CN105548234A - Method for nondestructive detection of water and fat contents of yellow croaker - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for nondestructive detection of water and fat contents of yellow croaker. The method comprises 1, yellow croaker sample detection: acquiring a transverse relaxation signal through a CPMG sequence so that a yellow croaker sample transverse relaxation spectrum is obtained, 2, determination of yellow croaker water and fat contents, 3, building of yellow croaker water and fat content prediction models: building prediction models through the T2 relaxation spectrum as an independent variable and water and fast contents as dependent variables, and 4, signal data analysis and processing. The method researches correlation of the spectrum and ingredients, utilizes yellow croaker low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation data as a research object and yellow croaker water and fast contents as indexes to build the yellow croaker water and fat content PCR and PLSR prediction models and realizes fast detection of water and fat contents of the yellow croaker.
Description
Technical field
The analysis that the invention belongs to material measures field, is specifically related to a kind of analysis determining method based on nuclear magnetic resonance.
Background technology
Yellow croaker is subordinate to net-rope, Sciaenidae, is divided into large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaenacrocea) and little yellow croaker (Psendosciaenapolyactis), is respectively one of China four Large Marine Ecosystem industry kind.Large yellow croaker also cries large elder generation, Jin Long, cucumber fish, ivy gourd, gold dragon, sweet osmanthus yellow croaker, great Wang Yu, rheum officinale dried fish; Little yellow croaker also cry plum, plum fish, little Wang Yu, little first, late autumn fish, young, the flower fish of cuke fish, thick squama.In recent decades, yellow croaker is China, Korea S and Japan one important economic fishery resources always, and annual output is more than 300,000 tons of (ConservationGeneticsResources, 2013,6,397-399; FisheriesResearch, 2014,153,41-47).Yellow croaker is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid, protein, various trace elements and abundant physiological activator (Anshan Normal University's journal, 2009,11,32-34), good benefiting action is had to human body, concerning having a delicate constitution and be middle-aged and old, edible yellow croaker can receive good food therapy effect, and its nutritional labeling is the Q factor that consumer and marine product industry are concerned about most.The Fat and moisture content of yellow croaker is the important indicator evaluating its quality and security.The height of fat content not only directly affects the nutritive value of the flesh of fish, also affects the post-production of yellow croaker.On the other hand, owing to containing a large amount of moisture in yellow croaker, in storing process, moisture height affects the growth of microflora, thus the shelf life of the impact flesh of fish.Therefore detect Fat and moisture content tool in yellow croaker to be of great significance.
Classic method measures moisture and the fat content of yellow croaker, is that direct drying and organic solvent extraction obtain respectively.Although these classic methods can obtain directly, reliable measurement result, they need to destroy sample, only detect the representational sample of fraction to obtain mean value, cannot ensure the real-time of determination data, and waste time and energy, contaminated environment.Therefore develop a kind of quick nondestructive, can the real-time online detection method that detects yellow croaker Fat and moisture content be very important.Near infrared spectrum can be successfully used to the content detecting moisture and fat in fish, the result recorded with physicochemical analysis method has high correlation (ChemometricsandIntelligentLaboratorySystems, 1988,42:199-207).But the major defect of near-infrared spectrum technique is the information on reflectance spectrum only sampling top layer, cannot detect fat inside and the moisture of heterogeneous sample.
Nuclear magnetic resonance has been widely used in each field as a kind of important modern analysis means, compared with near infrared spectrum, because low-field nuclear magnetic resonance detects the atomic nucleus (mainly Hydrogen Proton) with fixed magnetic moment, it can be measured intact sample and not by the impact of surface nature, have the significant advantages such as non-intruding, quick, measurement result is accurate.Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance has been proved to be a general analytical approach for studying the quality (Journaloffoodscienceandtechnology2013 of fish, 50,228-38), water and fat content (JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture, 2005,85,1299-1304).But, utilize the research of moisture and fat content in the complete yellow croaker of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology for detection not yet to report.
