CN105428671B - A kind of high power density pemfc stack - Google Patents

A kind of high power density pemfc stack Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105428671B
CN105428671B CN201510939281.1A CN201510939281A CN105428671B CN 105428671 B CN105428671 B CN 105428671B CN 201510939281 A CN201510939281 A CN 201510939281A CN 105428671 B CN105428671 B CN 105428671B
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pole plate
pile
plate
sides
flow field
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CN105428671A (en
Inventor
程立明
魏广科
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Jiangsu Hydrogen Power New Energy Co Ltd
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Jiangsu Hydrogen Power New Energy Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0241Composites
    • H01M8/0243Composites in the form of mixtures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0258Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2465Details of groupings of fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention discloses a kind of high power density pemfc stack, end plate including both sides, the collector plate being fixed on the inside of the end plate, and some blade unit batteries of the repeatedly stacking between the collector plate of both sides, the every element cell includes three in one membreane electrode and is distributed in the special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells of the three in one membreane electrode both sides, the surface one side of the special pole plate is platen surface, another side is suppressed with gas flowfield according to the flow field of design, wherein, planar surface is fitted on the three in one membreane electrode, flow field face is fitted tightly on conducting connecting part, the conducting connecting part is made up of metal material or nonmetallic materials.The pile of the present invention drastically reduce the area pile weight, improve pile specific power density, reduce the production cost of pile without using bipolar plates;The packaging efficiency of pile is improved, accelerates the step of fuel cell industrialization.

Description

A kind of high power density pemfc stack
Technical field
The invention belongs to fuel cell field, and in particular to a kind of high power density PEMFC(Pem fuel electricity Pond)Pile.
Background technology
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is the device that the chemical energy of hydrogen is converted into electric energy, and its advantage is that product is water, Zero-discharge non-pollution, noise is low, and transformation efficiency is high.Operating temperature can be run at low ambient temperatures, be portable power source and base station electricity Source and the first choice of fixed power source.Traditional fuel cell, it is made up of membrane electrode, bipolar plates, collector plate, end plate and fastener. It is to be superimposed to be gone here and there by multiple battery units in actual applications because polymer-membrane fuel battery monolithic voltage is low Connection gets up, and forms pile.
Lighting and compact-sizedization are one of emphasis of fuel cell future development, and current fuel cell is due to body It the reasons such as product, weight, can only be applicable in some particular places, greatly constrain the popularization and application of fuel cell, how to mitigate The weight of fuel cell pile, fuel cell volume energy density is improved, fuel cells applications scope is more extensive, turn into current It is badly in need of the major issue solved.
Bipolar plates are components most heavy in fuel cell component, main to play a part of to support and distribute gas.Traditional is double Pole plate is substantially graphite bi-polar plate or metal double polar plates, weight account for pile weight more than half, volume accounts for fuel cell volume 30%--70% or so so that fuel cell weight and volume are bigger than normal, fuel cell application and field, current right Bulk density and the weight density requirement of fuel cell increasingly restrict the commercialization pin of fuel cell close under conditions of making excessive demands Step.Therefore, fuel cell pile lighting and emphasis is just to fuel cell conventional bipolar plate structure the problem of densification Transformation.
It is also rarely found without using bipolar plates direct-assembling pile in fuel cell in the market, though have, and Bipolar plates are replaced using other devices, for example the A of Publication No. CN 102422469 invention is special for certain purpose Profit application, just discloses a kind of pile for being not provided with bipolar plates, has solid polymer dielectric film and clamps the polymer A pair of catalyst layers of dielectric film.The layered product of solid polymer dielectric film and catalyst layer is entered by a pair of gas diffusion layers One step clamps.Adjacent catalyst layer and gas diffusion layers form gas-diffusion electrode.Solid polymer dielectric film and a pair Gas-diffusion electrode is further with laminated state constituting membrane electrode assembly(MEA).MEA is further clamped by a pair of barrier films.Should Barrier film obtains in the following manner:Punch forming process is applied on the thin plate below thickness 0.5mm, be shaped to bumps Shape.The convex portion for the barrier film observed from MEA sides contacts with MEA.The recess for the barrier film observed from MEA sides is used as Gas is by using gas passage during fuel cell operation.In the disclosure, including electrolyte membrane layer, catalyst layer, gas Diffusion layer and outermost barrier film, although wherein be not provided with bipolar plates, no matter but barrier film from shape functionally All it is consistent with bipolar plates role, alleviates some weight compared to bipolar plates, but still occupy certain weight and body Product, can not tackle the problem at its root.
