CN105547170B - A kind of computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel - Google Patents
A kind of computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN105547170B CN105547170B CN201510889481.0A CN201510889481A CN105547170B CN 105547170 B CN105547170 B CN 105547170B CN 201510889481 A CN201510889481 A CN 201510889481A CN 105547170 B CN105547170 B CN 105547170B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/08—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring diameters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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Abstract
A kind of computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel, belong to metallurgical material field, comprise the following steps：Step 1, bearing steel are through pair rolling, and after air-cooled or water cooling, normalizing or non-normalized treatment, then carry out spheroidizing；Step 2, using sand paper grind the bearing steel surface perpendicular to rolling direction, polishes, corrodes, and microscopic structure picture is obtained using microscope；Step 3, according to picture, the number of carbide in statistical unit area；Step 4, according to formula D=(12.583n3/2‑0.902)‑1/3The average diameter of carbide is calculated, wherein D is the average diameter of carbide, and n is the number of carbide in unit area.The result of calculation of the present invention is very close with using the measurement result of Image Pro Plus softwares, shows that computational methods provided by the present invention can accurately obtain the average diameter of carbide；And computational methods of the present invention are more simple, conveniently, and it is more applicable for industrial production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to metallurgical material field, the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of more particularly to a kind of bearing steel.
Background technology
GCr15 bearing steels are the bearing steels of current dosage maximum, in order to improve cold-forming property, are needed after thermal deformation to it
Carry out spheroidizing.Due to tissue heredity, the size of the carbide after spheroidizing influences whether final mechanical property.Cause
This, it is necessary to which the size of carbide after GCr15 bearing ball annealings is evaluated or measured in industrial production.
The size of carbide is smaller after GCr15 bearing ball annealings, and is shown using metallographic microscope or electron scanning
When micro mirror observes microscopic structure, the contrast between carbide and ferrite matrix is weaker, making it difficult to directly passes through specialty
Image analysis software measures the average diameter of carbide.To be measured using image analysis software, need to increase in advance
Add the contrast between carbide and matrix, i.e., processing of tinting is carried out to each carbide, due to time-consuming longer, it is difficult in industry
Applied in production.
In order to evaluate carbide size, frequently with standard diagram in industrial production, carbide size is divided into some ranks,
This method can only evaluate the size of carbide roughly.Therefore, it is necessary to it is a kind of simple, quick, accurately obtain carbon
The method of compound average diameter.
The content of the invention
For carbide average diameter after current measurement bearing ball annealing it is numerous and diverse, not accurate enough the problems such as, the present invention
The carbide average diameter for providing a kind of bearing computational methods.The present invention passes through survey based on lot of experimental data
The number of carbide in unit area is measured, establishes the relation between carbide number in carbide average diameter and unit area
Model, more can accurately and rapidly obtain the average diameter of carbide.
The computational methods of the carbide average diameter of the bearing steel of the present invention, comprise the following steps：
Step 1, bearing steel are through pair rolling, and after air-cooled or water cooling, normalizing or non-normalized treatment, then carry out nodularization and move back
Fire；
Step 2, using sand paper grind the bearing steel surface perpendicular to rolling direction, polishes, corrodes, use is micro-
Mirror obtains microscopic structure picture；
Step 3, according to picture, the number of carbide in statistical unit area；
Step 4, according to formula (1), calculate the average diameter of carbide,
D=(12.583n3/2-0.902)-1/3 (1)
Wherein, D is the average diameter of carbide, μm, n is the number of carbide in unit area, a/μm2。
In above-mentioned steps 1, bearing steel selects the bearing steel that the trade mark is GCr15, component weight percent, C for 0.95~
1.05%, Si are that 0.15~0.35%, Mn is that 0.25~0.45%, Cr is 1.40~1.65%, surplus Fe；
In above-mentioned steps 1, the start rolling temperature of pair rolling at 1050~1100 DEG C, finishing temperature at 800~950 DEG C, under
Pressure rate 80~90%；The temperature of normalized treatment is 900~950 DEG C, and the time is 0.5~3h；The technological process of spheroidizing is：
760~880 DEG C of progress austenitizings, are then furnace-cooled to 680~720 DEG C, keep the temperature 0.5~5h, be furnace-cooled to 650~680 DEG C, finally
It is air-cooled to room temperature；
In above-mentioned steps 2, sand paper model is respectively 240,600,800,1000,1200 and 1500；Abrasive pastes used in polishing
For water-soluble diamond paste；Corrosive liquid be 4% nital, etching time 8s；
In above-mentioned steps 3, microscope used is metallographic microscope or scanning electron microscope.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：
The present invention only needs the carbide number in units of measurement area, it is possible to which relatively accurate calculates the flat of carbide
Equal diameter.Carbide number in unit area, can quickly obtain according to the metallographic or scanned photograph of microscopic structure.By building
