CN105424799A - Method for monitoring micro-cracks of composite laminated board based on nonlinear acoustics - Google Patents
Method for monitoring micro-cracks of composite laminated board based on nonlinear acoustics Download PDFInfo
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- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
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- G—PHYSICS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for monitoring micro-cracks of a composite laminated board based on the nonlinear acoustics, and relates to the field of monitoring of micro-cracks of composite laminated boards. According to the method, two lines of ultrasonic waves with different frequencies are loaded on the composite laminated board at the same time, nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameters can be rapidly found out after received signals are analyzed and processed, and the problem that in the prior art, the capability for recognizing the micro-cracks in the composite laminated board is low is solved. A testing system comprises an arbitrary waveform generator, a transducer array, a digital signal oscilloscope, a computer, the tested composite laminated board and five data transmission lines. The computer loads the two lines of ultrasonic waves with different frequencies on the arbitrary waveform generator, the arbitrary waveform generator loads the signals on the transmitting transducer array at the same time, receiving transducer signals are displayed and stored by the oscilloscope and then transmitted to the computer, and the computer analyzes the receiving transducer signals to find out nonlinear characteristic parameters, related to the cracks in the composite laminated board, of the ultrasonic wave signals. The method is suitable for monitoring the cracks in the composite laminated board.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is the monitoring field of the small cracking of composite material laminated board, is specifically related to a kind of method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameter monitoring composite material laminated board.
Background technology
Composite material laminated board is all generally by two or more combinations of materials, forming process operation is various, and additional environment for use is complicated and changeable, very easily produces the crackle such as MATRIX CRACKING, fibre breakage, for ensureing that it is used safely, composite material laminated board constructional aspect is monitored very necessary.Initiating structure monitoring refers to apply Active spurring signal by driver to structure, is received the response signal of structure, and carry out structural system specificity analysis to response signal by sensor, the object reaching detection architecture damage or degenerate.Supersonic guide-wave has good penetrability and can interact with defect or damage.It has along travel path decay little, long transmission distance, causes particle vibration throughout component inside and surperficial feature, can show larger advantage in the monitoring of the large-scale components such as plane.But, in current monitoring ultrasonic method, some linear acoustic parameters such as acoustic pressure, the velocity of sound etc. is mainly utilized to realize the structure monitoring to measured medium, although the analytic process of simplifying, but the fine crack in composite material laminated board structure especially just be there is to the monitoring of fatigue damage, often be difficult to obtain gratifying result, thus reduce its accuracy and sensitivity.Nonlinear acoustic wave has very high sensitivity for the defect in solid dielectric, ultrasound wave nonlinear acoustics feature is utilized to be better than linear acoustic detection method to the ability of monitoring small fatigue crack in plate profile structure, and for the solid structure of composite material laminated board, due to the singularity of its structure, nonlinear acoustics feature in layer dielectric structure and its elasticity coefficient have substantial connection, generally can describe by three rank elasticity coefficient, by measuring three rank elasticity coefficient, information can be provided to the fatigue damage in sheet material, but because three rank elasticity coefficient in composite material laminated board structure are directly measured, difficulty is very large.Afterwards, there is scientist respectively from continuum Model and discrete model, derive the elasticity coefficient of solid dielectric and the relation of nonlinear acoustics coefficient, obtain One-dimensional Nonlinear Wave, and the microstructure change situation of solid material is characterized by ultrasound non-linear factor beta, because order harmonics each in equation intersects, boundary condition also has cross term, this makes nonlinear acoustics factor beta mathematical computations very difficult, solves also quite heavy.And nonlinear acoustics theory is still not clear at present, nonlinear factor β still can not provide information accurately to the crackle in composite material laminated board.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board, object is that the small cracking recognition capability solved in existing plate composite material laminated board is not high, avoid the application limitation that complex characteristics when non-linear ultrasonic is propagated in composite material laminated board component is brought simultaneously, simplify nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameter extraction method.Utilize the ultrasonic signal exciting different frequency, realize the accurate monitoring of the small cracking due to reason formation such as composite material laminated board fiber crackings.
