CN105397050A - Semi-solid forming method for copper alloy - Google Patents
Semi-solid forming method for copper alloy Download PDFInfo
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- CN105397050A CN105397050A CN201510893102.5A CN201510893102A CN105397050A CN 105397050 A CN105397050 A CN 105397050A CN 201510893102 A CN201510893102 A CN 201510893102A CN 105397050 A CN105397050 A CN 105397050A
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- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000010099 solid forming Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 9
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000743 fusible alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a semi-solid forming method for copper alloy and belongs to the technical field of semi-solid forming of metal. The semi-solid forming method for the copper alloy comprises the steps that firstly, the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature of the copper alloy are measured; a copper alloy blank is heated to the temperature of T +50 DEG C-T+150 DEG C in a vacuum atmosphere or an inert gas shielding atmosphere, and T is the liquidus temperature; in the vacuum atmosphere or the inert gas shielding atmosphere, the heated copper alloy is chilled, high-energy ultrasonic vibration is applied to the heated copper alloy so that the temperature of the alloy can be within the range between the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature, and heat preservation is conducted after chilling and high-energy ultrasonic vibration are completed, so that semi-solid slurry is obtained; extrusion forming is conducted on the obtained semi-solid slurry, and air cooling to the indoor temperature is conducted after forming is completed; and heat treatment is conducted on the formed copper alloy, and then a copper alloy product is obtained. By the adoption of the semi-solid forming method, the problems that a semi-solid copper alloy blank is difficult to prepare and form, the forming cycle is long, and the product cost is high are solved, and deep machining techniques and methods for copper alloy products are widened.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to an Albatra metal-semi-solid-state shaping method, belong to semi-solid metal forming technical field.
Background technology
Early 1970s, the research group of Massachusetts Institute Technology proposed semi-solid state forming technique first.It is a kind of metal from liquid state to Solid State Transformation or the method that forms from the solid-state characteristic had to liquid state (i.e. solid-liquid) process.The method have fill type steadily, splash less, shrinkage factor is little, yield strength is low, good fluidity, little to the thermal shock of mould, mechanical property is high, can realize the features such as high speed near-net forming.Therefore, semi-solid metal forming technology is subject to the attention of national governments, enterprise and scientific research institution day by day, is described as one of 21 century metal material forming technique having development potentiality most.Along with deepening continuously of research, semi-solid-state shaping has developed into the material forming new technology that has application potential, and tentatively achieves commercial Application.
Semi-solid metal forming technique is mainly divided into rheological molding and thixotropic forming.Rheological molding be metal in process of setting, by the control of vigorous stirring or process of setting, obtain the solid-liquid mixed slurry that left floating subsphaeroidal solid phase components in a kind of liquid metal mother liquor equably, and utilize the method that this slurry directly-forming is processed; Thixotropic forming be by obtain through the technique such as stirring there is the semi-solid blank cooled and solidified of non-dendritic structure after, as required by blank cutting, then the blank of cutting is reheated to solid-liquid two-phase section, under semi-solid temperature, carry out the method for pressure processing shaping.The two first step all needs to prepare even tissue, the semi solid slurry that crystallite dimension is less.At present, thixotropic forming method is more, and commercial Application is also more, but the method first need prepare slurry, then solidifies, then cutting of fixed quantity remelting, again obtains slurry, and being finally shaped obtains product, cause its technological process compared with long, energy consumption is large, product cost is high.And rheological molding decreases the post bake process of semi solid slurry, directly shape from metal semi-solid, therefore flow process is short, manipulation is simple, and energy consumption is little, and cost is low, production efficiency is high, and forming process oxide inclusion is few, the finished product of foundry goods and waste material can complete in a workshop, improve the utilization rate of waste material.Therefore the semi-solid state metal rheological developing short route is shaped significant.
At present, semi-solid metal forming technology is for the low-melting alloy such as aluminium, magnesium mostly, and the semisolid research for high-melting-point alloys such as copper alloys is also relatively less.This is mainly because copper alloy fusing point is high, oxidizable, thermal conductivity is large, the problems such as operating difficulties, mould requirement are high, copper liquid oxidation can be there is when adopting traditional pulp-making method to prepare semi-solid blank, make the poor or high cost of the structure property of the copper alloy semi-solid blank prepared.In addition, the application of copper alloy is extensive, there is the problems such as large, the air-breathing of short, oxidizable, product energy consumption die life in traditional cast form, adopt semi-solid state forming technique then significantly can reduce mold temperature, improve die life, reduce energy consumption, therefore the semi-solid-state shaping of conducting copper alloy has important using value.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned prior art Problems existing and deficiency, the invention provides an Albatra metal-semi-solid-state shaping method.This method object is in order to the problem such as solve the preparation of copper alloy semi-solid blank, forming difficulty, forming period is long, product cost is high, widens deep process technology and the method for copper alloy products.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: the solid-liquid temperature range first measuring copper alloy; copper alloy is heated to more than liquidus temperature in vacuum or inert gas shielding; then melt is cooled fast; while cooling, High-power ultrasonic vibrations is applied to melt; when melt is cooled to semi-solid temperature interval; stop Quench and vibration; melt be incubated simultaneously and carry out crushing failure at high speed shaping; air cooling is to room temperature subsequently; and carry out corresponding heat treatment; final acquisition copper alloy rheological molding product, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured;
(2) in vacuum or inert gas shielding atmosphere, copper alloy blank is heated to T+50 DEG C ~ T+150 DEG C, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in vacuum or inert gas shielding atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, be incubated after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped and terminate rear air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated, and obtains copper alloy products.
