CN105470435A - Non-woven fabric based multi-layer composite diaphragm for lithium ion battery and preparation method of multi-layer composite diaphragm - Google Patents
Non-woven fabric based multi-layer composite diaphragm for lithium ion battery and preparation method of multi-layer composite diaphragm Download PDFInfo
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- CN105470435A CN105470435A CN201610020376.8A CN201610020376A CN105470435A CN 105470435 A CN105470435 A CN 105470435A CN 201610020376 A CN201610020376 A CN 201610020376A CN 105470435 A CN105470435 A CN 105470435A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The invention discloses a non-woven fabric based multi-layer composite diaphragm for a lithium ion battery and a preparation method of the multi-layer composite diaphragm. The non-woven fabric based multi-layer composite diaphragm comprises a non-woven fabric base material, an intermediate thermoplastic material coating and an outer-layer ceramic coating. The preparation method comprises the following steps of (1) mixing and uniformly stirring thermoplastic material particles, a binding agent and a solvent to form a mixed emulsion 1, and mixing and uniformly stirring inorganic particles, the binding agent and the solvent to form a mixed emulsion 2; and (2) uniformly applying the mixed emulsion 1 on one surface of the non-woven fabric base material, drying the mixed emulsion 1 to form the thermoplastic material coating, applying the mixed emulsion 2 on the thermoplastic material coating, drying the mixed emulsion 2 to form a ceramic coating, and rolling the ceramic coating to prepare a three-layer composite diaphragm. The three-layer composite diaphragm prepared according to the method has high-temperature obturator performance, favorable liquid absorption capability and mechanical property.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of lithium ion, be specifically related to a kind of lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane based on nonwoven fabrics and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
The major function of lithium ion battery septation is isolation both positive and negative polarity and stops electronics to pass, and lithium ion can be allowed to pass through simultaneously, thus in charge and discharge process, complete the fast transport of lithium ion between both positive and negative polarity.The quality of membrane properties directly affects the quality of the internal resistance of cell, discharge capacity, service life cycle and battery safety.Polyolefine material has excellent mechanical property, chemical stability and relatively inexpensive feature, just be used widely at the lithium battery research and development initial stage, and become the main flow direction of lithium electric separator, as single-layer polypropylene (PP) microporous barrier, monolayer polyethylene (PE) microporous barrier and three layers of PP/PE/PP composite membrane.This kind of barrier film is when temperature rises to a certain degree, and micropore can close, and interrupts electrochemistry process in time, prevents thermal runaway.If but temperature raises further, barrier film will melt, and causes internal short-circuit of battery, and then causes battery to disintegrate or blast.In addition, polyolefin parent electrolyte ability, keeps electrolyte scarce capacity, causes the poor performance such as battery cycle life, high current charge-discharge, and these shortcomings limit its use at power energy-storage battery.
Nonwoven fabrics barrier film is the non-woven structure film that polymer fiber material is formed by stacking mode.Because it has three-D pore structure, effectively can avoid the short circuit phenomenon because acupuncture causes and improve protecting liquid rate; Have in addition high temperature resistant, porosity is high, with the advantage such as compatibility of electrolyte is good, be subject to lithium battery industry in recent years and more and more paid close attention to.But the pore-size distribution of nonwoven fabrics barrier film is wider, there is a certain proportion of macropore to exist, directly use as lithium ion battery separator and may cause local big current and dendritic growth; And the mechanical strength of nonwoven fabrics is poor, cannot at increasingly automated production equipment as sutomatic winding machine normally use, have a strong impact on its application in field of lithium ion battery.
Inorganic nanoparticles or inorganic nanoparticles, in the method for nonwoven fabrics membrane surface coated ceramic particle, are coated on the one-sided of nonwoven fabrics barrier film or both sides improving the stability of barrier film with organic high molecular polymer by the patent disclosure such as CN103928649, CN103618056.But this kind of composite diaphragm does not have closed pore function, electrochemistry process can not be interrupted in time when temperature rises, constant temperature cannot be stoped to rise, therefore still there is certain potential safety hazard.
