CN105502489B - Method for preparing branched orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array - Google Patents
Method for preparing branched orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array Download PDFInfo
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- CN105502489B CN105502489B CN201610046754.XA CN201610046754A CN105502489B CN 105502489 B CN105502489 B CN 105502489B CN 201610046754 A CN201610046754 A CN 201610046754A CN 105502489 B CN105502489 B CN 105502489B
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- deionized water
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229960004756 ethanol Drugs 0.000 claims description 19
- 229960000935 dehydrated alcohol Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002079 cooperative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
- C01G23/08—Drying; Calcining ; After treatment of titanium oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
- C01G23/053—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts
- C01G23/0536—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts by hydrolysing chloride-containing salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/10—Particle morphology extending in one dimension, e.g. needle-like
- C01P2004/16—Nanowires or nanorods, i.e. solid nanofibres with two nearly equal dimensions between 1-100 nanometer
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a branched orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array. The method includes the following steps that a certain amount of absolute ethyl alcohol and a certain amount of titanium tetrachloride are weighed in proportion, arranged in a beaker and fully stirred, then a certain amount of deionized water continues to be added and is fully stirred, and the solution is mixed to be even; a titanium dioxide nano-rod array sample is arranged in the prepared mixed solution to be ultrasonically treated, taken out and placed in an oven to be dried; the sample is placed in the prepared mixed solution to be soaked, taken out, washed multiple times with deionized water, then placed in a culture dish and naturally dried at room temperature; the sample is calcined in a muffle furnace, and the branched orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array material is obtained. A novel preparation process is adopted, the preparation process is simple, experiment conditions are moderate, enlargement is easy, large-scale production is achieved, the shape rule of the nano-structure material is controllable, and high practical application value and wide industrial production prospects are achieved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of nano material preparation, more particularly to a kind of utilization titanium tetrachloride is molten in the mixing of second alcohol and water
Method of the hydrolysis to prepare the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape in liquid.
Background technology
Titanic oxide material has remarkable photocatalysis characteristic, good biocompatibility, and its is cheap, in light
The fields such as, electro-catalysis and bio-sensing have important application.The good photoelectric property of nano material and biocompatibility
Become a kind of important materials in prepared by optoelectronic pole.Research finds that titanium dioxide nano material has stable physico
Performance, superior opto-electronic conversion performance are learned, the utilization ratio to solar energy can be significantly improved, is preferable optoelectronic pole material
Material, so as to enjoy the concern of vast researcher.
With the development of science and technology, it has been found that hierarchical structure nano material has the coupling of multilevel, multicomponent, various dimensions
And cooperative effect, with bigger specific surface area, disclosure satisfy that more demands.The research of hierarchical structure nano material, it is right
The exploitation of material property, material itself design, and constructing for new function device all have great importance, accordingly, with respect to
The synthesis and performance study of hierarchical structure nano material, it has also become the focus that instantly vast researcher is studied.
At present, when synthesizing the precursor solution preparation of level time nanometer titania, majority is adopted and disperses titanium tetrachloride
To in deionized water, the method has equipment investment few, and synthesis temperature is low, and it is excellent that the structure and morphology of synthesized sample is easily controllable etc.
Point.However, the method is disadvantageous in that, needs carry out matching somebody with somebody for precursor solution in ice-water bath or frozen water mixed liquor
System, and need to control titanium tetrachloride toward the injection rate in deionized water, experiment condition is more harsh, to new experimenter
For operation difficulty it is larger, mortality is higher.
The content of the invention
Goal of the invention:In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide one kind prepares branch
The method of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of wooden fork shape, the method is hydrolyzed using titanium tetrachloride in the mixed solution of second alcohol and water
The method that reaction prepares the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape, and from titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials, tetrachloro
Change titanium is stock, and dehydrated alcohol, deionized water are solvent, raw on titanic oxide nanorod array surface using Hydrolyze method
Long level time branch shape titanium dioxide nanostructure material, prepares the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod of branch shape with photocatalytic activity
Array material.
Technical scheme:For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
A kind of method for preparing the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape, comprises the following steps:
A, under normal temperature condition, weigh dehydrated alcohol, in adding container, subsequently add titanium tetrachloride while stirring, and after
Continuous stirring 15-20min, obtains the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride;
B, under normal temperature condition, in the mixed solution prepared in step a, add deionized water while stirring, and after
Continuous stirring 20-30min, obtains the mixed solution of ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water;
In step a and b, according to volume ratio, dehydrated alcohol:Titanium tetrachloride:Deionized water=1.5-3.5:4.4-
8.8:100;
C, under normal temperature condition, titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in the mixed solution that step b is obtained, ultrasound
20-30min is processed, is taken out, be placed in 60 DEG C of baking ovens and be dried 20-30min;
D, under normal temperature condition, then sample is placed in the mixed solution prepared in step b, soak 12-48h, take out,
Repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dried under room temperature, obtained the orderly titanium dioxide of branch shape
Titanium nano-rod array material presoma;
E, obtained nano structural material presoma in step d is placed in into Muffle kiln roasting 2-3h, that is, obtains branch shape
Orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials.
