CN105496349B - Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measuring system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measuring system, wherein light emitted by a multi-wavelength beacon enters the pupil of a human eye through a collimating lens, a beam combining lens, a diaphragm and a spectroscope; the backward scattered light diffusely reflected from the eyeground passes through the pupil, passes through the spectroscope, the focusing system, the aperture matching system and the filter, the light with each wavelength respectively enters the corresponding Hartmann wavefront sensor, and the CCD of the Hartmann wavefront sensor transmits the acquired wavefront data to the computer. The computer converts the measured wavefront data into a Zernike polynomial, and calculates the axial chromatic aberration of the human eye through the fourth defocusing item of the Zernike polynomial coefficient of each wavelength; and calculating local lateral chromatic aberration corresponding to the pupil position of the human eye through the position deviation of each wavelength of each micro-transparent (or prism) mirror array of the Hartmann wavefront sensor. The invention realizes the purpose of avoiding the influence of retina shaking and dynamic aberration such as micro-quick saccade of human eyes on the chromatic aberration data on the premise of simultaneously measuring the transverse chromatic aberration and the axial chromatic aberration of the human eyes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of human eye chromatic aberration measurement, in particular to a Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measurement system.
Background
The human eye has a complex structure and its imaging system is composed mainly of the cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens and vitreous. The refractive power of each part is different and most of the cases we wish the fundus retina studied to be behind the imaging system of the human eye. The process that multi-wavelength light enters the fundus retina through the light transmission system is accompanied by the generation of chromatic aberration, and researches show that the irregularity of the cornea is the main reason of the generation of transverse chromatic aberration. In other words, both fundus retinal imaging at multiple wavelengths, and intraocular lens (IOL) eye evaluation required for cataract reconstructive surgery, as well as other pre-and post-operative eye aberration assessments, may be required to measure, correct, and compensate for eye aberrations. Therefore, the method has great significance in researching the measurement of the chromatic aberration of human eyes, and is an important prerequisite for improving the retinal imaging quality and ensuring that cataract patients can clearly see objects under visible light.
From knowledge of geometric optics, chromatic aberration of the human eye can be divided into axial chromatic aberration and lateral chromatic aberration. Axial Chromatic Aberration (LCA) for short, describes the difference of two color lights on the imaging position of an on-axis object point, and causes the defocusing of the retina imaging; lateral chromatic aberration (TCA) is mainly caused by the dispersive properties of the optical system of the human eye, and appears as a difference in image magnification and a change in spatial displacement in retinal imaging (see fig. 1).
If the imaging system of the human eye, which consists of the cornea, the anterior chamber, the iris, the crystalline lens and the vitreous body, is regarded as a lens combination system, and since the object space is a real object and the chromatic aberration of the object space is 0, the on-axis chromatic aberration can be defined as (geometric optics, aberration, optical design, litong dawn, wann mega feng, fang shi fu, second edition of 12 months 2012):
wherein sigma C1A chromatic difference coefficient for the primary axis, also defined as a first chromatic difference sum; n'kIs the refractive index of the different constituent parts, ukThe angle of view of each portion.
Similarly, lateral chromatic aberration can be defined as:
wherein sigma CΠIs the primary lateral color difference coefficient, and is also defined as the sum of the secondary color differences. As can be seen from the formula of the lateral chromatic aberration, the primary lateral chromatic aberration is proportional to the first power of the field of view only, indicating that the optical system has a detrimental effect on the lateral chromatic aberration when the field of view is not large.
Monochromatic spherical waves (or plane waves) are distorted by aberrations after passing through the optical system. If the object spherical wave is complex color, each color wave surface will be deformed to different degrees due to different aberration after passing through the system. The deviation between the wave surfaces of two lights with different wavelengths can be used to characterize the chromatic aberration, which is called wave chromatic aberration. Conventionally, axial chromatic aberration is generally expressed in units of power, while lateral chromatic aberration is expressed in units of angle.