The relational model between carbide number in the average diameter and unit area of vertical carbide, will measure the unit area of acquisition
Carbide number is substituted into the relational model, obtains the average diameter of carbide.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 be the embodiment of the present invention 1 in GCr15 bearing steels it is hot rolled+be air-cooled to the microscopic structure after room temperature+normalized treatment
Figure；
Fig. 2 is that GCr15 bearing steels hot rolled+water cooling is to 756 DEG C+are air-cooled to micro- after room temperature in the embodiment of the present invention 2
Organization chart；
Fig. 3 is Example 1 and Example 2 of the present invention isothermal spheroidizing process schematic；
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 1 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 2 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 3 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 10 and Figure 11 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 4 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 12 and Figure 13 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 5 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 14 and Figure 15 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 6 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 16 and Figure 17 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 7 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 18 and Figure 19 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 8 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 20 and Figure 21 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 9 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 22 and Figure 23 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 10 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 24 and Figure 25 is the microscopic structure picture of o.11 GCr15 bearing steels made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 26 and Figure 27 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 12 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Figure 28 and Figure 29 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 1 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 2；
Figure 30 and Figure 31 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 2 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 2；
Figure 32 and Figure 33 is the microscopic structure picture of No. 3 GCr15 bearing steel made from the embodiment of the present invention 2；
Figure 34 is the result of calculation of carbide average diameter and use after GCr15 bearing steel nodularizations in the embodiment of the present invention
The comparison diagram of Image-Pro Plus traditional measurements；
Figure 35 be carbide average diameter cube and microscopic structure picture in all carbide diameters sum of cubes between
Graph of a relation；
Figure 36 is the cube straight with carbide number in microscopic structure picture and all carbide of carbide average diameter
Graph of a relation between the sum of cubes in footpath.
Embodiment
The GCr15 bearing steels that the present embodiment uses, component weight percent, C 1.0%, Si 0.28%, Mn are
0.34%, Cr 1.57%, surplus Fe.
Embodiment 1
The computational methods of the bearing steel carbide average diameter of the present embodiment, comprise the following steps：
Step 1, bearing steel start rolling temperature are at 1050 DEG C, and for finishing temperature at 820 DEG C, pushing rate is 83%, after air-cooled,
930 DEG C of insulation 30min normalized treatments, then its micro-organization chart is as shown in Figure 1, carry out spheroidizing, the technique of spheroidizing
As shown in table 1；
The technological parameter of 1 embodiment of table, 1 spheroidizing
| Sequence number | Austenitizing temperature/DEG C | Austenitizing time/h | Isothermal temperature/DEG C | Isothermal time/h |
| 1 | 760 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 2 | 780 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 3 | 800 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 4 | 825 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 5 | 850 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 6 | 880 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
| 7 | 800 | 0.5 | 720 | 2 |
| 8 | 800 | 3 | 720 | 2 |
| 9 | 800 | 5 | 720 | 0.5 |
| 10 | 800 | 5 | 720 | 1 |
| 11 | 800 | 5 | 680 | 2 |
| 12 | 800 | 5 | 700 | 2 |
Step 2, using 240,600,800,1000,1200 and No. 1500 sand paper to the bearing steel table perpendicular to rolling direction
Face is ground, and after being polished using water-soluble diamond paste, uses volume fraction as 4% nital, corruption
The erosion time is 8s, microscopic structure picture is obtained using JEOL JXA8530F field emission electrons probe, as shown in Fig. 4~Figure 27；
Step 3, according to picture, corresponding carbide number in 4~Figure 27 of statistical chart, divided by the area of picture obtains single
The number of carbide in plane product；Carbide number is respectively in the unit area of the corresponding GCr15 bearing steels of Fig. 4~Figure 27：
1.069 a/μm2, 1.179/μm2, 1.492/μm2, 1.742/μm2, 1.189/μm2, 1.399/μm2, 1.282
A/μm2, 1.302/μm2, 1.052/μm2, 1.082/μm2, 0.733/μm2, 0.912/μm2, 1.655/μm2,
1.722 a/μm2, 1.638/μm2, 1.452/μm2, 1.618/μm2, 1.955/μm2, 1.692/μm2, 1.745
A/μm2, 2.478/μm2, 2.134/μm2, 1.891/μm2, 2.168/μm2；
Step 4, according to formula (1) D=(12.583n3/2-0.902)-1/3, wherein, D be carbide average diameter, μ
M, n are the number of carbide in unit area, a/μm2, calculate the average diameter of carbide, the corresponding GCr15 of Fig. 4~Figure 27
The carbide average diameter of bearing steel is：0.425 μm, 0.404 μm, 0.357 μm, 0.329 μm, 0.402 μm, 0.369 μm,
0.386 μm, 0.383 μm, 0.429 μm, 0.422 μm, 0.523 μm, 0.463 μm, 0.338 μm, 0.331 μm, 0.340 μm, 0.362
μm, 0.342 μm, 0.310 μm, 0.334 μm, 0.329 μm, 0.275 μm, 0.297 μm, 0.316 μm, 0.294 μm.