CN103887464A discloses the method using thermoplastic granulates to fill nonwoven fabrics membrane pore size, although this kind of structure has closed pore performance, when temperature is too high, thermoplastic granulates and nonwoven fabrics barrier film occur to melt and just lose safety protection function.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane based on nonwoven fabrics and preparation method thereof, prepared barrier film has high temperature closed pore characteristic, good imbibition ability and mechanical performance.
Based on a lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane for nonwoven fabrics, be from bottom to top followed successively by non-woven fabrics base material, thermoplastic coating and ceramic coating.
Multilayer composite membrane provided by the invention, comprise non-woven fabrics base material, middle thermoplastic coating and outer field ceramic coating, its multi-layer compound structure effectively can improve the high temperature closed pore performance of barrier film, improve hot strength and the punctured resistance of barrier film, strengthen mechanical operability and puncture resistant characteristic; Also improve the electrolyte liquid absorption of barrier film simultaneously, further improve the cycle performance of barrier film.
As preferably, the selection of described non-woven fabrics base material is polyolefin (PE), polyimides (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)), at least one in cellulose, polyamide (PA), PPTA (PPTA) or spandex (PU).
Described non-woven fabrics base material is the film that above-mentioned material is manufactured by nonwoven processes.
The thickness of described non-woven fabrics base material is 5 ~ 30 μm, and porosity is 30 ~ 90%, and average pore size is 0.5 ~ 5 μm.
The thickness of described thermoplastic coating is 2-10 μm, and the thickness of ceramic coating is 2 ~ 10 μm.
The thickness of lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of the present invention is 10 ~ 30 μm, and porosity is 30 ~ 70%, and average pore size is 50 ~ 500nm.This multilayer composite membrane has high temperature closed pore characteristic, good imbibition ability and mechanical performance.
The present invention also provides a kind of described lithium ion battery preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane based on nonwoven fabrics, comprises the steps:
Step (1): thermoplastic particle, binding agent are stirred together with solvent, forms mixed emulsion 1; Inorganic particle, binding agent are stirred together with solvent, forms mixed emulsion 2;
Step (2): the one side first mixed emulsion 1 being evenly coated in non-woven fabrics base material, dry, form thermoplastic coating; Again mixed emulsion 2 is coated in thermoplastic coating, dry, form ceramic coating; Roll-in, obtained composite diaphragm.
Preferably, described solvent is at least one in water, 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE and DMF.
Further preferably, when solvent is water, binding agent is at least one in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR), gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylate based terpolymers latex (LA132, LA133);
When solvent is 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE or N, during dinethylformamide, binding agent is at least one in Kynoar (PVDF), Kynoar-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
When the water soluble polymer compositions such as the mixture of the mixture of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR), gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) make binding agent, the performance of the multilayer composite membrane obtained by ratio regular meeting impact of each composition, when binding agent is CMC and SBR, the weight ratio of CMC:SBR is preferably 1:2 ~ 2:1.
When binding agent be gelatin and PVA time, the weight ratio of gelatin: PVA is preferably 1:5 ~ 1:20.
As preferably, described inorganic particle is at least one in alundum (Al2O3), silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide or titanium dioxide.
The particle diameter of described inorganic particle is 20nm ~ 1 μm.
As preferably, described thermoplastic particle is at least one in polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyolefin elastomer, polyformaldehyde, Merlon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide.
The particle diameter of described thermoplastic particle is 20nm ~ 1 μm.
Preferably, in described mixed emulsion 1, the mass ratio of thermoplastic particle and binding agent is 1:1 ~ 19:1, and the mass fraction of solvent is 50 ~ 90%; In described mixed emulsion 2, the mass ratio of ceramic particle and binding agent is 1:1 ~ 49:1, and the mass fraction of solvent is 40 ~ 90%.
Compared with existing nonwoven fabrics ceramic diaphragm, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
(1) thermoplastic coating has the performance by thermal softening closed pore, adds the high-temperature stability of barrier film.
(2) ceramic coating provides the protection of more high-level, even if non-woven fabrics base material and thermoplastic coating melt, still can stop electrode contact, prevent short circuit.
(3) multi-layer compound structure substantially increases the electrolyte liquid absorption of barrier film, further improves the cycle performance of barrier film.