The content of the invention
Goal of the invention:Situation and market based on current fuel battery double plates will to the energy density of fuel cell Ask, the present invention provides a kind of structure of high power density pemfc stack, mitigates the weight and volume of pile, improves the energy of pile Metric density, the application field of pile is widened, solid foundation has been established for the commercialization of pile.
Technical scheme:High power density pemfc stack of the present invention, include the end plate of both sides, be fixed on the end plate The collector plate of inner side, and some blade unit batteries of the repeatedly stacking between the collector plate of both sides, it is characterised in that the every list First battery include three in one membreane electrode and be distributed in the three in one membreane electrode both sides Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells it is special Pole plate, the surface one side of the special pole plate is platen surface, and another side is suppressed with gas flowfield according to the flow field of design, wherein, put down It is fitted in after plate surface coating conductive buffer layer on the three in one membreane electrode, flow field face is fitted tightly over conducting connecting part On, the conducting connecting part is made up of metal material or nonmetallic materials, and outer surface is provided with conductive coating, conducts electric current, Inside has coolant flow field, cools down pile;
The special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is prepared by following component:
Carbon fiber is short fine 40 ~ 60 parts;
4 ~ 18 parts of resin;
10 ~ 40 parts of carbon dust;
0.5 ~ 1.5 part of pore creating material;
1.5 ~ 2.5 parts of reinforcing agent DH-4,
Each component is in parts by weight.
In the present invention, the special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is not only acted as gas diffusion to three in one membreane electrode The effect reacted, also has flow field in surface rolling, without setting bipolar plates, you can gas is uniformly distributed, gathered Gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates in conventional fuel cell are integrated, and the weight of pile is greatly reduced.And in order to prevent hydrogen Leak with mixing inside pile with oxygen, and be provided between two panels element cell with sealing, cooling and electric conductivity Conducting connecting part.
Further preferably technical scheme is the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells of the three in one membreane electrode both sides to the present invention Special pole plate is respectively the special pole plate of anode and the special pole plate of negative electrode, the flow field depth of the special polar board surface of anode for 0.3 ~ 1 mm, the flow field depth of the special polar board surface of negative electrode is 0.5 ~ 2 mm.
Further, the planar surface of the special pole plate of the anode and the special pole plate of negative electrode symmetrically overlays three-in-one film electricity Pole both sides.
Further, the preparation method of the special pole plate of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is:
(1)Batch mixing:The short fibre of carbon fiber is mixed with resin, and after stirring, adds carbon dust, pore creating material, reinforcing agent DH-4, continue to stir;
(2)Compacting:According to the flow field patterns and size of design, by step(1)Mixture is put into mould and suppressed after processing It is platen surface into one side, another side has the pole plate of flow field structure, and the electrode thickness is 0.6 ~ 3 mm, and porosity is 50% ~ 80%, Aperture is 0.1 μm ~ 3 μm;
(3)Graphitization:Compressing pole plate is subjected to high temperature graphitization processing, graphitization condition is:High temperature 1800--- 2300 DEG C, nitrogen protection or in vacuum, after the completion of cool down it is stand-by;
(4)It is hydrophobic:Pole plate after graphitization is put into 10% ~ 60% PTFE solution and soaked, after draining, 300 ~ 400 Calcination hydrophobic treatment at DEG C, after the completion of cool down, obtain the special pole plate of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.
Preferably, L-type positioning supporting part, the L-type positioning supporting part are additionally provided between the two end plates of pile both sides If element cell described in dry plate is fixedly supported between the end plate of both sides.