A kind of monitoring method test macro based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board comprises AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), transducer array, digital signal oscillograph, computing machine, five single data transmission lines and by composite material laminated board, described transducer array, be made up of three piezoelectric transducers, wherein two transmitting transducers, one is receiving transducer, digital signal oscillograph can real-time reception and store receiving transducer gather signal, the oscillographic signal output part of digital signal is electrically connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line and computing machine, the control signal output terminal of computing machine is electrically connected by the control signal input end of coaxial data transmission line and AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), waveform and the frequency of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) output signal is controlled by computing machine, signal output part i.e. first output channel of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) is connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line with first transmitting transducer, second output channel is connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line with second transmitting transducer, two transmitting transducers are connected with by composite structure laminate.
Transducer array i.e. the first transmitting transducer, the second transmitting transducer and receiving transducer are the piezoelectric crystal of same model with material, and described transducer array resonance frequency is 1.6MHz, by epoxy resin and tested composite material laminated board vertical coupled.
The passage of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) comprises input channel and output channel, described input channel waveform signal can be downloaded in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) by computing machine, described output channel is four autonomous channels, can select transmitting of different frequency, the present invention only uses wherein the first output channel and the second output channel simultaneously.
The centre frequency of the two row ultrasonic pulse ripples that AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) produces is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz, and is loaded into the first transmitting transducer and the second transmitting transducer respectively simultaneously.
A kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board comprises the following steps:
Step one, the two row ultrasonic signals write by computing machine Program download in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), and the centre frequency of two row ultrasonic signals is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz, and waveform is all set to sine wave of bursting;
Step 2, computing machine send control signal to AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), start AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator);
Step 3, AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) first output channel send the sine wave of bursting of 80kHz, are loaded on the first transmitting transducer by the first coaxial data transmission line; Simultaneously second output channel sends the sine wave of bursting of 300kHz, loads on the second transmitting transducer by the second coaxial data transmission line;
Step 4, receiving transducer is utilized to receive waveform signal in tested composite material laminated board, and synchronously pass to digital signal oscillograph by coaxial data transmission line, digital signal oscillograph shows the signal received and stores, send to computing machine by signal output part coaxial data transmission line simultaneously, carry out analyzing and processing;
Step 5, computing machine store the signal received and analyze, and find out nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameter relevant in composite material laminated board, carry out monitoring identify crackle.
Beneficial effect: when sound wave is propagated in nonlinear medium, can produce wave form distortion in various degree.Typical phenomenon is exactly when the sound wave of single-frequency is propagated in media as well, can produce high-order harmonic wave phenomenon.For composite material laminated board, if under limited amplitude condition, produce second harmonic and be not easy, produce the condition of the second harmonic: under amplitude certain condition, improve acoustic wave excitation frequency, and excitation frequency is higher, the energy attenuation of sound wave is also larger, and then it is unsatisfactory to cause utilizing the second harmonic to carry out evaluating material degree of injury.When there is the displacement field of multiple fluctuation in composite material laminated board, in nonlinear medium, there is the modulation phenomenon between interesting phenomenon and different frequency ripple.Non-linear modulation phenomenon is the another kind of form of expression of material nonlinearity, in time domain, shows as non-linear amplitude modulated phenomenon; On frequency spectrum, then can show as the redistribution of energy.Inside is occurred to the material of small cracking, non-linear modulation phenomenon clearly, is therefore conducive to the identification of the small cracking of composite material laminated board, and avoids the complicacy of resolving nonlinear waveguide equation, simplifies nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameter extraction method.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of monitoring method test macro schematic diagram based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board described in embodiment one.
Fig. 2 is the time-domain signal figure of the ultrasonic signal received.