From the 40 s in the twentieth century, studies on measurement of chromatic aberration of human eyes have been carried out, and George Wald et al measured with a spectral pore refractor gave an LCA of 3.2D in 365nm to 750nm for 14 human eyes (George Wald, Donald R, Griffin. May 1947, Vol.37, No. 5: 321-336). Until today, the research of chromatic aberration measurement has never been stopped, and the methods of chromatic aberration measurement can be divided into direct measurement methods and indirect measurement methods, wherein the direct measurement methods are developed into more accurate and rapid objective measurement methods from subjective measurement methods, and the indirect measurement methods are simulated and researched by establishing simulated human eyes through software.
If the color difference is classified according to the color difference types, the color difference is classified into axial color difference and transverse color difference. The axial chromatic aberration is measured along with the development of a Hartmann human eye aberration technology, and the axial chromatic aberration can be obtained by subtracting the fourth defocusing term coefficients of Zernike polynomials with different wavelengths.
In 2008, Silvestre Manzanera et al used a Hartmann wavefront sensor to make objective measurements of human eye LCA. The method specifically adopts a Xe white light lamp and an interference filter for wavelength selection as light sources, a Hartmann wavefront sensor is used for collecting wavefront information of human eyes, and a movable zoom module is adopted to adapt to adjustment of wavelength changing focal length. The research method does not realize the measurement of the lateral chromatic aberration of human eyes.
For the measurement of lateral chromatic aberration, in 1987, Youmay U.Ogboso and Harold E.Bedell subjectively measure lateral chromatic aberration by the two-color visual scale method (magnetic of lateral chromatic aberration access thermal of the human eye. Youmay U.Ogboso, Harold E.Bedell.optical Society of America.1987.august. Vol.4, Nos. 8.1666-1672). In 2012, Wolf m.harmening objectively measures the lateral chromatic aberration through the offset between fundus imaging images of different wavelengths of light, compares the lateral chromatic aberration with a subjective method, and verifies the accuracy. (Measurement and correction of transverse chromatic aberrations for multi-horizontal chromatic aberration in the living eye. wolf M. Harmening, Pavan Tiruveedhua, Austin Roorda. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS.2012september. Vol.3, No. 9.2066-2077) 2013, Hoffon et al in his patent (Hartmann sensor-based chromatic aberration measuring apparatus for human eyes, grant No. CN103230254A) proposed another method for measuring chromatic aberration of human eyes by using Hartmann, which can measure the lateral chromatic aberration and axial chromatic aberration of human eyes at different times. The method adopts a monochromatic light source which alternately emits light, and the wavefront information of each wavelength is measured in a time-sharing manner through a Hartmann wavefront sensor, and then the chromatic aberration of human eyes is obtained through calculation. The method has the following defects:
1. in the actual hartmann monochromatic aberration measurement, in the state of fixation, the human eye of the living body inevitably has tremor, micro saccade and offset drift (Ralf Engbert, reinholdpiligl vision research 432003: 1035-.
In these retinal tremors, the irregular, high-frequency (50-100 Hz) tremor amplitude is extremely small, about the size of the cone cell diameter, only about 20 seconds visual angle; micro saccadic velocities of about a few minutes of visual angle per second; the excursion formed by a large amount of tremor movement can reach 6 minutes of visual angle, and is a slow curvilinear movement. Micro saccades are known to be the major cause of retinal jitter. At the same time, dynamic changes in the intrinsic aberrations of the human eye also have an influence on the measurement.