Further, the L-type positioning supporting part is 4, is separately fixed on four angles of the end plate.
Preferably, separated between element cell by conducting connecting part, the two sides surrounding of the conducting connecting part have with The sealing gasket that element cell matches, sealed for pile.
Preferably, fixed between the two end plates of pile both sides by I-shaped fastener, if by between two end plates Dry plate element cell overlays fixation.
The present invention operation principle be:Because the monolithic voltage of fuel cell is relatively low, it is necessary to which monolithic battery is overlapped It is cascaded to form pile.Hydrogen enters pile by respective air inlet respectively with oxygen, in the effect of special polar plate flow field Under be uniformly distributed, and the surface for being diffused into by the hole of special pole plate membrane electrode carries out corresponding electrochemical reaction, caused Water is diffused into corresponding flow field by the hole of special pole plate, is discharged through flow field.
Beneficial effect:(1)The pile of the present invention replaces traditional bipolar plates without using bipolar plates using the pole plate of lighting And gas diffusion layers, pile weight is drastically reduce the area, improves pile specific power density, compared with traditional pile, this Invent the air-cooled pile power density > 2.1kw/L, the pile > 3.2kw/L of water cooling of composition;Simultaneously because the electricity of the present invention Heap reduces the volume of pile, has widened Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells application field without using bipolar plates;Reduce pile to match somebody with somebody Contact resistance inside number of packages amount and pile, improve the performance of pile;The packaging efficiency of pile is improved, accelerates proton exchange The step of membrane cell industrialization;
(2)The present invention sets L-type positioning supporting part between the end plate of both sides, and reinforcing agent is added in special pole plate, can be true The support that special pole plate completes pile is protected, on the premise of bipolar plates are not provided with, holding structure consolidates, and external support is advantageous to subtract The weight and volume of light pile, improve the ratio bulk density and proportion metric density of pile.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the internal structure schematic diagram of high power density pemfc stack of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the outline drawing of high power density pemfc stack of the present invention.
Wherein:1- end plates, 2- collector plates, 3- membrane electrodes, the special pole plate of 4- anodes, the special pole plate of 5- negative electrodes, 6- are conductive slow Rush layer, 7- conducting connecting parts, 8-L types positioning supporting part, the I-shaped fasteners of 9-, 41- anode gas flow fields, 51- cathode gas Flow field.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below by accompanying drawing, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to The embodiment.
Embodiment 1:A kind of high power density pemfc stack, include the end plate 1 of both sides, be fixed on the current collection of the inner side of end plate 1 Plate 2, and some blade unit batteries of the repeatedly stacking between both sides collector plate 2, include three in one membreane electrode 3 per blade unit battery With the special pole plate 4 of anode and the special pole plate 5 of negative electrode for being respectively distributed to membrane electrode both sides;
The thickness of the special pole plate 4 of anode is 0.6 ~ 3 mm, and porosity is 50 ~ 80%, and aperture is 0.1 ~ 3 μm, its surface one side For platen surface, it is 10 ~ 700 μm of conductive buffer layers 6 that surface, which is coated with thickness, and another side is suppressed with anode gas according to the flow field of design Body flow field 41, flow field depth are 0.3 ~ 1 mm.
Preferably, the thickness of the special pole plate 4 of anode is 1.2 mm, and porosity 70%, aperture is 1.5 μm, anodic gas The depth in flow field 41 is 0.6 mm, and the flow field that anode gas flow field 41 is formed is serpentine flow.
The thickness of the special pole plate 5 of negative electrode is 0.6 ~ 3 mm, and porosity is 50 ~ 80%, and aperture is 0.1 ~ 3 μm, its surface one side For platen surface, it is 10 ~ 700 μm of conductive buffer layers 6 that surface, which is coated with thickness, and another side is suppressed with negative electrode gas according to the flow field of design Body flow field 51, flow field depth are 0.5 ~ 2 mm.
Preferably, the thickness of the special pole plate 5 of negative electrode is 1.2 mm, and porosity 65%, aperture is 2 μm, its planar surface Conductive buffer layer thickness be that the depth of 100 μm of cathode gas flow fields 51 is 1 mm, the flow field that cathode gas flow fields 51 are formed is Serpentine flow.