Further, in step e, sintering temperature is 450-500 DEG C in Muffle furnace.
Further, in step e, during roasting, from room temperature to set the heating rate of sintering temperature as 3-5 DEG C/
min。
Beneficial effect:A kind of method for preparing the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape that the present invention is provided, research
Under normal temperature condition, titanium tetrachloride is dispersed in dehydrated alcohol first, then adds deionized water in the mixed liquor again, obtained
Then titanic oxide nanorod array sample, is placed in configured mixing molten by titanium tetrachloride in the mixed solution of second alcohol and water
In liquid, supersound process is taken out, then is placed in dried in baking oven, and sample is placed in configured mixed solution again, is soaked
Bubble, spontaneously dries after taking-up, finally sample is placed in into calcination process in Muffle furnace, obtains the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod of branch shape
The new technology of array material.Test result indicate that, using this new technology, preparation process is simple, and experiment condition is gentle, easily
In realizing industrialization.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials in the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape in the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape:Dehydrated alcohol, titanium tetrachloride are weighed according to a certain percentage
And deionized water, volume ratio is 2.5:4.4:100, under normal temperature condition, the dehydrated alcohol of 2.5mL is added in beaker first,
The titanium tetrachloride of 4.4mL is added while stirring, and continues to stir 15min, obtain the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride.Subsequently
The deionized water of 100mL is added while stirring, and continues to stir 20min, obtain the mixing of ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
Solution.Titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in configured mixed solution, supersound process 20min, is taken out, be placed in 60
20min is dried in DEG C baking oven.Sample is placed in the mixed solution of configured ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water again, is soaked
Bubble 12h, takes out, and is repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dries under room temperature, obtains branch
The presoma of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of shape.Above-mentioned obtained presoma is placed in Muffle furnace at 500 DEG C
Roasting 2h, that is, obtain the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.
Wherein, the titanic oxide nanorod array is vertically grown on FTO electro-conductive glass;The titanium dioxide nano-rod
Length be 500-900nm, a diameter of 60-90nm;The specific surface area of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is 50-
60m2/g;The crystal formation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is Detitanium-ore-type.
Embodiment 2
The preparation of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape:Dehydrated alcohol, tetrachloro are weighed according to a certain percentage
Change titanium and deionized water, volume ratio is 2.5:4.4:100, under normal temperature condition, first the dehydrated alcohol of 2.5mL is added into beaker
In, the titanium tetrachloride of 4.4mL is added while stirring, and continue to stir 20min, obtain the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride.
The deionized water of 100mL is subsequently added while stirring, and continues to stir 25min, obtain ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
Mixed solution.Titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in configured mixed solution, supersound process 25min, is taken out, put
25min is dried in 60 DEG C of baking ovens.Sample is placed in again the mixed solution of configured ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
In, 24h is soaked, take out, repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dry under room temperature, obtain
The presoma of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.Above-mentioned obtained presoma is placed in 475 in Muffle furnace
Roasting 2h at DEG C, that is, obtain the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.
Wherein, the titanic oxide nanorod array is vertically grown on FTO electro-conductive glass;The titanium dioxide nano-rod
Length be 500-900nm, a diameter of 60-90nm;The specific surface area of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is 60-
70m2/g;The crystal formation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is Detitanium-ore-type.
Embodiment 3
The preparation of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape:Dehydrated alcohol, tetrachloro are weighed according to a certain percentage
Change titanium and deionized water, volume ratio is 2.5:8.8:100, under normal temperature condition, first the dehydrated alcohol of 2.5mL is added into beaker
In, the titanium tetrachloride of 8.8mL is added while stirring, and continue to stir 20min, obtain the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride.
The deionized water of 100mL is subsequently added while stirring, and continues to stir 30min, obtain ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
Mixed solution.Titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in configured mixed solution, supersound process 30min, is taken out, put
30min is dried in 60 DEG C of baking ovens.Sample is placed in again the mixed solution of configured ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
In, 24h is soaked, take out, repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dry under room temperature, obtain
The presoma of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.Above-mentioned obtained presoma is placed in 450 in Muffle furnace
Roasting 2h at DEG C, that is, obtain the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.
Wherein, the titanic oxide nanorod array is vertically grown on FTO electro-conductive glass;The titanium dioxide nano-rod
Length be 500-900nm, a diameter of 60-90nm;The specific surface area of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is 65-
80m2/g;The crystal formation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is Detitanium-ore-type.
Embodiment 4
The preparation of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape:Dehydrated alcohol, tetrachloro are weighed according to a certain percentage
Change titanium and deionized water, volume ratio is 1.5:8.8:100, under normal temperature condition, first the dehydrated alcohol of 1.5mL is added into beaker
In, the titanium tetrachloride of 8.8mL is added while stirring, and continue to stir 20min, obtain the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride.