(4) multi-layer compound structure effectively improves hot strength and the punctured resistance of barrier film, enhances mechanically actuated operation and puncture resistant characteristic.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane structural representation that the present invention is based on nonwoven fabrics.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, for the present invention is based on the structural representation of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, comprise non-woven fabrics base material 1, middle thermoplastic coating 2 and outer field ceramic coating 3.
Embodiment 1
1, be polyethylene (PE) micro mist of 100nm by 1g particle diameter, 0.2g sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 0.2g butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR) and 10g deionized water mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 1.
2, be the alundum (Al2O3) powder of 200nm by 2g particle diameter, 0.2g sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 0.2g butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR) and 10g deionized water mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 2.
3, mixed emulsion 1 is evenly coated in by coating machine the one side that thickness is 20 μm, porosity is polyethylene (PE) the nonwoven fabrics barrier film of 72%, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the thermoplastic coating that thickness is 2 μm.
4, mixed emulsion 2 is evenly coated in the surface of thermoplastic coating by coating machine, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the ceramic coating that thickness is 3 μm.Again through roll-in, form three layers of composite diaphragm A1.
Embodiment 2
1, be polypropylene (PP) micro mist of 200nm by 1g particle diameter, 0.2g Kynoar (PVDF) and 7gN-methyl pyrrolidone mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 1.
2, be the zirconium dioxide powder of 300nm by 2g particle diameter, 0.2g Kynoar (PVDF) and 7gN-methyl pyrrolidone mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 2.
3, mixed emulsion 1 being evenly coated in thickness by coating machine is 10 μm, and porosity is the one side of polyimides (PI) the nonwoven fabrics barrier film of 68%, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, forms the thermoplastic coating that thickness is 3 μm.
4, mixed emulsion 2 is evenly coated in the surface of thermoplastic coating by coating machine, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the ceramic coating that thickness is 5 μm.Again through roll-in, form three layers of composite diaphragm A2.
Embodiment 3
1, be polystyrene (PS) micro mist of 400nm by 1.5g particle diameter, 0.7g polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 0.1 gelatin and 10g deionized water mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 1.
2, be the silicon-dioxide powdery of 100nm by 3g particle diameter, 0.7g polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 0.1 gelatin and 10g deionized water mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 2.
3, mixed emulsion 1 is evenly coated in by coating machine the one side that thickness is 15 μm, porosity is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) the nonwoven fabrics barrier film of 75%, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the thermoplastic coating that thickness is 4 μm.
4, mixed emulsion 2 is evenly coated in the surface of thermoplastic coating by coating machine, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the ceramic coating that thickness is 3 μm.Again through roll-in, form three layers of composite diaphragm A3.
Embodiment 4
1, be polyvinyl chloride (PVC) micro mist of 200nm by 2.1g particle diameter, 0.3g Kynoar-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and 10gN-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 1.
2, be the titanium dioxide powder of 500nm by 3g particle diameter, 0.3g Kynoar-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and 10gN-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) mix and stir, and obtains mixed emulsion 2.
3, mixed emulsion 1 is evenly coated in by coating machine the one side that thickness is 15 μm, porosity is polyimides (PI) the nonwoven fabrics barrier film of 81%, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the thermoplastic coating that thickness is 2 μm.
4, mixed emulsion 2 is evenly coated in the surface of thermoplastic coating by coating machine, dries under 80 DEG C of conditions, form the ceramic coating that thickness is 4 μm.Again through roll-in, form three layers of composite diaphragm A4.
Comparative example 1
The place different from embodiment 1 is, does not apply thermoplastic coating, directly mixed emulsion 2 is coated in the one side of nonwoven fabrics barrier film, and through super-dry, roll-in, obtains two-layer compound barrier film B1.
Comparative example 2
The place different from embodiment 2 is, does not apply thermoplastic coating, directly mixed emulsion 2 is coated in the one side of nonwoven fabrics barrier film, and through super-dry, roll-in, obtains two-layer compound barrier film B2.