2. Due to the range limitation of Hartmann, perfect retinal focusing may not be achieved for ametropia human eyes, resulting in inaccurate measurement results.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects of the existing Hartmann chromatic aberration measurement system, provides a human eye chromatic aberration measurement system based on a Hartmann wavefront sensor, is an optical instrument capable of simultaneously measuring the transverse chromatic aberration and the axial chromatic aberration of human eyes, and aims to realize accurate measurement of two chromatic aberrations (transverse chromatic aberration and axial chromatic aberration) of human eyes, thereby providing more reliable data for fundus imaging diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases and treatment of diseased eyes. Three Hartmann wavefront sensors are used for simultaneously acquiring data of light with three wavelengths, so that errors caused by retina shaking and dynamic change of human eye aberration along with time are avoided, and the experiment is simplified; the tested human eye with ametropia can be pre-corrected by adding a trial lens trim in front of the human eye, and a defocusing compensation system is added into the system for compensation.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measuring system comprises a visible light or near infrared light beacon capable of being focused in advance, a diaphragm, a first spectroscope, a living human eye, a focusing system, a second spectroscope, a caliber matching system, a first filter, a second reflector, three Hartmann wavefront sensors, an observation target system and a computer; the visible light or near infrared light beacon capable of being pre-focused comprises a first wavelength beacon, a second wavelength beacon, a third wavelength beacon, a first reflector, a first beam combiner and a second beam combiner; the three Hartmann wavefront sensors are a first Hartmann wavefront sensor, a second Hartmann wavefront sensor and a third Hartmann wavefront sensor;
the beacon light is reflected by the first beam combining mirror after being reflected by the first beam combining mirror, then reflected by the second beam combining mirror, emitted by the second wavelength beacon of the visible light or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon, pre-collimated, reflected by the first beam combining mirror, then reflected by the second beam combining mirror, transmitted by the second beam combining mirror, and finally converged into incoherent discrete light by the second beam combining mirror, and reflected by the first beam splitting mirror to enter the pupil of the human eye; the backward scattering light reflected diffusely by the retina of the eye fundus of the human eye passes through a first spectroscope, a focusing system and a second spectroscope and passes through an aperture matching system, a first filter selects first wavelength light to transmit and enter a first Hartmann wavefront sensor, in the same way, the two remaining beams of light reflected by the first filter select second wavelength light to reflect to a second Hartmann wavefront sensor through a second filter, the last beam of light passes through the second filter and is reflected by a second reflector and enters a third Hartmann wavefront sensor, the three Hartmann wavefront sensors send collected light spot images to a computer, the computer converts the measured wave phase difference of the human eye into a Zernike polynomial through control software according to the measured wave phase difference of the human eye at three wavelengths, and the axial chromatic aberration of the human eye is calculated through the difference of the fourth term (namely the coefficient of the Zernike polynomial at each wavelength and defocused); calculating local lateral chromatic aberration corresponding to the pupil position according to the position deviation of each wavelength in each microlens or prism or certain microlens or prism area of the corresponding Hartmann wavefront sensor;
the position of an observation target system is changed, so that the eyes can actively rotate the eyeballs, the angles of the visual axis and the measuring axis are changed, and the method is used for measuring the chromatic aberration of the eyes under different visual axis angles; the focusing system is moved back and forth, and focusing before measurement is carried out in cooperation with an observation target system.
The visible light or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon is a superposition effect considering a combination of a plurality of discrete wavelengths, is incident to human eyes to meet the safety dosage of the human eyes, and can be a visible light or near infrared laser, a visible light or near infrared semiconductor laser, or a visible light or near infrared super-radiation semiconductor device.
The three Hartmann wavefront sensors can simultaneously acquire wavefront data with different wavelengths.
The local lateral chromatic aberration measurement can be performed by increasing or decreasing the number of the microlens or prism array units or selecting some adjacent microlenses or prisms to narrow or enlarge the local pupil range of each measurement.
The three Hartmann wavefront sensors are all Hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro prism array or Hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro lens array.
The focusing system can be a double-lens 4F system or a Badal focusing system and is used for compensating large defocusing which cannot be measured by the system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention realizes the simultaneous measurement of the axial chromatic aberration and the transverse chromatic aberration of human eyes, is an objective measurement method, and does not need a measured person to receive training;
2. the invention adopts three Hartmann to measure the human eye wave aberration with different wavelengths simultaneously, thereby overcoming the experimental error caused by micro rapid scanning and human eye aberration fluctuation, namely avoiding the error caused by time factor.