Summary of the invention
For the weak point that prior art exists, the object of the invention is to provide a kind of based on the yellow croaker moisture of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology and the quick nondestructive assay method of fat content, the method not only can Simultaneously test yellow croaker moisture and fat content, and do not destroy sample, not by sample surfaces property effect, be suitable for yellow croaker quality and control.
The technical scheme realizing the object of the invention is:
A non-destructive determination method for yellow croaker moisture and fat content, comprises step:
(1) yellow croaker sample test: the center complete yellow croaker sample being put in the permanent magnetic field radio-frequency coil of MRI analysis instrument, utilize cpmg sequence to arrange and gather transverse-relaxation signals, each repeated acquisition 1 ~ 5 signal, average, carry out the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates that multi index option matching obtains yellow croaker sample;
(2) yellow croaker moisture and determination of fat: yellow croaker sample constant weight is dry, obtains the moisture in yellow croaker sample; Yellow croaker sample take sherwood oil as extraction agent, and employing soxhlet extraction obtains the fat content in yellow croaker sample;
(3) foundation of yellow croaker moisture and fat content forecast model: the moisture recorded according to transverse relaxation data T2 and the step (2) of yellow croaker and fat content data, by regression analysis process NMR relaxation data and moisture and fat content data, using T2 relaxation spectrum as independent variable, water and fat content value be as dependent variable, in conjunction with principal component regression method (PCR) and/or the partial least-squares regression method (PLSR) of Chemical Measurement, set up yellow croaker moisture and fat content forecast model;
(4) signal data treatment and analysis: the model of foundation can by the related coefficient of calibration set (Rcal2), the root-mean-square error (RMSEC) of calibration, the related coefficient (Rcv2) of cross validation, one or more methods in the root-mean-square error (RMSECV) of cross validation and remaining prediction deviation (RPD) are assessed.
Non-destructive determination method of the present invention, particularly, the condition gathering transverse-relaxation signals with MRI analysis instrument is: 90 degree of pulsewidth P1:13 μ s, 180 degree of pulsewidth P2:26 μ s, repeated sampling stand-by period Tw:2000-10000ms, analog gain RG1:10 is to 20, (being integer), digital gain DRG1:2 is to 5 (being integer), pre-amp gain PRG:1 is to 3 (being integer), NS:4, 8, 16, NECH:2000-10000, receiver bandwidth SW:100, 200, 300KHz, start the controling parameters RFD:0.002-0.05ms in sampling time, time delay D L1:0.1-0.5ms.
Wherein, in described step (1), the location parameter of transverse relaxation data T2 is set to: sampling number TD:200000-600000.
Further, the mensuration of moisture in described step (2): by yellow croaker sample convection drying in 40-80 DEG C of air dry oven of chopping, obtain the moisture in yellow croaker sample;
The mensuration of fat: the yellow croaker sample of chopping is put into vacuum freeze drier 24-72h.After taking out from vacuum freeze drier, with comminutor by dry yellow croaker sample comminution, the yellow croaker sample filter paper pulverized is wrapped, put into apparatus,Soxhlet's, then in round-bottomed flask, add 50-150ml sherwood oil, at 90 DEG C, extract 6-12h, rotary evaporation removing sherwood oil, vacuum drying 1-3h again, makes sherwood oil residual in grease thoroughly volatilize, obtains the fat content in yellow croaker sample.
Usually, the size of chopping is centimetre-sized size, and after pulverizing, size is the powder of micron order size, such as, be the sample powder of less than 100 microns.
Wherein, in described step (3), using 1000 CPMG echo peak point data of modeling collection sample as independent variable X, dependent variable Y is moisture or the fat content of yellow croaker, based on TheUnscrambler software, set up the correlation models of X and Y by PCR and PLSR, adopt full validation-cross testing model whether to occur Expired Drugs.
Further, in step (4), evaluate the content prediction model that step (3) is set up with model coefficient of determination R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE), R2 is larger, and RMSE is less, and the modelling effect of acquisition is better.Based on the evaluation of step (4), which is more excellent can to determine model that two kinds of homing methods set up.