The vacuum condition of described step (2) and (3) is 10
-1~ 10
-4pa.
Described step (2) Quench is inside is connected with the rod iron of cooling water, copper rod or graphite rod to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 5 ~ 10s, then take out, after the 3 ~ 10s of interval, second time is put into and takes out again, carry out and so forth, melt temperature is made to be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, the number of times put into and take out is determined by the semi solid slurry liquid fraction intending obtaining: the number of times that high semi solid slurry liquid fraction is put into and taken out is few, and low semi solid slurry liquid fraction is put into and taken out often.
The ultrasonic power of described step (2) High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 150W ~ 1200W, vibration frequency is 15kHZ ~ 40kHZ.
Described step (2) temperature retention time is 2 ~ 10min.
Above-mentioned steps (2) Quench is put into and taking-up process does not apply High-power ultrasonic vibrations.
Above-mentioned steps (4) extrusion die wants preheating, avoids semi solid slurry fast cooling.
In described step (5), heat treated object improves structural homogenity further, obtains high performance copper alloy products.(heat treated condition is according to the composition of alloy and require to set, and is conventional parameter)
Heat treatment of the present invention and pressing method are conventional method.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
(1) adopt the present invention, make alloy be subject to chilling action more than liquidus temperature, chill zone temperature is declined fast, thus forms a large amount of nucleus, obtain semi solid slurry; Simultaneously, liquid towards copper alloy applies high-energy ultrasound, the pressure surge that in its cavitation effect, bubbles burst causes can cause the fracture of dendritic arm, and the dendritic arm of breaking can be uniformly distributed in the melt again by acoustic streaming phenomenon, makes the even tissue of semi solid slurry, tiny.After adopting ultrasonic vibration and Quench integrated treatment, the grain refinement in melt, dendrite inhibition tissue can be made, improve melt uniformity coefficient and reduce segregation, add the suitable insulation after process and make homogeneous temperature, finally can obtain the semi solid slurry of even, tiny nodularization, solve conventional method and prepare the problems such as copper alloy semi solid slurry cost is high, die life is short, slurry is oxidizable, the cycle is long.
(2) adopt the present invention, directly delivered in extrusion die by the copper alloy semi solid slurry of preparation, decrease the problems such as semi solid slurry oxidation, cooling, forming efficiency is high, the dense structure of product, even, function admirable.The average grain size of rheological molding part is at 80 ~ 140um, and tensile strength improves 5 ~ 10%, and percentage elongation improves 6 ~ 8%.
(3) the present invention has the advantages such as flow process is short, forming efficiency is high, energy consumption is low, product cost is low, performance is even, product structure is complicated.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is present invention process flow chart;
Fig. 2 is the micro-organization chart of the ZCuSn10 tin bronze alloys that the embodiment of the present invention 1 prepares.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
To prepare ZCuSn10 tin bronze product.
As shown in Figure 1, this copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured; The solidus temperature that ZCuSn10 tin bronze alloys utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure this alloy is 830 DEG C, and liquidus temperature is 1020 DEG C;
(2) be heated to T+100 DEG C (1120 DEG C) by copper alloy blank (ZCuSn10) in argon atmosphere, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in argon atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, carry out insulation 5min after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry; The rod iron that wherein Quench is is 40mm by diameter, inside is connected with cooling water to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 5s, and then take out, after the 10s of interval, second time is put into and takes out again, carries out 4 times and so forth; The ultrasonic power of High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 1200W, vibration frequency is 40kHZ;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped terminate after nitrogen atmosphere protection under air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated (being heated to 680 DEG C of insulation 4h), obtains copper alloy products (ZCuSn10 tin bronze product).
The ZCuSn10 tin bronze product micro-organization chart that the present embodiment prepares as shown in Figure 2, as seen from Figure 2 its even tissue, tiny, roundness is high, average crystal grain diameter is 118um.
Result shows that the present invention has that flow process is short, shaping efficiency advantages of higher, and can obtain that complex structure, dense structure are even, the uniform product of performance, can be applied to the preparation of copper alloy semi-solid rheological molding product.
Embodiment 2
To prepare ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product.
As shown in Figure 1, this copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured; The solidus temperature that ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze alloys utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure this alloy is 820 DEG C, and liquidus temperature is 1003 DEG C;
(2) be heated to T+117 DEG C (1120 DEG C) by copper alloy blank (ZCuSn10P1) in argon atmosphere, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in argon atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, carry out insulation 2min after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry; The rod iron that wherein Quench is is 30mm by 6 diameters, inside is connected with cooling water to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 5s, and then take out, after the 10s of interval, second time is put into and takes out, and so forth until when temperature drops to 850 DEG C again; The ultrasonic power of High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 1200W, vibration frequency is 20kHZ;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped terminate after nitrogen atmosphere protection under air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated (being heated to 630 DEG C of insulation 2h), obtains copper alloy products (ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product).