3. The invention has a focusing system, which can compensate the larger defocusing that Hartmann can not measure.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of axial and lateral chromatic aberration in geometrical optics;
in the figure, a dotted line and a solid line respectively represent two color lights with different wavelengths, the upper left figure is the axial chromatic aberration of an image space, the upper right figure is the axial chromatic aberration of an object space, the lower left figure is the transverse chromatic aberration of the image space at a certain pupil position, and the lower right figure is the transverse chromatic aberration of the object space at a certain pupil position;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of three Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measurement systems;
in the figures, 1, 3, 5 are a first wavelength beacon, a second wavelength beacon, and a third wavelength beacon of a visible or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon which can be focused in advance, 2 is a first reflector, 4 is a first beam combiner, 6 is a second beam combiner, 7 is a diaphragm, 8 is a first beam splitter, 9 is a living human eye, 10 is a focusing system, 11 is a second beam splitter, 12 is a caliber matching system, 13 is a first filter, 15 is a second filter, 17 is a second reflector, 14, 16, 18 are three hartmann wavefront sensors, namely a first hartmann wavefront sensor 14, a second hartmann wavefront sensor 16, third hartmann wavefront sensors 18, 19 are observation target systems, and 20 is a computer;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a Hartmann wavefront sensor microlens array, where a light beam from a microlens converges on a CCD surface;
in the figure, a solid line and a dotted line respectively represent two beams of light with different wavelengths, a solid point and a hollow point respectively correspond to the light of the solid line and the light of the dotted line, the left figure is the deviation of the two beams of light with different wavelengths in the Y direction, and the right figure is the left view, so that the deviation of the two beams of light with different wavelengths in the X and Y directions can be seen.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and the detailed description.
As shown in fig. 2, a hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measurement system of the present invention includes a focusable visible light or near infrared light beacon, a diaphragm 7, a first spectroscope 8, a living human eye 9, a focusing system 10, a second spectroscope 11, an aperture matching system 12, a first filter 13, a second filter 15, a second mirror 17, three hartmann wavefront sensors 14, 16, 18, an observation target system 19, and a computer 20. The visible light or near infrared light beacon capable of being pre-focused comprises a first wavelength beacon 1, a second wavelength beacon 3, a third wavelength beacon 5, a first reflecting mirror 2, a first beam combining mirror 4 and a second beam combining mirror 6, wherein the visible light or near infrared light beacon can be a laser, a semiconductor laser diode and a super luminescent center diode-SLD; the first, second and third hartmann wavefront sensors 14, 16 and 18 can be hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro-prism array or hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro-lens array; the beam combiner and the filter can be a hot mirror, a cold mirror or a dichroic filter; the spectroscope can be a glass spectroscope or a thin film spectroscope; the focusing system may be a two-lens 4F system, a Badal focusing system.
The Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measurement system of the embodiment works as follows: beacon light is emitted by a first wavelength beacon 1, a second wavelength beacon 3 and a third wavelength beacon 5 of a visible or near-infrared three-wavelength beacon, and after being collimated in advance, the beacon light converges three light beams into a beam of incoherent discrete light through a first reflector 2, a first beam combiner 4 and a second beam combiner 6, and the incoherent discrete light is reflected by a diaphragm 7 and a first beam splitter 8 to enter the pupil 9 of a human eye; the backward scattering light reflected diffusely by the retina of the eye fundus of the human eye 9 passes through a first spectroscope 8, a focusing system 10 and a second spectroscope 11, passes through an aperture matching system 12, first wavelength light selected by a first filter 13 is transmitted to enter a first Hartmann 14, in the same way, the remaining two beams reflected by the first filter 13 pass through a second filter 15 to be reflected to a second Hartmann 16, the last beam of light passes through the second filter 15 and is reflected by a second reflector 17 to enter a third Hartmann 18, the three Hartmann transmits the collected light spot images to a computer 20, the computer 20 converts the measured wave difference of the human eye at three wavelengths into a Zernike polynomial through control software, and the axial chromatic aberration of the human eye is calculated through the difference of the fourth terms (defocusing) of the Zernike polynomial coefficients of the wavelengths; and calculating the lateral chromatic aberration corresponding to the pupil position through the position deviation of each wavelength in each microlens (or prism) or some microlens (or prism) areas of the corresponding Hartmann wavefront sensor. The eye 9 actively rotates the eyeball by changing the position of the observation target system 19, so that the angle between the visual axis and the measuring axis is changed, and the method is used for measuring the chromatic aberration of the eye 9 under different visual axis angles; focusing before measurement is performed in cooperation with the observation target system 19 by moving the focusing system 10 forward and backward.