More preferably, in step (3), when principle component regression method (PCR) sets up forecast model, by residual variance analysis determine moisture and fat because of subnumber be 1 and 8.
Wherein, in step (3), when partial least-squares regression method (PLSR) sets up forecast model, by residual variance analysis determine moisture and fat because of subnumber be 1 and 7.
The method of the invention also comprises step: yellow croaker sample MRI analysis instrument to be measured, adopt and step (1) same method collection transverse-relaxation signals, based on the regression model that step (3) is tried to achieve.Judge water and fat content in yellow croaker sample to be measured.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The method that the present invention proposes, principal component regression method (PCR) and partial least-squares regression method (PLSR) is utilized to study correlativity between spectrum and component, with the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation data of yellow croaker for research object, with moisture in yellow croaker and fat content for index, set up yellow croaker moisture and fat content PCR and PLSR forecast model, and PCR and PLSR forecast model is compared, achieve the quick detection of yellow croaker moisture and fat content.Establish a kind of based on the yellow croaker moisture of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology and the quick nondestructive assay method of fat content.
The model that the inventive method is set up, the wherein PCR forecast model of moisture, coefficient R cal2 and the Rcv2 of calibration set and validation-cross collection are all greater than 0.98, and it is 9.1835 that root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is all less than 0.72, RPD value, is greater than 3.Coefficient R cal2 and the Rcv2 of the PCR forecast model of fat are all greater than 0.88, and it is 3.2015 that root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is all less than 0.16, RPD value, is greater than 3.
The PLSR forecast model of moisture, coefficient R cal2 and the Rcv2 of calibration set and validation-cross collection are all greater than 0.98, and it is 9.2360 that root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is all less than 0.72, RPD value, is greater than 3.Coefficient R cal2 and the Rcv2 of the PLSR forecast model of fat are all greater than 0.89, and it is 3.3730 that root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is all less than 0.16, RPD value, is greater than 3.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is CPMG die-away curve (A) and the T2 transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates (B) of yellow croaker sample.
Fig. 2 is residual variance and the number of principal components graph of a relation (A) of yellow croaker moisture PCR model, and prediction scatter diagram (B).
Fig. 3 is residual variance and the number of principal components graph of a relation (A) of yellow croaker fat content PCR model, and prediction scatter diagram (B).
Fig. 4 is residual variance and the number of principal components graph of a relation (A) of yellow croaker moisture PLSR model, and prediction scatter diagram (B).
Fig. 5 is yellow croaker fat content PLSR model residual variance and number of principal components graph of a relation (A), and prediction scatter diagram (B).
Embodiment
Following examples for illustration of the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
If no special instructions, the means adopted in embodiment are the technological means of this area routine.
The magnetic resonance relaxation spectrum of embodiment 1 yellow croaker sample
Get commercially available fresh yellow croaker sample, if three Duplicate Samples, quality is 25.24 ± 9.29g, after clear water rinses repeatedly, dries surface moisture with filter paper.Yellow croaker sample is put in respectively the center of the permanent magnetic field radio-frequency coil of MRI analysis instrument (model is MiniMR-Rat), utilize Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequencing, sampling parameter is set to: repeated sampling etc. are bide one's time Tw:3000ms, analog gain RG1:15, digital gain DRG1:3, pre-amp gain PRG:1, accumulative frequency NS:8, echo number NECH:1000, time delay D L1:0.5ms, sampling number TD:208496, each sample repeated acquisition 3 signals, average, finally apply MultiExpInvAnalysis software and carry out the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates that multi index option matching obtains yellow croaker sample.
Figure 1A is the CPMG relaxation curve of complete yellow croaker sample, Figure 1B is the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates to yellow croaker sample by multi index option matching, as can be seen from Figure 1 due to the difference of moisture and fat content in each sample, CPMG relaxation curve and the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates of correspondence are also variant.But, the moisture of yellow croaker sample and fatty transverse-relaxation signals overlap, therefore do not carry out the quantitative test of moisture and fat content by the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates of yellow croaker sample, need further by chemometrics method, carry out the analysis of moisture and fat content in yellow croaker sample.
