CN105462387A - Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105462387A CN105462387A CN201511010071.0A CN201511010071A CN105462387A CN 105462387 A CN105462387 A CN 105462387A CN 201511010071 A CN201511010071 A CN 201511010071A CN 105462387 A CN105462387 A CN 105462387A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- coating
- emulsion
- paint
- polyoxyethylene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/63—Additives non-macromolecular organic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
- C08L2205/035—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend containing four or more polymers in a blend
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a novel high-stability paint which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 3.5-7.5 parts of ultraviolet absorbent, 2-5 parts of N-methyl fatty amido taurate, 4.3-5.6 parts of monoethoxy alcohol ester succinate sulfonate, 4-6 parts of alizarin oil, 3.2-5.4 parts of phenethyl cumenyl phenol polyethenoxy ether, 2.5-3.5 parts of fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester phosphate, 8.5-10.8 parts of emulsion, 0.1-0.2 part of anti-aging agent and 0.15-0.32 part of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether. The paint has low environmental pollution, and can be used as an environment-friendly material. The paint has the advantages of high production efficiency, low energy consumption, low cost and the like. The novel high-stability paint has improved heat resistance and water resistance, and can not cause optical signal loss or adhesive strength reduction even when being immersed in water at high temperature for a long time. Therefore, the optical fiber has improved thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, and especially does not have shedding when being immersed in 45-85-DEG C water for along time. The paint has the characteristics of higher water resistance, higher adhesive strength with the glass fiber substrate, and very high thermal, mechanical and chemical stability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of coating, especially relate to high coating of a kind of stable and preparation method thereof, belong to paint field.
Background technology
Optical fiber for electronics, information processing and field of telecommunications is made up of the ultraviolet solidifiable coating with low shock strength, is coated with this coating minimum to the distortion or loss of optical signal that make fiber.Such coating needs has and changes by outside atmosphere the minimized character of undesirable impact particularly seeping water and cause, and also requires to give tensile strength and other performance that coating improves, and does not cause optical signal to be deteriorated.Known packets provides containing the composition of organo-siloxane the coating meeting above-mentioned requirements, and it has lower glass transition temperatures and good hydrophobicity, but, be difficult to prepare evenly and there is the coating of gratifying thermostability.In addition, reported that acrylate composition that fluorine replaces provides hydrophobicity and the thermostability of improvement.But said composition is not exclusively compatible with non-fluoridate organic composite, and this makes its application be restricted, and its manufacturing cost is high.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, technical problem to be solved by this invention is, provides coating that a kind of stable is high and preparation method thereof, improves its water tolerance and the bond strength with fiberglass substrate, has very high heat, machinery and chemical stability.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is, the coating that a kind of stable is high, and it is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:
UV light absorber 3.5-7.5 part; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 2-5 part; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.3-5.6 part; turkey red oil 4-6 part; styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 3.2-5.4 part, polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 2.5-3.5 part, emulsion 8.5-10.8 part; anti-aging agent 0.1-0.2 part, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.15-0.32 part.
Optimize, the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, it is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:
UV light absorber 3.5 parts; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 2 parts; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.3 parts; turkey red oil 4 parts; styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 3.2 parts, polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 2.5 parts, emulsion 8.5 parts; 0.1 part, anti-aging agent, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.15 part.
Optimize, the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, its emulsion is fluorine carbon emulsion.
Optimize, the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, its UV light absorber is salicylate system absorption agent or hexichol first copper system absorption agent.
A preparation method for the coating that stable is high, comprises the following steps:
1) UV light absorber and N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate is taken by above-mentioned formula ratio, after adding mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate and turkey red oil, one piece is placed in reactor, be heated to 90 DEG C, be incubated and be cooled to room temperature after 4-6 hour stirs;
2) the styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether of formula ratio and polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt are added reactor, carry out dispersion with 600-700r/min and stir 15-20min, be then heated to 55-60 DEG C;
3) take emulsion by formula ratio, add in the mixture in previous step and fully dissolve;
4) mixture in previous step is adopted ultrasonication, ultrasonication condition is: power is 200W-250W, process 10-15 minute;
5) take anti-aging agent and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene, put into the mixture that previous step is crossed through ultrasonication, be heated to 40-48 DEG C, after insulation 20-30min, be cooled to room temperature.
The coating environmental pollution that stable of the present invention is high is low, can be used as environment-friendly materials; There is the advantages such as high efficiency, low power consuming and low cost; There is thermotolerance and the water tolerance of improvement, even if be at high temperature immersed in the water long-time, also do not cause loss of optical signal or bond strength to reduce; Therefore optical fiber of the present invention shows the heat of improvement, machinery and chemical stability, delamination is not had when particularly immersing long-time in 45-85 DEG C of water, improve its water tolerance and the bond strength with fiberglass substrate, there is very high heat, machinery and chemical stability.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, invention is further described.