The planar surface of the special pole plate 4 of anode is fitted on three in one membreane electrode 3, the sun of outermost a piece of element cell The flow field face of extremely special pole plate 4 is fitted on the collector plate 2 of side by conducting connecting part 7, the anode of remaining element battery The flow field face of special pole plate 4 is fitted on the special pole plate 5 of negative electrode of another blade unit battery by conducting connecting part 7.
The planar surface of the special pole plate 5 of negative electrode is fitted on three in one membreane electrode 3, the moon of outermost a piece of element cell The flow field face of extremely special pole plate 5 is fitted on the collector plate 2 of opposite side by conducting connecting part 7, the moon of remaining element battery The flow field face of extremely special pole plate 4 is fitted on the special pole plate 5 of anode of another blade unit battery by conducting connecting part 7.
Conducting connecting part 7 is made of metal material or nonmetallic materials, and outer surface is provided with conductive coating, conduction electricity Stream, inside have coolant flow field, cool down pile.
Four L-type positioning supporting parts 8 are additionally provided between the end plate 1 of both sides, are separately fixed on four angles of end plate 1, L Some blade unit batteries are fixedly supported between both sides end plate 1 by type positioning supporting part 8;Pass through work between two end plates 1 simultaneously Font fastener 9 is fixed, and some blade unit batteries between two end plates 1 are overlayed into fixation.
The special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells includes following component in the present embodiment:
Carbon fiber is short fine 40 ~ 60 parts;
4 ~ 18 parts of resin;
10 ~ 40 parts of carbon dust;
0.5 ~ 1.5 part of pore creating material;
1.5 ~ 2.5 parts of reinforcing agent DH-4,
Each component is in parts by weight.
Preferably, carbon fiber is short fine for 49 parts;Resin is 10 parts;Carbon dust is 38 parts;Pore creating material is 1 part;Reinforcing agent DH-4 For 2 parts.
The specific preparation method of the special pole plate of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is:
(1)Batch mixing:The short fibre of carbon fiber is mixed with resin, and after stirring, adds carbon dust, pore creating material, reinforcing agent DH-4, continue to stir;
(2)Compacting:According to the flow field patterns and size of design, by step(1)Mixture is put into mould and suppressed after processing It is flat board into one side, another side has the pole plate of flow field structure, and the electrode thickness is 0.6 ~ 3 mm, and porosity is 50% ~ 80%, hole Footpath is 0.1 μm ~ 3 μm;
(3)Graphitization:Compressing pole plate is subjected to high temperature graphitization processing, graphitization condition is:High temperature 1800 ~ 2300 DEG C, nitrogen protection or in vacuum, after the completion of cool down it is stand-by;
(4)It is hydrophobic:Pole plate after graphitization is put into 10% ~ 60% PTFE solution and soaked, after draining, 300 ~ 400 Calcination hydrophobic treatment at DEG C, after the completion of cool down, obtain the special pole plate.
As described above, although the present invention has been represented and described with reference to specific preferred embodiment, but it must not be explained For to the limitation of itself of the invention., can be right under the premise of the spirit and scope of the present invention that appended claims define are not departed from Various changes can be made in the form and details for it.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of high power density pemfc stack, include the end plate of both sides, the collector plate being fixed on the inside of the end plate, and again Some blade unit batteries being stacked on again between the collector plate of both sides, it is characterised in that the every element cell includes three and closed One membrane electrode and the special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for being distributed in the three in one membreane electrode both sides, the special pole plate Surface one side is platen surface, and another side is suppressed with gas flowfield according to the flow field of design, wherein, planar surface coating conductie buffer Layer after be fitted on the three in one membreane electrode, flow field face is fitted tightly on conducting connecting part, the conducting connecting part by Metal material or nonmetallic materials are made, and outer surface is provided with conductive coating, conduct electric current, and inside has coolant flow field, Cool down pile;
The special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is prepared by following component:
Carbon fiber is short fine 40 ~ 60 parts;
4 ~ 18 parts of resin;
10 ~ 40 parts of carbon dust;
0.5 ~ 1.5 part of pore creating material;
1.5 ~ 2.5 parts of reinforcing agent DH-4,
Each component is in parts by weight.
2. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the three in one membreane electrode both sides The special pole plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells be respectively the special pole plate of anode and the special pole plate of negative electrode, the special pole plate of anode The flow field depth on surface is 0.3 ~ 1 mm, and the flow field depth of the special polar board surface of negative electrode is 0.5 ~ 2 mm.
3. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the special pole plate of the anode and the moon The planar surface of extremely special pole plate symmetrically overlays three in one membreane electrode both sides.
4. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the pem fuel electricity The preparation method of the special pole plate in pond is:
(1)Batch mixing:The short fibre of carbon fiber is mixed with resin, and after stirring, adds carbon dust, pore creating material, reinforcing agent DH-4, Continue to stir;
(2)Compacting:According to the flow field patterns and size of design, by step(1)Mixture, which is put into mould, after processing is pressed into one Face is platen surface, and another side has the pole plate of flow field structure, and the electrode thickness is 0.6 ~ 3 mm, and porosity is 50% ~ 80%, aperture For 0.1 μm ~ 3 μm;
(3)Graphitization:Compressing pole plate is subjected to high temperature graphitization processing, graphitization condition is:High temperature 1800---2300 DEG C, nitrogen protection or in vacuum, after the completion of cool down it is stand-by;
(4)It is hydrophobic:Pole plate after graphitization is put into 10% ~ 60% PTFE solution and soaked, after draining, at 300 ~ 400 DEG C Calcination hydrophobic treatment, after the completion of cool down, obtain the special pole plate of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.
5. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the two end plates of pile both sides it Between be additionally provided with L-type positioning supporting part, if element cell described in dry plate is fixedly supported on two side ends by the L-type positioning supporting part Between plate.
6. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the L-type positioning supporting part is 4 It is individual, it is separately fixed on four angles of the end plate.
7. high power density pemfc stack according to claim 1, it is characterised in that pass through conduction between element cell Connector separates, and the two sides surrounding of the conducting connecting part has the sealing gasket to match with element cell, is sealed for pile.
8. the high power density pemfc stack according to claim 1 ~ 7 any one, it is characterised in that pile both sides Fixed between two end plates by I-shaped fastener, some blade unit batteries between two end plates are overlayed into fixation.
CN201510939281.1A 2015-12-15 2015-12-15 A kind of high power density pemfc stack Active CN105428671B (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113013533A (en) * 2019-12-19 2021-06-22 上海神力科技有限公司 Fuel cell shock-proof device and fuel cell system
CN111916788A (en) * 2020-08-14 2020-11-10 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 Fuel cell heat balance electric pile

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1440574A (en) * 2000-05-12 2003-09-03 霍尼韦尔国际公司 Nanocomposite for fuel cell bipolar plate
CN1595697A (en) * 2004-06-24 2005-03-16 武汉理工大学 A bipolar plate for fuel cell with proton exchange membrane and preparation method thereof
CN102569828A (en) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-11 清华大学 Microcrystal graphite compound for double-pole plate of fuel cell and preparation method of microcrystal graphite compound
CN103746122A (en) * 2013-12-20 2014-04-23 苏州市万泰真空炉研究所有限公司 Preparation method of composite material bipolar plates of novel fuel cells

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1440574A (en) * 2000-05-12 2003-09-03 霍尼韦尔国际公司 Nanocomposite for fuel cell bipolar plate
CN1595697A (en) * 2004-06-24 2005-03-16 武汉理工大学 A bipolar plate for fuel cell with proton exchange membrane and preparation method thereof
CN102569828A (en) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-11 清华大学 Microcrystal graphite compound for double-pole plate of fuel cell and preparation method of microcrystal graphite compound
CN103746122A (en) * 2013-12-20 2014-04-23 苏州市万泰真空炉研究所有限公司 Preparation method of composite material bipolar plates of novel fuel cells

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