Embodiment 2: yellow croaker moisture and determination of fat (direct method)
The mensuration of moisture: shredded by yellow croaker sample, then convection drying reaches constant weight in 48 hours in air dry oven, and the weight difference before and after weighing yellow croaker sample drying, calculates moisture.
The mensuration of fat: the chopping of yellow croaker sample is put into vacuum freeze drier dry 48 hours, then with comminutor by dry yellow croaker sample comminution to micron powder, the yellow croaker sample filter paper pulverized is wrapped, put into apparatus,Soxhlet's, then in round-bottomed flask, add 150ml sherwood oil, at 90 DEG C, extract 6h, rotary evaporation removing sherwood oil, vacuum drying 2h again, makes sherwood oil residual in grease thoroughly volatilize, obtains the fat content in yellow croaker sample.
Table 1 lists the maximal value of moisture in yellow croaker sample and fat (fat) content, minimum value, mean value, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation.The moisture of yellow croaker sample is between 8.38-27.02g as can be seen from the table, and fat content is between 0.43-1.72g, and the mean value of moisture and fat content and standard deviation are respectively 16.63 ± 6.58g and 1.11 ± 0.51g.The coefficient of variation of moisture and fat content is respectively 39.57% and 45.95%.
The moisture of table 1 yellow croaker sample and fat content
Embodiment 3: the foundation of yellow croaker moisture and fat content forecast model and model evaluation
Utilize principal component regression method (PCR) and partial least-squares regression method (PLSR) modeling, 1000 CPMG echo peak point data of collecting sample are as independent variable X, dependent variable Y is moisture or the fat content of yellow croaker, based on TheUnscrambler software, PCR and PLSR is adopted to set up the correlation models of X and Y.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is respectively PCR model residual variance and the number of principal components graph of a relation (A) of yellow croaker sample moisture and fat and predicts scatter diagram (B).The best factors number setting up forecast model can be determined by residual variance scatter diagram, as can be seen from Fig. 2 A and Fig. 3 A, when PCR sets up forecast model, the optimum factor number being obtained moisture and fat by yellow croaker moisture and the analysis of fat content residual variance is respectively 1 and 8, thus obtains the scatter diagram (Fig. 2 B and Fig. 3 B) of yellow croaker sample moisture and fatty low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technological prediction model measurement value and predicted value.Horizontal ordinate is the moisture and fat content value that are recorded by physico-chemical process, and ordinate is moisture and the fat content value of prediction.The scatter plot distributions of visible moisture is relatively more even, and the scatter diagram of fat compares dispersion.
Table 2 is based on the forecast model evaluation result of transverse-relaxation signals to yellow croaker sample moisture and fat content.Visible, the PCR forecast model of moisture achieves good result, the result of calibration set and validation-cross collection is close, coefficient R cal2 and Rcv2 is respectively 0.9891 and 0.9876, is all greater than 0.98, and root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is respectively 0.6427 and 0.7165, all less, RPD value is 9.1835, is greater than 3, illustrates that low-field nuclear magnetic resonance can predict the moisture of yellow croaker exactly in conjunction with PCR.The coefficient R cal2 of PCR forecast model and the Rcv2 of fat are respectively 0.9714 and 0.8950, root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV be respectively 0.0797 and 0.1593, RPD value be 3.2015, be greater than 3, fatty related coefficient is relatively low.