Embodiment 2
The computational methods of the bearing steel carbide average diameter of the present embodiment, comprise the following steps：
Step 1, bearing steel start rolling temperature are at 1100 DEG C, and finishing temperature is at 830 DEG C, and pushing rate is 83%, water cooling to 756
DEG C, room temperature is air-cooled to, it is as shown in Figure 2 without normalized treatment, its micro-organization chart；Then spheroidizing, spheroidizing are carried out
Technique it is as shown in table 2；
The technological parameter of 2 embodiment of table, 2 spheroidizing
| Sequence number | Austenitizing temperature/DEG C | Austenitizing time/h | Isothermal temperature/DEG C | Isothermal time/h |
| 1 | 800 | 0.33 | 720 | 2 |
| 2 | 800 | 1 | 720 | 2 |
| 3 | 800 | 5 | 720 | 2 |
Step 2, using 240,600,800,1000,1200 and No. 1500 sand paper to the bearing steel table perpendicular to rolling direction
Face is ground, and after being polished using water-soluble diamond paste, uses volume fraction as 4% nital, corruption
The erosion time is 8s；Microscopic structure picture is obtained using JEOL JXA8530F field emission electrons probe, as shown in Figure 28~Figure 33；
Step 3, according to picture, corresponding carbide number in 28~Figure 33 of statistical chart, divided by the area of picture obtains single
The number of carbide in plane product；Carbide number is respectively in the unit area of the corresponding GCr15 bearing steels of Figure 28~Figure 33：
1.415 a/μm2, 1.441/μm2, 1.245/μm2, 1.345/μm2, 1.225/μm2, 1.149/μm2；
Step 4, according to formula (1) D=(12.583n3/2-0.902)-1/3, wherein, D be carbide average diameter, μ
M, n are the number of carbide in unit area, a/μm2, calculate the average diameter of carbide, the corresponding GCr15 of Figure 28~Figure 33
The carbide average diameter of bearing steel is：0.367 μm, 0.363 μm, 0.392 μm, 0.377 μm, 0.395 μm, 0.409 μm.
Comparative example
Micro-organization chart of the embodiment 1 through GCr15 bearing steels made from step 1, step 2 is Fig. 3~Figure 27, and embodiment passes through
The micro-organization chart of GCr15 bearing steels made from 2 steps 1, step 2 is Figure 28~Figure 33, after processing of tinting to Fig. 4~Figure 33,
General measure has been carried out to the average diameter of the carbide in Fig. 4~Figure 33 using Image-Pro Plus softwares；, will during measurement
Carbide in picture is equivalent to circle, obtains the equivalent diameter of each carbide, and then obtains the average diameter of carbide.
When being measured using Image-Pro Plus softwares, the corresponding carbide average diameters of Fig. 4~Figure 27 are respectively：
0.403 μm, 0.373 μm, 0.344 μm, 0.310 μm, 0.408 μm, 0.369 μm, 0.363 μm, 0.400 μm, 0.429 μm, 0.428
μm, 0.576 μm, 0.473 μm, 0.349 μm, 0.327 μm, 0.341 μm, 0.380 μm, 0.337 μm, 0.296 μm, 0.322 μm,
0.347 μm, 0.276 μm, 0.300 μm, 0.296 μm, 0.318 μm.
When being measured using Image-Pro Plus softwares, the corresponding carbide average diameters of Figure 28~Figure 33 are respectively：
0.368 μm, 0.361 μm, 0.426 μm, 0.404 μm, 0.398 μm, 0.438 μm.