The deionized water of 100mL is subsequently added while stirring, and continues to stir 30min, obtain ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
Mixed solution.Titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in configured mixed solution, supersound process 30min, is taken out, put
30min is dried in 60 DEG C of baking ovens.Sample is placed in again the mixed solution of configured ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
In, 24h is soaked, take out, repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dry under room temperature, obtain
The presoma of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.Above-mentioned obtained presoma is placed in 450 in Muffle furnace
Roasting 2h at DEG C, that is, obtain the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.
Wherein, the titanic oxide nanorod array is vertically grown on FTO electro-conductive glass;The titanium dioxide nano-rod
Length be 500-900nm, a diameter of 60-90nm;The specific surface area of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is 55-
60m2/g;The crystal formation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is Detitanium-ore-type.
Embodiment 5
The preparation of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape:Dehydrated alcohol, tetrachloro are weighed according to a certain percentage
Change titanium and deionized water, volume ratio is 3.5:8.8:100, under normal temperature condition, first the dehydrated alcohol of 3.5mL is added into beaker
In, the titanium tetrachloride of 8.8mL is added while stirring, and continue to stir 20min, obtain the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride.
The deionized water of 100mL is subsequently added while stirring, and continues to stir 30min, obtain ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
Mixed solution.Titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in configured mixed solution, supersound process 30min, is taken out, put
30min is dried in 60 DEG C of baking ovens.Sample is placed in again the mixed solution of configured ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water
In, 24h is soaked, take out, repeatedly washed using deionized water, in being subsequently placed in culture dish, spontaneously dry under room temperature, obtain
The presoma of the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.Above-mentioned obtained presoma is placed in 450 in Muffle furnace
Roasting 2h at DEG C, that is, obtain the orderly titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials of branch shape.
Wherein, the titanic oxide nanorod array is vertically grown on FTO electro-conductive glass;The titanium dioxide nano-rod
Length be 500-900nm, a diameter of 60-90nm;The specific surface area of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is 50-
65m2/g;The crystal formation of the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of the branch is Detitanium-ore-type.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that:For the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, some improvements and modifications can also be made, these improvements and modifications also should
It is considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of method for preparing the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
A, under normal temperature condition, weigh dehydrated alcohol, in adding container, titanium tetrachloride is subsequently added while stirring, and continue to stir
15-20min is mixed, the mixed solution of ethanol and titanium tetrachloride is obtained;
B, under normal temperature condition, in the mixed solution prepared in step a, deionized water is added while stirring, and continue to stir
20-30min is mixed, the mixed solution of ethanol, titanium tetrachloride and deionized water is obtained;
In step a and b, according to volume ratio, dehydrated alcohol:Titanium tetrachloride:Deionized water=1.5-3.5:4.4-8.8:
100;
C, under normal temperature condition, titanic oxide nanorod array sample is placed in the mixed solution that step b is obtained, supersound process
20-30min, takes out, and is placed in 60 DEG C of baking ovens and is dried 20-30min;
D, under normal temperature condition, then sample is placed in the mixed solution prepared in step b, soak 12-48h, take out, adopt
Deionized water is repeatedly washed, and in being subsequently placed in culture dish, is spontaneously dried under room temperature, is obtained the orderly titanium dioxide of branch shape and is received
Rice rod array material presoma;
E, obtained nano structural material presoma in step d is placed in into Muffle kiln roasting 2-3h, that is, obtains branch shape orderly
Titanium dioxide nano-rod array materials.
2. the method for preparing the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Institute
In stating step e, sintering temperature is 450-500 DEG C in Muffle furnace.
3. the method for preparing the orderly titanic oxide nanorod array of branch shape according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:Institute
In stating step e, during roasting, from room temperature to setting the heating rate of sintering temperature as 3-5 DEG C/min.
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101508464A (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2009-08-19 | 武汉理工大学 | Process for preparing anatase type nano-titanium dioxide |
CN102086045A (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2011-06-08 | 北京大学 | TiO2 secondary nanorod array and preparation method and application thereof |
CN103523827A (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-22 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | Preparation method of three-dimensional dendritic TiO2 (titanium dioxide) array with rapid electronic transmission performance |
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101508464A (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2009-08-19 | 武汉理工大学 | Process for preparing anatase type nano-titanium dioxide |
CN102086045A (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2011-06-08 | 北京大学 | TiO2 secondary nanorod array and preparation method and application thereof |
CN103523827A (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-22 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | Preparation method of three-dimensional dendritic TiO2 (titanium dioxide) array with rapid electronic transmission performance |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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"多支状TiO2纳米棒阵列的制备及光催化性能研究;吴亚丽等;《化工新型材料》;20150430;第43卷(第4期);第152-153页第1.3节、第2.2节及图2 * |
Branched TiO2 Nanorods for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production;In Sun Cho et al.;《Nano Letters》;20111014;第11卷;第4978-4984页 * |
Rutile TiO2 nano-branched arrays on FTO for dye-sensitized solar cells;Hua Wang et al.;《Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics》;20110311;第13卷;第7009页左栏第2段 * |
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