Embodiment 1
The present invention is the coating that a kind of stable is high; it is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight: UV light absorber and 3.5 parts, salicylate system absorption agent; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 2 parts; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.3 parts, turkey red oil 4 parts, styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 3.2 parts; polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 2.5 parts; emulsion and fluorine carbon emulsion 8.5 parts, 0.1 part, anti-aging agent, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.15 part.
The preparation method of the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, comprises the following steps:
1) take UV light absorber and N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate by above-mentioned formula ratio, after adding mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate and turkey red oil, one piece is placed in reactor, is heated to 90 DEG C, is incubated and is cooled to room temperature after 4 hours stir;
2) the styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether of formula ratio and polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt are added reactor, carry out dispersion with 600r/min and stir 15min, be then heated to 55 DEG C;
3) take emulsion by formula ratio, add in the mixture in previous step and fully dissolve;
4) mixture in previous step is adopted ultrasonication, ultrasonication condition is: power is 200W, processes 10 minutes;
5) take anti-aging agent and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene, put into the mixture that previous step is crossed through ultrasonication, be heated to 40 DEG C, after insulation 20min, be cooled to room temperature.
Embodiment 2
The present invention is the coating that a kind of stable is high; it is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight: UV light absorber and 7.5 parts, hexichol first copper system absorption agent; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 5 parts; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 5.6 parts, turkey red oil 6 parts, styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 5.4 parts; polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 3.5 parts; emulsion and fluorine carbon emulsion 10.8 parts, 0.2 part, anti-aging agent, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.32 part.
The preparation method of the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, comprises the following steps:
1) take UV light absorber and N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate by above-mentioned formula ratio, after adding mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate and turkey red oil, one piece is placed in reactor, is heated to 90 DEG C, is incubated and is cooled to room temperature after 5 hours stir;
2) the styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether of formula ratio and polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt are added reactor, carry out dispersion with 650r/min and stir 18min, be then heated to 58 DEG C;
3) take emulsion by formula ratio, add in the mixture in previous step and fully dissolve;
4) mixture in previous step is adopted ultrasonication, ultrasonication condition is: power is 220W, processes 12 minutes;
5) take anti-aging agent and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene, put into the mixture that previous step is crossed through ultrasonication, be heated to 43 DEG C, after insulation 25min, be cooled to room temperature.
Embodiment 3
The present invention is the coating that a kind of stable is high; it is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight: UV light absorber and 5.5 parts, hexichol first copper system absorption agent; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 3.4 parts; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.8 parts, turkey red oil 5 parts, styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 4.4 parts; polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 3.2 parts; emulsion and fluorine carbon emulsion 9.2 parts, 0.15 part, anti-aging agent, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.22 part.
The preparation method of the coating that above-mentioned stable is high, comprises the following steps:
1) take UV light absorber and N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate by above-mentioned formula ratio, after adding mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate and turkey red oil, one piece is placed in reactor, is heated to 90 DEG C, is incubated and is cooled to room temperature after 6 hours stir;
2) the styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether of formula ratio and polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt are added reactor, carry out dispersion with 700r/min and stir 20min, be then heated to 60 DEG C;
3) take emulsion by formula ratio, add in the mixture in previous step and fully dissolve;
4) mixture in previous step is adopted ultrasonication, ultrasonication condition is: power is 250W, processes 15 minutes;
5) take anti-aging agent and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene, put into the mixture that previous step is crossed through ultrasonication, be heated to 48 DEG C, after insulation 30min, be cooled to room temperature.
The finished product prepared by embodiment 1-3 carries out the test of following table properties, the results are shown in Table 1:
Can find out, indices all conformance with standard of coating of the present invention, have very strong abrasion resistance and wear resistance etc.The coating environmental pollution that stable of the present invention is high is low, can be used as environment-friendly materials; There is the advantages such as high efficiency, low power consuming and low cost; There is thermotolerance and the water tolerance of improvement, even if be at high temperature immersed in the water long-time, also do not cause loss of optical signal or bond strength to reduce; Therefore optical fiber of the present invention shows the heat of improvement, machinery and chemical stability, delamination is not had when particularly immersing long-time in 45-85 DEG C of water, improve its water tolerance and the bond strength with fiberglass substrate, there is very high heat, machinery and chemical stability.
To the above-mentioned explanation of the disclosed embodiments, professional and technical personnel in the field are realized or uses the present invention.To be apparent for those skilled in the art to the multiple amendment of these embodiments, General Principle as defined herein can without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, realize in other embodiments.Therefore, the present invention can not be restricted to these embodiments shown in this article, but will meet the widest scope consistent with principle disclosed herein and features of novelty.
Claims (5)
1. the coating that stable is high, is characterized in that: be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:
UV light absorber 3.5-7.5 part; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 2-5 part; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.3-5.6 part; turkey red oil 4-6 part; styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 3.2-5.4 part, polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 2.5-3.5 part, emulsion 8.5-10.8 part; anti-aging agent 0.1-0.2 part, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.15-0.32 part.