The result obtained by the method for the present invention and using the method for Image-Pro Plus softwares measurement is contrasted, it is tied
Fruit is as shown in figure 34；The result of calculation of the it can be seen from the figure that present invention is non-with using the measurement result of Image-Pro Plus softwares
Very close to showing that computational methods provided by the present invention can accurately obtain the average diameter of carbide；It is and of the invention
The computational methods are more simple, conveniently, and are more applicable for industrial production.
The derivation of formula (1) is as follows in the embodiment of the present invention：
After bearing ball annealing, the carbon content in ferrite is almost 0 so that the volume fraction of carbide is constant for one
Numerical value.The volume fraction V of carbide after nodularizationf, %, can be expressed by (2) formula：
Wherein V is unit volume, V=1 μm3, DiFor the diameter of i-th of carbide in unit volume, μm, N is unit volume
The number of interior carbide, a/μm3。
Statistics find, numerically the average diameter of the corresponding carbide of Fig. 4~Figure 33 cube with Fig. 4~Figure 33 in carbon
The fitting result of relation existing for the number of compound and the sum of cubes of carbide diameter, can be by (3) formula as shown in Figure 35, Figure 36
Expression：
WhereinFor the average diameter of carbide in the corresponding picture areas of Fig. 4~Figure 33, μm, j=4~33, m Fig. 4
The number of carbide, a, j=4~33 in the corresponding picture areas of~Figure 33.
By (2) formula and (3) formula, it can be envisaged that numerically carbide volume fraction and the carbide number in unit volume
And existing relation between the average diameter of carbide, as shown in (4) formula：
Wherein, D is the average diameter of all carbide in unit volume, μm；
By adding penalty coefficient, equation (2) can be reduced to：
Wherein k, b, and c are penalty coefficient；K, μm3/, c, μm3%.
There are following relation with the carbide number in unit area for carbide number in unit volume：
N=an3/2 (6)
Wherein n is carbide number in unit area, a/μm2, a is penalty coefficient, a-1/2。
Equation (6) is substituted into equation (5), can be obtained：
Further conversion can find that there are following relation with n by D：
WhereinBy being fitted analysis to lot of experimental data, can obtain
The numerical value of x, y.
Claims (5)
1. the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of a kind of bearing steel, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Step 1, bearing steel are through pair rolling, and after air-cooled or water cooling, normalizing or non-normalized treatment, then carry out spheroidizing；
The bearing steel is the bearing steel that the trade mark is GCr15；
The start rolling temperature of the pair rolling at 1050~1100 DEG C, finishing temperature at 800~950 DEG C, pushing rate 80~
90%；
Step 2, using sand paper grind the bearing steel surface perpendicular to rolling direction, polishes, corrodes, is obtained using microscope
Obtain microscopic structure picture；
Step 3, according to picture, the number of carbide in statistical unit area；
Step 4, according to formula (1), calculate the average diameter of carbide,
D=(12.583n3/2-0.902)-1/3 (1)
Wherein, D is the average diameter of carbide, μm, n is the number of carbide in unit area, a/μm2。
2. the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In step 1,
The bearing steel of the GCr15, component weight percent, C are that 0.95~1.05%, Si is that 0.15~0.35%, Mn is
0.25~0.45%, Cr are 1.40~1.65%, surplus Fe.
3. the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In step 1,
The temperature of normalized treatment is 900~950 DEG C, and the time is 0.5~3h；The technological process of spheroidizing is：760~880 DEG C into
Row austenitizing, is then furnace-cooled to 680~720 DEG C, keeps the temperature 0.5~5h, is furnace-cooled to 650~680 DEG C, is finally air-cooled to room temperature.
4. the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In step 2,
Sand paper model is respectively 240,600,800,1000,1200 and 1500；Abrasive pastes used in polishing are water-soluble diamond paste；It is rotten
Lose the nital that liquid is 4%, etching time 8s.
5. the computational methods of the carbide average diameter of bearing steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In step 3,
Microscope is metallographic microscope or scanning electron microscope.
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| CN108754090A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2018-11-06 | 东北大学 | A kind of online critical spheroidizing method of GCr15 bearing steels |
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| KR20130068098A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-06-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | High carbon hot/cold rolled steel coil and manufactureing method thereof |
| CN103257098A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-21 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | High-carbon steel wire rod austenite grain size measurement method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20130068098A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-06-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | High carbon hot/cold rolled steel coil and manufactureing method thereof |
| CN103257098A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-21 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | High-carbon steel wire rod austenite grain size measurement method |
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