Cycle performance is tested:
Make positive pole with nickle cobalt lithium manganate (NCM532), lithium sheet makes negative pole, LiPF
6be dissolved in EC, DEC and make electrolyte, the barrier film prepared by embodiment and comparative example is assembled into button cell.Charge and discharge cycles 100 times under 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C multiplying power respectively, calculated capacity conservation rate, result is as shown in table 1:
Table 1
| Sample | 0.2C | 0.5C | 1C |
| A1 | 89.3％ | 84.7％ | 76.2％ |
| A2 | 88.8％ | 83.9％ | 75.5％ |
| A3 | 90.6％ | 85.7％ | 76.9％ |
| A4 | 90.5％ | 84.4％ | 77.5％ |
| B1 | 85.8％ | 81.9％ | 73.3％ |
| B2 | 86.9％ | 82.6％ | 71.8％ |
Interpretation of result:
Analyzed from Electrochemical results, three layers of composite diaphragm cycle performance in embodiment are obviously better than the two-layer separator being only coated with pottery in comparative example, want, obviously more than two-layer separator, to be conducive to the maintenance of capacity this is because liquid measure protected by the electrolyte of three layers of barrier film.
Gas permeability is tested:
Barrier film prepared by embodiment and comparative example is placed in respectively 0.5h under room temperature, 120 DEG C, 160 DEG C conditions, then measure its air permeability (Gurley value, unit: sec/100mL), result is as shown in table 2:
Table 2
"-" in table 2 represents that numerical value is very large, is difficult to measure.
Interpretation of result:
From air permeability measurement result, barrier film prepared by embodiment all shows closed pore function under condition of different temperatures, causes gas cannot be through, has blocked the transmission of lithium ion, and then has stopped electrochemical reaction process, stoped temperature to rise further.Even and if barrier film prepared by comparative example still shows good gas permeability under the high temperature conditions, effectively can not block lithium ion transport, constant temperature likely can be caused to rise, and then harm lithium ion battery safety.
Claims (10)
1. based on a lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane for nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, be from bottom to top followed successively by non-woven fabrics base material, thermoplastic coating and ceramic coating.
2. according to claim 1 based on the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, the selection of described non-woven fabrics base material is at least one in polyolefin, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, cellulose, polyamide, PPTA and spandex.
3. according to claim 2 based on the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, the thickness of described non-woven fabrics base material is 5 ~ 30 μm, and porosity is 30 ~ 90%, and average pore size is 0.5 ~ 5 μm.
4. according to claim 1 based on the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, the thickness of described thermoplastic coating is 2-10 μm, and the thickness of ceramic coating is 2 ~ 10 μm.
5. as described in claim as arbitrary in Claims 1 to 4 based on a preparation method for the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
Step (1): thermoplastic particle, binding agent are stirred together with solvent, forms mixed emulsion 1; Inorganic particle, binding agent are stirred together with solvent, forms mixed emulsion 2;
Step (2): the one side first mixed emulsion 1 being evenly coated in non-woven fabrics base material, dry, form thermoplastic coating; Again mixed emulsion 2 is coated in thermoplastic coating, dry, form ceramic coating; Roll-in, obtained composite diaphragm.
6. according to claim 5 based on the preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, described solvent is at least one in water, 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE and DMF.
7. according to claim 6 based on the preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, when solvent is water, binding agent is at least one in sodium carboxymethylcellulose/butadiene-styrene rubber mixture, gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol mixture and polyacrylate based terpolymers latex;
When solvent be 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE or DMF time, binding agent is at least one in Kynoar, Kynoar-hexafluoropropylene and polymethyl methacrylate.
8. according to claim 5 based on the preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, described thermoplastic particle is at least one in polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyolefin elastomer, polyformaldehyde, Merlon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide; Described inorganic particle is at least one in alundum (Al2O3), silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide and titanium dioxide.
9. according to claim 5 based on the preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, the particle diameter of described thermoplastic particle is 20nm ~ 1 μm; The particle diameter of described inorganic particle is 20nm ~ 1 μm.
10. according to claim 5 based on the preparation method of the lithium ion battery multilayer composite membrane of nonwoven fabrics, it is characterized in that, in described mixed emulsion 1, the mass ratio of thermoplastic particle and binding agent is 1:1 ~ 19:1, and the mass fraction of solvent is 50 ~ 90%; In described mixed emulsion 2, the mass ratio of ceramic particle and binding agent is 1:1 ~ 49:1, and the mass fraction of solvent is 40 ~ 90%.
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