Fig. 3 is the frequency domain signal diagrams of the ultrasonic signal received.
Fig. 4 is the sound wave amplitude modulated phenomenon that in composite material laminated board, open-close crack causes.
Embodiment
Embodiment one, composition graphs 1 illustrates this embodiment, a kind of test of the monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board system described in this embodiment comprises AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1, first transmitting transducer 2, second transmitting transducer 3, receiving transducer 4, digital signal oscillograph 5, computing machine 6, tested composite material laminated board 7, first coaxial data transmission line 8, second coaxial data transmission line 9, 3rd coaxial data transmission line 10, 4th coaxial data transmission line 11 and the 5th coaxial data transmission line 12, , described transducer array, be made up of three piezoelectric transducers, wherein i.e. the first transmitting transducer 2 of two transmitting transducers, second transmitting transducer 3 and one form for receiving transducer 4, digital signal oscillograph 5 can real-time reception and store receiving transducer gather signal, digital oscilloscope 5 can real-time reception and store receiving transducer 4 gather signal, the signal output part of digital oscilloscope 5 is electrically connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line 11 with computing machine 6, the control signal output terminal of computing machine 6 is electrically connected by the control signal input end of coaxial data transmission line 12 with AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1, waveform and the frequency of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 output signal is controlled by computing machine 6, signal output part i.e. first output channel of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 is connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line 8 with first transmitting transducer 2, second output channel is connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line 9 with second transmitting transducer 3, transmitting transducer 2 is connected with tested composite material laminated board 7 with transmitting transducer 3.
The difference of a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board described in embodiment two, this embodiment and embodiment one is, transducer array i.e. the first transmitting transducer 2, second transmitting transducer 3 and receiving transducer 4 is the piezoelectric crystal of same model with material, described transducer array resonance frequency is 1.6MHz, by epoxy resin and tested composite material laminated board 7 vertical coupled.
The difference of a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board described in embodiment three, this embodiment and embodiment one is, the passage of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 comprises input channel and output channel, described input channel waveform signal can be downloaded in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 by computing machine 6, described output channel is four autonomous channels, can select transmitting of different frequency, the present invention only uses wherein the first output channel and the second output channel simultaneously.
The difference of a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board described in embodiment four, this embodiment and embodiment one is, it is sinusoidal wave that the ultrasonic signal that AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 sends simultaneously is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz burst, and be loaded into the first transmitting transducer 2 and the second transmitting transducer 3 respectively simultaneously.
In present embodiment, when sound wave is propagated in nonlinear medium, wave form distortion in various degree can be produced.Typical phenomenon is exactly when the sound wave of single-frequency is propagated in media as well, can produce high-order harmonic wave phenomenon.For composite material laminated board, if under limited amplitude condition, produce second harmonic and be not easy, produce the condition of the second harmonic: under amplitude certain condition, improve acoustic wave excitation frequency, and excitation frequency is higher, the energy attenuation of sound wave is also larger, and then it is unsatisfactory to cause utilizing the second harmonic to carry out evaluating material degree of injury.When there is the displacement field of multiple fluctuation in composite material laminated board, in nonlinear medium, there is the modulation phenomenon between interesting phenomenon and different frequency ripple.Non-linear modulation phenomenon is the another kind of form of expression of material nonlinearity, in time domain, shows as non-linear amplitude modulated phenomenon; On frequency spectrum, then can show as the redistribution of energy.Inside is occurred to the material of small cracking, non-linear modulation phenomenon clearly, is therefore conducive to the identification of the small cracking of composite material laminated board, and avoids the complicacy of resolving nonlinear waveguide equation, simplifies nonlinear acoustics characteristic parameter extraction method.