Embodiment 3
To prepare ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product.
As shown in Figure 1, this copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured; The solidus temperature that ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze alloys utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure this alloy is 820 DEG C, and liquidus temperature is 1003 DEG C;
(2) be heated to T+50 DEG C (1053 DEG C) by copper alloy blank (ZCuSn10P1) in argon atmosphere, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in argon atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, carry out insulation 2min after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry; The graphite rod that wherein Quench is is 20mm by 4 diameters, inside is connected with cooling water to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 10s, and then take out, after the 3s of interval, second time is put into and takes out, and so forth until when temperature drops to 900 DEG C again; The ultrasonic power of High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 150W, vibration frequency is 15kHZ;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped terminate after nitrogen atmosphere protection under air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated (being heated to 630 DEG C of insulation 2h), obtains copper alloy products (ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product).
Embodiment 4
To prepare ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product.
As shown in Figure 1, this copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured; The solidus temperature that ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze alloys utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure this alloy is 820 DEG C, and liquidus temperature is 1003 DEG C;
(2) be 10 in vacuum
-1be heated to T+150 DEG C (1153 DEG C) by copper alloy blank (ZCuSn10P1) under Pa vacuum condition, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in argon atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, carry out insulation 10min after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry; The graphite rod that wherein Quench is is 20mm by 4 diameters, inside is connected with cooling water to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 8s, and then take out, after the 7s of interval, second time is put into and takes out, and so forth until when temperature drops to 900 DEG C again; The ultrasonic power of High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 650W, vibration frequency is 40kHZ;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped terminate after nitrogen atmosphere protection under air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated (being heated to 630 DEG C of insulation 2h), obtains copper alloy products (ZCuSn10P1 tin bronze product).
Below by reference to the accompanying drawings the specific embodiment of the present invention is explained in detail, but the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned embodiment, in the ken that those of ordinary skill in the art possess, various change can also be made under the prerequisite not departing from present inventive concept.
Claims (5)
1. an Albatra metal-semi-solid-state shaping method, is characterized in that concrete steps are as follows:
(1) solidus and the liquidus temperature of copper alloy is measured;
(2) in vacuum or inert gas shielding atmosphere, copper alloy blank is heated to T+50 DEG C ~ T+150 DEG C, wherein T is liquidus temperature;
(3) in vacuum or inert gas shielding atmosphere, copper alloy Quench after step (2) heating is applied High-power ultrasonic vibrations and makes alloy temperature be in solidus and liquidus temperature interval, be incubated after Quench and High-power ultrasonic vibrations complete, obtain semi solid slurry;
(4) semi solid slurry that step (3) obtains is carried out extrusion molding, be shaped and terminate rear air cooling to room temperature;
(5) copper alloy after step (4) is shaped is heat-treated, and obtains copper alloy products.
2. copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the vacuum condition of described step (2) and (3) is 10
-1~ 10
-4pa.
3. copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (2) Quench is inside is connected with the rod iron of cooling water, copper rod or graphite rod to be inserted in the copper alloy after heating and to stop 5 ~ 10s, then take out, after the 3 ~ 10s of interval, second time is put into and takes out again, carry out and so forth, melt temperature is in solidus and liquidus temperature interval.
4. copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the ultrasonic power of described step (2) High-power ultrasonic vibrations is 150W ~ 1200W, vibration frequency is 15kHZ ~ 40kHZ.
5. copper alloy semi-solid-state shaping method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step (2) temperature retention time is 2 ~ 10min.
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| CN201510893102.5A CN105397050A (en) | 2015-12-08 | 2015-12-08 | Semi-solid forming method for copper alloy |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510893102.5A CN105397050A (en) | 2015-12-08 | 2015-12-08 | Semi-solid forming method for copper alloy |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108690923A (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-23 | 波音公司 | Titanium copper ferroalloy and relevant thixotropic forming method |
| CN109926564A (en) * | 2019-03-14 | 2019-06-25 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of moulding integrated device and method of slurrying of ZCuSn10P1 alloy semi-solid slurry |
| CN112620595A (en) * | 2021-01-11 | 2021-04-09 | 福建省鼎智新材料科技有限公司 | Semi-solid pulping process based on melt mixing |
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- 2015-12-08 CN CN201510893102.5A patent/CN105397050A/en active Pending
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| US7509993B1 (en) * | 2005-08-13 | 2009-03-31 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Semi-solid forming of metal-matrix nanocomposites |
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| CN109926564A (en) * | 2019-03-14 | 2019-06-25 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of moulding integrated device and method of slurrying of ZCuSn10P1 alloy semi-solid slurry |
| CN112620595A (en) * | 2021-01-11 | 2021-04-09 | 福建省鼎智新材料科技有限公司 | Semi-solid pulping process based on melt mixing |
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Application publication date: 20160316 |