The moisture of table 2 yellow croaker sample and the parameter of fat content PCR model
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 is respectively PLSR model residual variance and the number of principal components graph of a relation (A) of yellow croaker sample moisture and fat and predicts scatter diagram (B).As can be seen from Fig. 4 A and Fig. 5 A, when PLSR sets up forecast model, the optimum factor number being obtained moisture and fat by yellow croaker moisture and the analysis of fat content residual variance is respectively 1 and 7, thus obtains the scatter diagram (Fig. 4 B and Fig. 5 B) of yellow croaker sample moisture and fatty low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology PLSR forecast model measured value and predicted value.Horizontal ordinate is the moisture and fat content value that are recorded by physico-chemical process, and ordinate is moisture and the fat content value of prediction.Obviously can find that the scatter plot distributions of moisture is relatively more even by Fig. 4 B and Fig. 5 B, the scatter diagram of fat compares dispersion.
Table 3 gives based on the PLSR forecast model evaluation result of transverse-relaxation signals to yellow croaker sample moisture and fat content.The PLSR forecast model of moisture achieves good result, the result of calibration set and validation-cross collection is close, coefficient R cal2 and Rcv2 is respectively 0.9892 and 0.9877, all be greater than 0.98, root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV is respectively 0.6397 and 0.7132, all less, and RPD value is 9.2360, be greater than 3, illustrate that low-field nuclear magnetic resonance can predict the moisture of yellow croaker exactly in conjunction with PLSR.The coefficient R cal2 of PLSR forecast model and the Rcv2 of fat are respectively 0.9714 and 0.8950, root-mean-square error RMSEC and RMSECV be respectively 0.0325 and 0.1512, RPD value be 3.3730, be greater than 3, fatty related coefficient is relatively low.
The moisture of table 3 yellow croaker sample and the parameter of fat content PLSR model
Application low-field nuclear magnetic resonance combine with technique PCR and PLSR quick nondestructive ground detect the Fat and moisture content of yellow croaker.The R2 of experimental result display is all greater than 0.89, RMSE is all less, RPD value is all greater than 3, illustrate that PCR and PLSR forecast model effectively can predict the content of yellow croaker sample moisture and fat, the forecast model of moisture is better than the forecast model of fat, and PLSR forecast model is quite a lot of a little compared with PCR forecast model.
Embodiment that is disclosed or that require can make or implement in the scope being no more than existing disclosed laboratory facilities above.All products described by the preferred embodiment of the present invention and/or method, refer to expressly those do not violate concept of the present invention, scope and spirit may be used for this product and/or experimental technique and following step.To all changes and the improvement of technological means in described technique, all belong to concept, the scope and spirit of the claims in the present invention definition.
Claims (9)
1. a non-destructive determination method for yellow croaker moisture and fat content, comprises step:
(1) yellow croaker sample test: the center complete yellow croaker sample being put in the permanent magnetic field radio-frequency coil of MRI analysis instrument, utilize cpmg sequence to arrange and gather transverse-relaxation signals, each repeated acquisition 1 ~ 5 signal, average, carry out the transverse relaxation collection of illustrative plates that multi index option matching obtains yellow croaker sample;
(2) yellow croaker moisture and determination of fat: yellow croaker sample constant weight is dry, obtains the moisture in yellow croaker sample; Yellow croaker sample take sherwood oil as extraction agent, and employing soxhlet extraction obtains the fat content in yellow croaker sample;
(3) foundation of yellow croaker moisture and fat content forecast model: the moisture recorded according to transverse relaxation data T2 and the step (2) of yellow croaker and fat content data, by regression analysis process NMR relaxation data and moisture and fat content data, using T2 relaxation spectrum as independent variable, water and fat content value be as dependent variable, in conjunction with principal component regression method and/or the partial least-squares regression method of Chemical Measurement, set up yellow croaker moisture and fat content forecast model
(4) signal data treatment and analysis: the model of foundation can by the related coefficient of calibration set, the root-mean-square error of calibration, the related coefficient of cross validation, one or more methods in the root-mean-square error of cross validation and remaining prediction deviation are assessed.
2. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the condition gathering transverse-relaxation signals with MRI analysis instrument is: 90 degree of pulsewidth P1:13 μ s, 180 degree of pulsewidth P2:26 μ s, repeated sampling stand-by period Tw:2000-10000ms, analog gain RG1:10 is to 20, digital gain DRG1:2 to 5, pre-amp gain PRG:1 to 3, NS:4,8,16, NECH:2000-10000, receiver bandwidth SW:100,200,300KHz, start the controling parameters RFD:0.002-0.05ms in sampling time, time delay D L1:0.1-0.5ms.
3. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step (1), the location parameter of transverse relaxation data T2 is set to: sampling number TD200000-600000.
4. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the mensuration of moisture in described step (2): yellow croaker sample convection drying in 40-80 DEG C of air dry oven of chopping, to constant weight, is obtained the moisture in yellow croaker sample;
The mensuration of fat: the yellow croaker sample of chopping is put into vacuum freeze drier 24-72h, after taking out from vacuum freeze drier, with comminutor by dry yellow croaker sample comminution, the yellow croaker sample filter paper of pulverizing is wrapped, and puts into apparatus,Soxhlet's, then in round-bottomed flask, 50-150ml sherwood oil is added, 6-12h is extracted, rotary evaporation removing sherwood oil, then vacuum drying 1-3h at 90 DEG C, sherwood oil residual in grease is thoroughly volatilized, obtains the fat content in yellow croaker sample.
5. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in described step (3), using 1000 CPMG echo peak point data of modeling collection sample as independent variable X, dependent variable Y is moisture or the fat content of yellow croaker, is set up the correlation models of X and Y by principle component regression method and partial least-squares regression method.
6. non-destructive determination method according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, in step (4), with model coefficient of determination R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE), the content prediction model that step (3) is set up is evaluated, R2 is larger, RMSE is less, and the modelling effect of acquisition is better.
7. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (3), when principle component regression method sets up forecast model, by residual variance analysis determine moisture and fat because of subnumber be 1 and 8.
8. non-destructive determination method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (3), when partial least-squares regression method sets up forecast model, by residual variance analysis determine moisture and fat because of subnumber be 1 and 7.
9. according to the arbitrary described non-destructive determination method of claim 1 ~ 8, it is characterized in that, described method also comprises step: yellow croaker sample MRI analysis instrument to be measured, adopt and step (1) same method collection transverse-relaxation signals, based on the regression model that step (3) is tried to achieve, judge water and fat content in yellow croaker sample to be measured.
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| CN106290442A (en) * | 2016-09-22 | 2017-01-04 | 大连工业大学 | Utilize the method for body component content in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology for detection mice |
| CN106290442B (en) * | 2016-09-22 | 2017-12-15 | 大连工业大学 | Utilize the method for body component content in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology for detection mouse |
| CN107449853A (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2017-12-08 | 宁波大学 | It is a kind of to differentiate tai-chu race and the method for east Guangdong large yellow croaker |
| CN107449838A (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2017-12-08 | 宁波大学 | It is a kind of that tai-chu race and the method for east Guangdong large yellow croaker are differentiated based on aliphatic acid composition otherness |
| CN110361291A (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2019-10-22 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | A method of utilizing moisture content rapid evaluation pork intramuscular fat content |
| CN110596176A (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2019-12-20 | 大连工业大学 | Method for detecting water content in aquatic product by using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology |
| CN110779875A (en) * | 2019-11-01 | 2020-02-11 | 北华航天工业学院 | Method for detecting moisture content of winter wheat ear based on hyperspectral technology |
| CN110779875B (en) * | 2019-11-01 | 2022-03-01 | 北华航天工业学院 | Method for detecting moisture content of winter wheat ear based on hyperspectral technology |
| CN112946003A (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-11 | 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司 | Method for detecting fat content in milk powder |
| CN112946003B (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2023-04-07 | 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司 | Method for detecting fat content in milk powder |
| CN112730497A (en) * | 2020-12-21 | 2021-04-30 | 贺州学院 | Vacuum fried pleurotus eryngii strip moisture and grease rapid detection technology based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance |
| CN113125488A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-07-16 | 南京农业大学 | Method for quickly identifying fat-filled artificial snowflake beef |
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