Embodiment five, to comprise the following steps based on this embodiment described in embodiment one:
Step one, the two row ultrasonic signals write by computing machine 6 Program download in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1, and the centre frequency of two row ultrasonic signals is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz, and waveform is all set to sine wave of bursting;
Step 2, computing machine 6 send control signal to AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1, start AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1;
Step 3, AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) 1 first output channel send the sine wave of bursting of 80kHz, are loaded on the first transmitting transducer 2 by the first coaxial data transmission line 8; Simultaneously second output channel sends the sine wave of bursting of 300kHz, loads on the second transmitting transducer 3 by the second coaxial data transmission line 9;
Step 4, receiving transducer 4 is utilized to receive waveform signal in tested composite material laminated board 7, and synchronously pass to digital signal oscillograph 5 by coaxial data transmission line 10, digital signal oscillograph 5 shows the signal received and stores, send to computing machine 6 by signal output part coaxial data transmission line 11 simultaneously, carry out analyzing and processing;
Step 5, computing machine 6 store the signal received and analyze, and find out the characteristic parameter that nonlinear acoustics signal is relevant to small cracking, carry out monitoring identify crackle.
In present embodiment, to thickness 5mm, length 900mm, width 900mm, containing 2mm fiber cracking composite material laminated board monitor, gained to time domain signal waveforms, as shown in Figure 2; Frequency-region signal waveform as figure, as shown in Figure 3.
Ultimate principle of the present invention is:
When there is fine crack in composite material laminated board medium, nonlinear constitutive relation or the damage mechanics of its overall mechanical property Available Material describe, when cracking, bonding disengaging etc. appear in composite material laminated board, its nonlinear characteristic becomes very complicated due to the contact problems on crack.Under the effect of stress of outside fluctuation, will there is interface in material internal, and can change the form of surface of contact, cause material to occur nonlinear response.The simple physical interpretation of available one is: particle is in vibration processes, and the open and-shut mode of crackle will depend on loading environment and vibration amplitude.When the static deformation being carried in tested composite material laminated board is more much bigger than vibration amplitude, crackle always will keep equal state, i.e. Crack or close crack.And when the static deformation loaded is much smaller than vibration amplitude, the opening and closing condition of crackle will only depend on the size of vibration amplitude, now crackle opens occurring and closed alternating state, as shown in Figure 4, crack open and close changes wave propagation, and when crack opening, the amplitude attenuation of sound wave is larger, when crack closure, crackle is relatively little on magnitudes of acoustic waves impact.And when in measured medium without any crackle time, namely during isotropy, sound wave there will not be obvious modulation phenomenon, also very faint with regard to nonlinear acoustics feature, difference frequency ripple with and the peak amplitude of frequently ripple be difficult to monitor.
In conjunction with concrete formula, when there is crackle in composite material laminated board medium, under the effect of additional ultrasonic field, when the normal stress suffered by crackle is consistent with external stress action direction, because the volume of crackle with the size of stress, small change can occur, now defect in media as well can produce and stretch or the state of compression, and suppose that this contact is similar to a spring, the internal force on crackle is:
Δσ=E(
p)
p(1)
P=u herein
+-u
-, be relative deformation between crackle both sides.By E (
p) be expressed as first order Taylor progression form
E(
p)=E
0+α
p(2)
Then have
Δσ=E
0 p+α
p 2 (3)
In formula: it is non-linear that α represents after material cracks, and similar to aforementioned non-linear coefficient, it is described that open sheet media material produces nonlinear effect in defect, is exosyndrome material degeneration quantitative para meter.