When the measured wavefront is a circular domain wavefront, it can be described by a set of zernike polynomials:
in the formula,is the incident light wave front of a Hartmann wave front sensor (namely the reflected light wave front containing the aberration information of the human eye), a0Is an average phase wavefront; a iskIs the k-th Zernike polynomial coefficient; zkIs a k-th Zernike polynomial.
A zernike polynomial is a set of polynomials orthogonal over the circular domain, which is defined on a unit circle as:
wherein,
θ represents the different angles of the unit circle, m and n are the angular and radial frequencies, respectively, which are constant integers and satisfy:
m≤n，n-|m|＝even(4)
the first, second, and third hartmann wavefront sensors 14, 16, and 18 may be hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro prism array, or hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro lens array, and the difference between the two is mainly the manner of collecting wavefront information, but the processing procedure of the collected wavefront information is consistent (see fig. 2). The light spot deviation information collected on the focal plane of the micro prism or the micro lens array is processed by a computer, a centroid algorithm is adopted, and the position of the light spot is assumed to be (x)i，yi) Then the detected wavefront error information for the full aperture can be expressed as:
wherein, M is 1-M, N is 1-N is the pixel area mapped on the CCD photosensitive target surface, M and N are the horizontal and vertical pixel numbers of the sub-aperture mapped on the corresponding area on the photosensitive target surface, InmIs the signal received by the (n, m) th pixel on the CCD photosensitive target surface, xnm，ynmThe x-coordinate and the y-coordinate of the (n, m) -th pixel, respectively.
Calculating the wavefront slope G of the incident wavefront according to the following formulax，Gy：
Wherein s is the subaperture area; phi (x, y) is the incident beam wavefront phase; f is the focal length of the microlens.
The aberrated wavefront is transformed into a zernike polynomial that can be used for calculations, and a complete wavefront Φ (x, y) can be described by zernike polynomial (1). The slope data within the subaperture is related to the coefficients of the zernike polynomial:
whereinx、yFor wavefront phase measurement error, n is the mode order, Zxk(i) And Zyk(i) Is the average slope, S, of the kth Zernike polynomial over the ith sub-apertureiIs the normalized area of the sub-aperture. The relationship of the n Zernike coefficients of the m sub-aperture slopes is expressed by a matrix as:
is recorded as:
G＝DA+ (11)
for arbitrary 2m and n, the least squares and minimum norm solutions of the above equations can be used with the generalized inverse D+Represents:
A＝D+G (12)
the Zernike coefficient A is obtained here.
Zernike coefficient A with CnWherein n represents the nth term of the zernike coefficient.
The wave chromatic aberration among different wavelengths can be obtained through the wave plane difference of different wavelengths which is fitted by the wave front.
