administration Information System the last error code produced in communication process;
With acquisition error message method: for retrieving the text descriptor of current erroneous;
5) the communication data model of domain body distributed query: Education Administration Information System is each distributed content Object Creation communicated with and the current ontology element communication data structure maintained, and pass through the design details of this data structure encapsulation field body, realize the mapping to domain body and inquiry; This data structure by Education Administration Information System server end in session start time create, real-time update in conversation procedure, and discharging when conversation end; Current ontology element communication data structure comprises level, COE data, description and authority, and wherein, authority refers to the access rights of distributed content object to these data;
6) division of labor of Education Administration Information System and distributed content object: the distributed content object realized based on domain body moves and interoperability between the tutoring system of various heterogeneous.
2. inter-operation system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the hierarchical structure of the interoperability level reference Semantic Web of domain knowledge general framework, and BNF is defined as follows:
(symbol description:: :=representing definition, <> represents nonterminal symbol, and " " represents terminal symbol, | represent or, () represents one group, and [] represents optional, there is one or many in { } expression, italics represents the description of definition);
< domain knowledge structure >::=(< heavyweight domain body >;
< heavyweight domain body >::=(< concept >, < concept hierarchy >, < relation >, <TBox asserts that >, <ABox assert >);
< concept >::=< field concept >|< abstract concept >;
< abstract concept name >::=< field concept name >+ " _ "+< feature descriptor >;
< concept hierarchy >::=mono-conceptional tree that be made up of all concepts, that be formed by connecting by inheritance;
< relation >::=< relation name > (field of definition: < concept >, codomain: < concept >|< data type >);
< relation name >::=< meaning attribute >|< inheritance >|< subordinate relation >|< relation of inclusion >|< Domain relation >;
< meaning relation on attributes >::=hasMeaning (field of definition: < field concept >, codomain: string);
<TBox asserts >::=(< relation axiom >, < concept axiom >);
< relation axiom >::=" transitive relation " | " symmetric relation " | " funtcional relationship " | " reverse-power " | " inverse function relation ";
(< concept definition asserts > to < concept axiom >::=, < concept specialization asserts that >, < relation constraint asserts >);
< concept definition asserts the logical expression of a >::=concept meaning and the association of text description;
< concept specialization asserts that >::=indicates parent or the feature of concept;
< relation constraint asserts that >::=indicates the type of conceptual relation codomain or value or scope;
<ABox asserts >::=({ the individual >} in < field, { the individual >} of < relation).
3. inter-operation system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: Trinitarian concept meaning characterizes and comprises:
Synonymous concept: all concepts with same meaning defined in TBox are the methods of a conception of species meaning interpretation and conversion, can be natural language interface and provides synon support with the semantic tagger of teaching text;
Significance logic: one that defines in the TBox description logic expression formula retrained based on field concept and Domain relation, it is a kind of meaning form of Machine oriented reasoning, be mainly used in the knowledge reasoning in problem solving, simultaneously also for meaning describe in the segmentation of bulk component and semantic tagger foundation is provided;
Meaning describes: the string attribute binding occurrence provided in TBox, and be the text description of the concept meaning that a kind of Student oriented is understood, it is the language template of significance logic, is mainly used in generating answer and content.
4. inter-operation system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: concept specialization is cleared up and referred to by introducing abstract concept and complementary component, and concept specialization implication in TBOX is changed into the definition of an abstract concept.
5. inter-operation system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in six communication meanss:
Conversation initialization method: grammer: return_value=Initialize (parameter), parameter:(" ") – is a null character string, rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false ";
Session termination method: grammer: return_value=Finish (parameter), parameter:(" ") – is a null character string, rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false ";
Inquiry method to set up: grammer: return_value=SetOntology (parameter_1, parameter_2), rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false ";
Inquiry return method: grammer: return_value=GetOntology (parameter_1, parameter_2), rreturn value: the logical value returning " true " or " false ";
Obtain error code method: grammer: return_value=GetError (), rreturn value: return the round values that represents error code numbering;
Obtain error message method: grammer: return_value=GetErrorString (parameter), parameter are error code numbering to be checked, rreturn value: return the character string that represents error message.
6. inter-operation system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the division of labor of Education Administration Information System comprises: (1), in the browser of client, starts distributed content object; (2) in the browser of client, for distributed content object provides the API communication interface example of Ontology Query, this API example is the DOM document object of a called after API_Ontology; (3) at server end, be the current ontology element communication data structure that the present invention of distributed content Object Creation and maintenance proposes; (4) at server end, realize the inquiry to domain body and access, and Query Result is converted to current ontology element;
The division of labor of distributed content object comprises: when (1) is run initial, can locate and the Ontology Query API communication interface example finding tutoring system to provide; (2) by the API communication interface of Ontology Query, the domain body of querying server end; (3) utilize the domain body obtained in conjunction with other media resource organize teaching contents, and implement interactive mode teaching to student.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN106991627A (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2017-07-28 | 广西师范大学 | The distributed intelligence tutoring system acted on behalf of based on domain body and more |
| CN108595471A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-09-28 | 中山大学 | A kind of knowledge acquisition method based on intelligent planning |
| CN108595471B (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2022-08-02 | 中山大学 | Knowledge acquisition method based on intelligent planning |
| CN109344206A (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2019-02-15 | 天津电气科学研究院有限公司 | A kind of self-repairing method of the OLAP metadata collision based on inquiry reasoning |
| CN109344206B (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2021-07-16 | 天津电气科学研究院有限公司 | OLAP metadata conflict automatic repairing method based on query reasoning |
| WO2022018676A1 (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-01-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Natural language enrichment using action explanations |
| US11907863B2 (en) | 2020-07-24 | 2024-02-20 | International Business Machines Corporation | Natural language enrichment using action explanations |
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