In the composite material laminated board that there is fine crack, length is L, the normal direction of crackle and the parallel longitudinal of composite laminate, and the position of crackle is x
0.Be ω along the longitudinal incoming frequency of composite material laminated board
1and ω
2(ω
2> ω
1) two ultrasonic signals, the displacement field of the composite material laminated board produced is respectively
u 1 (
x,t)=U
1(
x)cos
ω 1 t(4)
u 2 (
x,t)=U
2(
x)cos
ω 2 t(5)
If crackle active volume is, radius is R, if they are less than very with the ultrasound waves appearance of launching, can suppose that crackle exists the impact of corresponding stress and strain fields further very little.Due to the effect of external sound wave, the volume of cracks can change, namely
(6)
Formula (6) is substituted into formula (3), provides the internal stress that the effect due to difference frequency ultrasonic signal and crackle produces
(7)
Be not difficult to find out from formula 7, the ultrasound wave of two row different frequencies when defective laminated composite Propagation, except sound source exciting signal frequency ω
1and ω
2outside, modulating frequency composition ω will be produced
1± ω
2, ω
1± ω
2can be used as the nonlinear characteristic parameters of fine crack in ultrasound wave identification composite material laminated board.
Claims (5)
1. the monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board, it is characterized in that, test system comprises AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1), first transmitting transducer (2), second transmitting transducer (3), receiving transducer (4), digital signal oscillograph (5), computing machine (6), tested composite material laminated board (7), first coaxial data transmission line (8), second coaxial data transmission line (9), 3rd coaxial data transmission line (10), 4th coaxial data transmission line (1) 1 and the 5th coaxial data transmission line (12), described transducer array, be made up of three piezoelectric transducers, wherein i.e. the first transmitting transducer (2) of two transmitting transducers, second transmitting transducer (3) and one are receiving transducer (4) composition, digital signal oscillograph (5) can real-time reception and store receiving transducer gather signal, digital oscilloscope (5) can real-time reception store the signal that receiving transducer (4) gathers, the signal output part of digital oscilloscope (5) is electrically connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line (11) with computing machine (6), by coaxial data transmission line (12), (the control signal input end of (1) is electrically connected the control signal output terminal of computing machine (6) with AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), the waveform outputed signal by computing machine (6) control AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) and frequency, signal output part i.e. first output channel of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) is connected by the signal input part of coaxial data transmission line (8) with first transmitting transducer (2), second output channel is connected with the signal input part of second transmitting transducer 3 by coaxial data transmission line (9), transmitting transducer (2) is connected with tested composite material laminated board (7) with transmitting transducer (3).
2. a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, transducer array i.e. the first transmitting transducer (2), the second transmitting transducer (3) and receiving transducer (4) are the piezoelectric crystal of same model with material, described transducer array resonance frequency is 1.6MHz, by epoxy resin and tested composite material laminated board 7 vertical coupled.
3. a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the passage of AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) comprises input channel and output channel, described input channel waveform signal can be downloaded in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) by computing machine (6), described output channel is four autonomous channels, can select transmitting of different frequency, the present invention only uses wherein the first output channel and the second output channel simultaneously.
4. a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the centre frequency of the two row ultrasonic pulse ripples that AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) produces is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz.
5. a kind of monitoring method based on the small cracking of nonlinear acoustics composite material laminated board according to claim 1, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
The two row ultrasonic signals write by computing machine (6) Program download in AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1), and the centre frequency of two row ultrasonic signals is respectively 80kHz and 300kHz, and waveform is all set to sine wave of bursting;
Computing machine (6) sends control signal to AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1), starts AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1);
AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (1) first output channel sends the sine wave of bursting of 80kHz, is loaded on the first transmitting transducer (2) by the first coaxial data transmission line 8; Simultaneously second output channel sends the sine wave of bursting of 300kHz, loads on the second transmitting transducer (3) by the second coaxial data transmission line (9);
Receiving transducer (4) is utilized to receive waveform signal in tested composite material laminated board (7), and synchronously pass to digital signal oscillograph (5) by coaxial data transmission line (10), digital signal oscillograph (5) shows the signal received and stores, send to computing machine (6) by signal output part coaxial data transmission line (11) simultaneously, carry out analyzing and processing; Computing machine (6) stores the signal received and analyzes, and finds out the characteristic parameter that nonlinear acoustics signal is relevant to small cracking, carries out monitoring identify crackle.
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