The process of solving for axial chromatic aberration by the zernike coefficient a is as follows:
astigmatism terms C in Y-direction and X-direction3、C5The angle of astigmatism can be calculated:
by calculating two intermediate variables B and E, where C4As defocus terms:
or
calculating the axial chromatic aberration of two wavelengths lambda 1 and lambda 2 in diopter unit through (11) and (12), wherein R is the pupil radius,an intermediate variable of E that is a 1,e intermediate variable for λ 2:
the process of solving lateral chromatic aberration by the deviation of each wavelength in each microlens or prism or some microlens or prism area of the microlens or prism array is as follows (taking a certain microlens as an example below):
given that each microlens of a microlens array has a radius r, a focal length f, and a wavelength λ 1 converging in the microlens region (x)1，y1) The wavelength λ 2 converges to (x)2，y2) If the distance between the converging points of the two wavelengths in the X direction is Δ X and the distance in the Y direction is Δ Y, then the local lateral chromatic aberration β corresponding to the pupil position of the human eye in the two directions X, Y of the microlens can be obtainedy、βxComprises the following steps:
Claims (5)
1. Hartmann human eye chromatic aberration measurement system, its characterized in that: the system comprises a visible light or near infrared light beacon capable of being focused in advance, a diaphragm (7), a first spectroscope (8), a living human eye (9), a focusing system (10), a second spectroscope (11), an aperture matching system (12), a first filter (13), a second filter (15), a second reflector (17), three Hartmann wavefront sensors (14, 16 and 18), an observation target system (19) and a computer (20); the visible light or near infrared light beacon capable of being pre-focused comprises a first wavelength beacon (1), a second wavelength beacon (3), a third wavelength beacon (5), a first reflector (2), a first beam combiner (4) and a second beam combiner (6); the three Hartmann wavefront sensors (14, 16, 18) are a first Hartmann wavefront sensor (14), a second Hartmann wavefront sensor (16) and a third Hartmann wavefront sensor (18);
a first wavelength beacon (1) of a visible light or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon emits beacon light which is collimated in advance, after being reflected by the first reflector (2), the light is transmitted by the first beam combiner (4) to the second beam combiner (6) and then is reflected by the second beam combiner (6), the beacon light of the second wavelength (3) of the visible light or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon emits beacon light which is collimated in advance, reflected by the first beam combiner (4), reaches the second beam combiner (6), and is reflected by the second beam combiner (6), the beacon light is emitted by a third wavelength beacon (5) of the visible light or near infrared light three-wavelength beacon, and is transmitted by a second beam combiner (6) after being collimated in advance, the second beam combining mirror (6) converges the three light waves into a beam of incoherent discrete light, and the incoherent discrete light is reflected by the diaphragm (7) and the first beam splitter (8) and enters the pupil of the human eye (9); the backscattered light diffusely reflected by the fundus retina of a human eye (9) passes through a first spectroscope (8), a focusing system (10) and a second spectroscope (11) and passes through an aperture matching system (12), a first filter (13) selects first wavelength light to transmit and enter a first Hartmann wavefront sensor (14), similarly, the remaining two beams of light reflected by the first filter (13) select second wavelength light to reflect to a second Hartmann wavefront sensor (16) through a second filter (15), the last beam of light is reflected by a second mirror (17) through the second filter (15) and enters a third Hartmann wavefront sensor (18), the three Hartmann wavefront sensors (14, 16 and 18) send collected light spot images to a computer (20), and the computer (20) is converted into a Zernike polynomial three-wave form through control software according to the measured wavelength human eye wave phase difference, calculating the axial chromatic aberration of the human eyes through the difference of the fourth term of the coefficients of the Zernike polynomials of all the wavelengths; calculating local lateral chromatic aberration corresponding to the pupil position according to the position deviation of each wavelength in each microlens or prism or certain microlens or prism area of the corresponding Hartmann wavefront sensor;
the position of an observation target system (19) is changed, so that the eyes (9) actively rotate eyeballs, and the angle between the visual axis and the measuring axis is changed, and the method is used for measuring the chromatic aberration of the eyes (9) under different visual axis angles; the focusing system (10) is moved back and forth to cooperate with an observation target system (19) to perform focusing before measurement.
2. The hartmann human eye aberration measurement system of claim 1, wherein: the three-wavelength beacons (1, 3 and 5) are combined by considering the superposition effect of a plurality of discrete wavelength combinations, are incident to human eyes at the same time, meet the safety dose of the human eyes, and can be visible light lasers and near infrared lasers.
3. The hartmann human eye aberration measurement system of claim 1, wherein: the three Hartmann wavefront sensors (14, 16, 18) enable simultaneous acquisition of wavefront data at different wavelengths.
4. The hartmann human eye aberration measurement system of claim 1, wherein: the local lateral chromatic aberration measurement can reduce or enlarge the local range of the pupil of each measurement by increasing or decreasing the unit number of the microlens or prism array or selecting some adjacent microlenses or prisms.
5. The hartmann human eye aberration measurement system of claim 1, wherein: the three Hartmann wavefront sensors (14, 16, 18) are all Hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro prism array or Hartmann wavefront sensors based on a micro lens array.
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