2. the coating that stable according to claim 1 is high; it is characterized in that: be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight: UV light absorber 3.5 parts; N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate 2 parts; mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate 4.3 parts, turkey red oil 4 parts, styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether 3.2 parts; polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt 2.5 parts; emulsion 8.5 parts, 0.1 part, anti-aging agent, aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene 0.15 part.
3. the coating that stable according to claim 1 is high, is characterized in that: described emulsion is fluorine carbon emulsion.
4. the coating that stable according to claim 1 is high, is characterized in that: described UV light absorber is salicylate system absorption agent or hexichol first copper system absorption agent.
5. the preparation method of the coating that the stable according to any one of claim 1-4 is high, comprises the following steps:
1) UV light absorber and N-Methyl fatty amide group taurate is taken by above-mentioned formula ratio, after adding mono succinate ethoxy alcohol ester sulfonate and turkey red oil, one piece is placed in reactor, be heated to 90 DEG C, be incubated and be cooled to room temperature after 4-6 hour stirs;
2) the styroyl cumyl phenol polyethenoxy ether of formula ratio and polyoxyethylene carboxylate phosphoric acid salt are added reactor, carry out dispersion with 600-700r/min and stir 15-20min, be then heated to 55-60 DEG C;
3) take emulsion by formula ratio, add in the mixture in previous step and fully dissolve;
4) mixture in previous step is adopted ultrasonication, ultrasonication condition is: power is 200W-250W, process 10-15 minute;
5) take anti-aging agent and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene, put into the mixture that previous step is crossed through ultrasonication, be heated to 40-48 DEG C, after insulation 20-30min, be cooled to room temperature.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511010071.0A CN105462387A (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511010071.0A CN105462387A (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105462387A true CN105462387A (en) | 2016-04-06 |
Family
ID=55600560
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511010071.0A Pending CN105462387A (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105462387A (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103602198A (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2014-02-26 | 青岛海伴塑胶工贸有限公司 | Anti-aging waterproof coating material |
| CN103602174A (en) * | 2013-10-20 | 2014-02-26 | 青岛海伴诚远塑业有限公司 | Environmental-protection waterproof paint |
| CN104046182A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-09-17 | 芜湖朗润新材料有限公司 | Quick-drying lacquer |
| CN105153934A (en) * | 2015-08-17 | 2015-12-16 | 济南市冶金科学研究所有限责任公司 | Anti-sticking coating for low-pressure sintering of hard alloys |
-
2015
- 2015-12-30 CN CN201511010071.0A patent/CN105462387A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103602174A (en) * | 2013-10-20 | 2014-02-26 | 青岛海伴诚远塑业有限公司 | Environmental-protection waterproof paint |
| CN103602198A (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2014-02-26 | 青岛海伴塑胶工贸有限公司 | Anti-aging waterproof coating material |
| CN104046182A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-09-17 | 芜湖朗润新材料有限公司 | Quick-drying lacquer |
| CN105153934A (en) * | 2015-08-17 | 2015-12-16 | 济南市冶金科学研究所有限责任公司 | Anti-sticking coating for low-pressure sintering of hard alloys |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN106753138B (en) | Single-component epoxy insulation die bond adhesive for LED and preparation method thereof | |
| US11492502B2 (en) | Polyimide composite, preparation method, and application thereof | |
| Wang et al. | Preparation and performance of fluorescent transparent bamboo | |
| CN103232186A (en) | Unsaturated polyester artificial marble and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101591516A (en) | Waterglass adhesive | |
| CN105462387A (en) | Novel high-stability paint and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105315845A (en) | High-strength water-resistant corrosion-resistant epoxy resin powder coating | |
| CN104529189A (en) | Preparation method of gelatin modified starch wetting agent | |
| CN104927541A (en) | Reflecting heat-insulation type real stone paint and preparation technology thereof | |
| CN103897577A (en) | Glass paint and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110607143A (en) | Super-thick OCA glue and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105713330B (en) | A kind of scratch-resistant pmma material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104387725A (en) | Sericite modified epoxy resin composite material with acid/base-resistant function and preparation method of sericite modified epoxy resin composite material | |
| CN105645788A (en) | Novel heat resistant coating and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109370339B (en) | Anticorrosive outer coating for electric power tower | |
| CN103555227B (en) | A kind of tackiness agent utilizing vinylon waste silk to prepare and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105602232A (en) | Thermal-insulating composite | |
| CN110607131A (en) | Durable surface repair solution for solar module back plate | |
| CN115651366B (en) | Alumina-containing resin glue solution for copper-clad plate and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110577370A (en) | Amorphous photonic crystal structure color film capable of being used outdoors and preparation method thereof | |
| CN116535110B (en) | Basalt fiber alkali-resistant agent and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104513026A (en) | Waterproof UV-cured paint | |
| CN105753437A (en) | Preparation method of germanium oxide and tin oxide hybrid aerogel composite material | |
| CN116355108A (en) | Preparation method of starch modified surfactant for basalt fiber | |
| CN107674585B (en) | Preparation method of composite building coating material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20160406 |
|
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |