CN105336928A - Preparation method and application of polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride cathode material - Google Patents
Preparation method and application of polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride cathode material Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride anode material; the preparation process of the cathode material comprises the following steps: dispersing carbon fluoride particles in water under the action of a surfactant, adding pyrrole monomer, and uniformly mixing to obtain a carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension; and (3) dropwise adding an acid solution containing an inorganic salt oxidant into the obtained carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension, stirring for reaction, and washing and drying reaction products in sequence to obtain the catalyst. The preparation method is simple to operate, avoids the use of toxic organic solvents, is non-toxic and environment-friendly, has low cost, and meets the requirements of industrial production; the prepared polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride cathode material has uniform polypyrrole coating and good conductivity, and can improve the rate discharge performance of a primary battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to preparation and application of a primary battery anode material, in particular to a preparation method of a polypyrrole (PPy) coated carbon fluoride anode material and application of the polypyrrole (PPy) coated carbon fluoride anode material in preparation of the primary battery anode material, and belongs to the field of preparation of organic/inorganic composite anode materials.
Background
Carbon fluoride is receiving more and more attention as a new energy source material. Currently, the countries in the world where lithium-fluorocarbon batteries are produced and used are mainly the united states and japan. The national space shuttle administration (NASA) has long proposed the theory of using fluorocarbons as electrode active materials for lithium batteries and has been gradually industrialized (fluorocarbons are used as electrode active materials for batteries, and batteries composed of nonaqueous electrolytes have 6 to 9 times as much energy as zinc-manganese batteries). In 1973, this battery was also developed in japan. In japan, such batteries are also mainly used in the civilian fields such as cameras, watches, and micro-memories. The research shows that: the carbon fluoride material is non-toxic, does not pollute the environment, has no wettability and is a good electrode material. However, the technical field just starts in China.
Among primary batteries, the lithium-fluorocarbon battery is the battery with the highest theoretical specific energy (about 2180 Wh/kg) at present, and is also the solid positive lithium battery which is the first commercial product. Lithium-fluorocarbon batteries have more advantages compared to other disposable batteries: (1) environmental protection and no pollution; (2) the safety is high; (3) The application temperature range is wide (the conventional product can meet the application requirement of-30-80 ℃), and the high-temperature and low-temperature performances are excellent; (4) the working voltage is stable; (5) The self-discharge rate is low, and is only 0.5% no matter in use or under normal storage.
Graphite fluoride (generally denoted as (CF) x ) n ) Carbon fluoride has been widely used as one of the carbon fluorides because of its excellent properties and quality. R.yazami et al report that the theoretical specific capacity of a lithium-fluorocarbon battery is related to the fluorine content (r.yazami, a.hamwi, electrochem. Commun.9 (2007) 1850), the more fluorine content, the larger the theoretical specific capacity.
Fluorinated carbon materials have increasingly lower electrical conductivity with increasing fluorine content (t. Nakajima, r. Hagiwara, electrochem. Soc.133 (1986) 1761.; t. Nakajima, a. Mabuchi. Electrochem. Soc.135 (1988) 273.), resulting in severe polarization of the electrode material, with a lower cell discharge plateau than the theoretical discharge plateau (d. Linden, t.b. reddy (eds.), handbook of batteries, third. When x =1, the fluorocarbon becomes an insulating material (advanced research chemicals, inc., carbonfluor product brochure).
In order to obtain a lithium-fluorocarbon battery with good performance, a balance point needs to be found between the conductivity and specific capacity of the lithium-fluorocarbon battery. In order to increase the conductivity of the carbon fluoride, yazami et al (p.lam, r.yazami, j.powersources153 (2006) 354; r.yazami, a.hamwi, k.guerin, electrochem.commun.9 (2007) 1850.) use carbon fluoride with relatively low fluorine content to fabricate an electrode-assembled battery, which improves the power capacity and low-temperature discharge performance of the battery, but reduces the specific capacity of the battery. Q.zhang et al (j.powersources 195 (2010) 2914-2917) surface carbon-coated fluorinated carbons, thus improving conductivity, increasing discharge plateaus, and improving discharge rate performance.
Since the discovery of metal conductivity of doped polyacetylene in Heeger, macDiarmid, and the white christmas tree, etc. in 1977, a series of research hot trends of related conductive polymers were initiated. In 1979, diaz et al, IBM corporation, USA, produced conductive polypyrrole films with conductivities as high as 100S/cm. After that, conductive polyaniline and polythiophene conductive polymers have been discovered in succession, and have attracted much attention because conductive polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, and the like have good stability in air pores.
Patent (CN 102558856A) proposes a method of coating graphite fluoride with polyaniline, thereby improving the conductivity of graphite fluoride, but it does not apply the material to a battery. In addition, in the preparation method provided by the patent, methanol is used as a solvent and is subsequently cleaned, and the methanol has strong toxicity and volatility and is not beneficial to the requirements of environmental protection and safety.
Patent (CN 103022493A) proposes a method of coating graphite fluoride with polythiophene to improve the electrical conductivity of graphite fluoride, but it does not apply the composite material to a battery. In addition, in the method provided by the patent, poisonous chloroform is used as a solvent, and finally methanol is needed for washing, but chloroform and methanol have strong toxicity and volatility, are not environment-friendly and are easy to cause harm to human bodies.
Group et al deposited a layer of polypyrrole on the surface of a carbon fluoride electrode embedded on a carbon rod by electrochemical deposition, which improves the discharge performance of the battery, increases the discharge rate to 4C, and has a corresponding specific capacity of about 70mAhg -1 . However, the method needs a carbon rod as a matrix, can only be operated by a monomer, and has low efficiency and difficult industrialization; and at 4C rate, the specific capacity is only about 8% of the theoretical capacity.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the preparation method of the positive electrode material with the PPy layer uniformly coated with the carbon fluoride particles and the characteristics of good stability, good conductivity and the like.
The invention also aims to provide application of the polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride positive electrode material, and the polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride positive electrode material is prepared into a positive electrode which has the characteristics of high specific capacity and high power density when being used for a primary battery.
In order to realize the technical purpose of the invention, the invention provides a preparation method of a polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride anode material, which comprises the steps of dispersing carbon fluoride particles in water under the action of a surfactant, adding a pyrrole monomer in an amount which is 0.25-2 times the mass of carbon fluoride, and uniformly mixing to obtain a carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension; and (3) dropwise adding an acid solution containing an inorganic salt oxidant into the obtained carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension, stirring and reacting at the temperature of 0-5 ℃, and washing and drying reaction products in sequence to obtain the catalyst.
The technical scheme of the invention adopts an oxidation method to prepare polypyrrole for the first time, and uniformly coats the polypyrrole on the surface of the carbon fluoride particles to form a compact and stable polypyrrole film on the surface of the carbon fluoride particles. Compared with the existing method for preparing polyaniline, polythiophene and other coated carbon fluoride particle materials, the technical scheme of the invention effectively avoids the use of toxic media; and simultaneously overcomes the defect of uneven coating of the polymer coated carbon fluoride particles prepared by an electrochemical method.
The method for preparing the polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride cathode material also comprises the following preferable scheme:
preferably, the surfactant concentration is 0.05 to 2.0g/L.
In a preferred embodiment, the surfactant is at least one of OP-10, sucrose ester and polysorbate. Preferred surfactants provide for a substantially uniform dispersion of the carbon fluoride particles.
Preferably, the particle size distribution of the carbon fluoride particles is between 2 and 20 mu m, and the molar ratio of the fluorine to the carbon is between 0.8 and 1.2.
In a preferable scheme, the acid solution containing the inorganic salt oxidant is obtained by dissolving the inorganic salt oxidant in the acid solution; the inorganic salt oxidant is FeCl 3 、(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 、KIO 3 、K 2 Cr 2 O 7 At least one of (1).
Preferably, the concentration of the inorganic salt-based oxidizing agent in the acidic solution containing the inorganic salt-based oxidizing agent is 0.1g/mL to 0.5g/mL.
Preferably, the stirring reaction time is 6-12 h.
Preferably, the carbon fluoride particles are added into an aqueous solution containing a surfactant, stirred for 0.5 to 2 hours and then ultrasonically treated for 0.5 to 2 hours, so that the carbon fluoride particles are fully dispersed.
Preferably, argon is continuously introduced during the stirring reaction to remove oxygen from the fluorocarbon/pyrrole suspension.
In a preferred scheme, the carbon fluoride particles are one or more of fluorinated coke, fluorinated graphite, fluorinated graphene, fluorinated carbon fibers and fluorinated carbon nanotube materials.
In a preferred embodiment, the acidic solution is preferably diluted hydrochloric acid. The concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is preferably 1 to 3 mol/L.
In a preferred embodiment, the pyrrole monomers are preferably purified by rectification before use.
In a preferable scheme, the polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride primary product is dried in vacuum for 12 to 24 hours at the temperature of between 50 and 60 ℃.
The invention also provides application of the polypyrrole coated carbon fluoride anode material to preparation of a primary battery anode.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
1. according to the invention, a polypyrrole layer is uniformly coated on the surface of carbon fluoride particles by a chemical oxidation synthesis method for the first time, so that the polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride anode material is obtained. Compared with a carbon fluoride material, the conductivity of the polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride cathode material is remarkably improved. The polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride positive electrode material is applied to a primary lithium battery, the discharge rate of the primary battery is improved to 6C, and the corresponding specific capacity is near 300mAhg -1 And the energy density and the power density are greatly improved compared with the lithium-carbon fluoride battery in the prior art by 35 percent of the theoretical capacity.
2. The preparation method disclosed by the invention is non-toxic and environment-friendly, has a simple process, and can realize batch production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode material of carbon fluoride coated with PPy.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the PPy-coated graphite fluoride material and the graphite fluoride raw material prepared in example 2: (a) is a scanning electron micrograph of raw fluorinated graphite; (b) is a scanning electron microscope image of graphite fluoride coated with PPy; and (c) is a local magnified scanning electron micrograph of (b).
FIG. 3 is a TEM image of the positive electrode material of PPy-coated graphite fluoride prepared in example 2.
Fig. 4 is a constant current discharge curve diagram of the battery made of the PPy coated graphite fluoride positive electrode material prepared in example 2 and the battery made of the graphite fluoride positive electrode material: (a) is the discharge curve of raw fluorinated graphite; (b) is a discharge curve of the graphite fluoride coated by the PPy; and (c) is the discharge curve of the material of comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
The following examples of the present invention are given for the purpose of further illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as claimed.
Example 1
(1) Weighing 1g of carbon fluoride, pouring the carbon fluoride into 10mL of deionized water dissolved with a dispersing agent, preparing 0.1g/mL of carbon fluoride suspension by magnetic stirring, and stirring for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated large-particle carbon fluoride; and (3) carrying out ultrasonic dispersion on the carbon fluoride suspension for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated carbon fluoride particles. While magnetically stirring in a three-necked round-bottomed flask containing a carbon fluoride suspension at 0 ℃ and introducing argon gas, 0.125g of pyrrole monomer was added to the carbon fluoride suspension, and stirring was continued for 30min to uniformly disperse the pyrrole monomer. Thus, a mixed suspension of fluorocarbon/pyrrole was prepared.
(2) 0.5g (NH) is weighed 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 Adding into 20mL of 2mol/L HCl solution to prepare (NH) with a concentration of 0.025g/mL 4 )S 2 O 4 Uniformly stirring the solution; prepared by the above (NH) 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 The solution is added into the mixed suspension of the carbon fluoride/pyrrole dropwise under the condition of magnetic stirring and argon shielding gas, the mixed solution is sealed, and stirring is carried out for 6 hours at the temperature of 0 ℃.
(3) And (3) carrying out suction filtration on the reaction product obtained in the step (2), alternately washing the precipitate for several times by using deionized water and alcohol until the washing liquid is colorless and neutral, collecting the precipitate, and carrying out vacuum drying for 24h at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the graphite fluoride/polypyrrole anode material.
(4) Uniformly grinding the carbon fluoride/polypyrrole composite positive electrode material prepared by the process, weighing 0.1g, and then preparing the positive electrode material by the following steps: acetylene black: PVDF =7, in a ratio of 2. And coating the prepared slurry on an aluminum foil, and then drying and cutting into pieces to prepare the battery pole piece. Weigh the pole piece and put it in hand2016 type button lithium battery is assembled in a box, a negative electrode is a lithium sheet, and the solute of electrolyte is LiPF of 1mol/L 6 The electrolyte solvent is PC (propylene carbonate) and EC (ethylene carbonate) of 1.
(5) The assembled battery of example 1 was subjected to a discharge test comparison with a battery using carbon fluoride as a positive electrode which was not coated with PPy under the same conditions. As can be seen from the test results, example 1PPy is coated with graphite fluoride (CF) x PPy) vs. raw fluorinated graphite (CF) x ) The discharge rate is improved on the discharge platform, the discharge specific capacity is obviously improved, and the maximum discharge rate is improved to 4C from 1C before coating.
TABLE 1
Example 2
(1) Weighing 1g of carbon fluoride, pouring the carbon fluoride into 10mL of deionized water dissolved with a dispersing agent, preparing 0.1g/mL of carbon fluoride suspension by magnetic stirring, and stirring for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated large-particle carbon fluoride; and (3) carrying out ultrasonic dispersion on the carbon fluoride suspension for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated carbon fluoride particles. While stirring magnetically in a three-necked round-bottomed flask containing a fluorocarbon suspension at 0 ℃ and introducing argon gas, 0.0625g of pyrrole monomer was added to the fluorocarbon suspension, and stirring was continued for 30 minutes to disperse the pyrrole monomer uniformly. Thus, a mixed suspension of fluorocarbon/pyrrole was prepared.
(2) 0.25g (NH) was weighed 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 Adding into 10mL of 2mol/L HCl solution to prepare (NH) with a concentration of 0.025g/mL 4 )S 2 O 4 Uniformly stirring the solution; preparing the above (NH) 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 The solution is dripped into the mixed suspension of the carbon fluoride/pyrrole under the conditions of magnetic stirring and argon shielding gas, the mixed solution is sealed, and the stirring is carried out for 6 hours at the temperature of 0 ℃.
(3) And (3) carrying out suction filtration on the reaction product obtained in the step (2), alternately washing the precipitate for several times by using deionized water and alcohol until the washing liquid is colorless and neutral, collecting the precipitate, and carrying out vacuum drying for 24 hours at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the graphite fluoride/polypyrrole anode material.
(4) Uniformly grinding the carbon fluoride/polypyrrole composite positive electrode material prepared by the process, weighing 0.1g, and then preparing the positive electrode material by the following steps: acetylene black: PVDF =7, 2, acetylene black 0.028g and pvdf0.014g were weighed out, respectively, and the three materials were mixed uniformly, and stirred for 12 hours with an appropriate amount of NMP solvent, so that the three materials were mixed uniformly. And coating the prepared slurry on an aluminum foil, and then drying and cutting into pieces to prepare the battery pole piece. Weighing the pole pieces, putting the pole pieces into a glove box to assemble 2016 type button lithium battery, wherein the negative electrode is a lithium piece, and the solute of electrolyte is 1mol/L LiPF 6 The electrolyte solvent is PC (propylene carbonate) and EC (ethylene carbonate) of 1.
(5) The assembled battery of example 2 was compared with a battery using carbon fluoride as a positive electrode which was not coated with PPy under the same conditions in a discharge test, and the discharge results are shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from the test results, example 2PPy coated graphite fluoride (CF) x PPy) to raw fluor graphite (CF) x ) The discharge plateau is improved, and the maximum discharge rate is improved from 1C before coating to 6C.
TABLE 2
Comparative example 1
(1) Weighing 1g of carbon fluoride, pouring the carbon fluoride into 10mL of deionized water dissolved with a dispersing agent, preparing 0.1g/mL of carbon fluoride suspension by magnetic stirring, and stirring for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated large-particle carbon fluoride; and (3) carrying out ultrasonic dispersion on the carbon fluoride suspension for 30min to fully disperse the agglomerated carbon fluoride particles. While magnetically stirring in a three-necked round-bottomed flask containing a carbon fluoride suspension at 0 ℃, introducing argon gas, adding 0.5g of pyrrole monomer to the carbon fluoride suspension, and further stirring for 30min to uniformly disperse the pyrrole monomer. Thus, a mixed suspension of fluorocarbon/pyrrole was prepared.
(2) Weighing 2g (NH) 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 Adding into 80mL of 2mol/L HCl solution to prepare (NH) with a concentration of 0.025g/mL 4 )S 2 O 4 Uniformly stirring the solution; prepared by the above (NH) 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 The solution is dripped into the mixed suspension of the carbon fluoride/pyrrole under the conditions of magnetic stirring and argon shielding gas, the mixed solution is sealed, and the stirring is carried out for 6 hours at the temperature of 0 ℃.
(3) And (3) carrying out suction filtration on the reaction product obtained in the step (2), alternately washing the precipitate for several times by using deionized water and alcohol until the washing liquid is colorless and neutral, collecting the precipitate, and carrying out vacuum drying for 24h at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the graphite fluoride/polypyrrole anode material.
(4) Uniformly grinding the carbon fluoride/polypyrrole composite positive electrode material prepared by the process, weighing 0.1g, and then preparing the positive electrode material by the following steps: acetylene black: PVDF =7, 2, acetylene black 0.028g and pvdf0.014g were weighed out, respectively, and the three materials were mixed uniformly, and stirred for 12 hours with an appropriate amount of NMP solvent, so that the three materials were mixed uniformly. And coating the prepared slurry on an aluminum foil, and then drying and cutting the aluminum foil into pieces to prepare the battery pole piece. Weighing the pole pieces, putting the pole pieces into a glove box to assemble 2016 type button lithium battery, wherein the negative electrode is a lithium piece, and the solute of electrolyte is 1mol/L LiPF 6 The electrolyte solvent is 1.
(5) Comparative example 1 (CF) x : pyrrole monomer = 2) due to the mass of pyrrole monomer added being outside the selected range, resulting in CF x The surface is coated with polypyrrole too thick, so that Li is blocked + The transfer of (2). The material from this comparative example was used to assemble a cell for comparison with the discharge test of example 2. As can be seen from the results of the test,comparative example 1PPy coated graphite fluoride (CF) x PPy) the maximum discharge rate of the cathode material is only 2C.
TABLE 3
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of a polypyrrole-coated carbon fluoride anode material is characterized by comprising the following steps: dispersing carbon fluoride particles in water under the action of a surfactant, adding pyrrole monomer in an amount which is 0.25-2 times the mass of the carbon fluoride, and uniformly mixing to obtain a carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension; and (3) dropwise adding an acid solution containing an inorganic salt oxidant into the obtained carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension, stirring and reacting at the temperature of 0-5 ℃, and washing and drying reaction products in sequence to obtain the catalyst.
2. The method for preparing a polypyrrole-coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the surfactant is 0.05-2.0 g/L; the surfactant is at least one of OP-10, sucrose ester and polysorbate.
3. The method for preparing a polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: the grain size of the carbon fluoride particles is distributed between 2 and 20 mu m, and the molar ratio of the fluorine to the carbon is 0.8 to 1.2.
4. The method for preparing a polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: the acid solution containing the inorganic salt oxidant is obtained by dissolving the inorganic salt oxidant in the acid solution; the inorganic salt oxidant is FeCl 3 、(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 、KIO 3 、K 2 Cr 2 O 7 At least one of (a).
5. The method for preparing a polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 4, wherein: the concentration of the inorganic salt oxidant in the acid solution containing the inorganic salt oxidant is 0.1 g/mL-0.5 g/mL.
6. The method for preparing a polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: the stirring reaction time is 6-12 h.
7. The method for preparing a polypyrrole-coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: adding the carbon fluoride particles into a water solution containing a surfactant, stirring for 0.5-2 h, and then carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5-2 h to fully disperse the carbon fluoride particles.
8. The method for preparing a polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein: argon is continuously introduced during the stirring reaction process to remove oxygen in the carbon fluoride/pyrrole suspension.
9. The application of the polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon anode material prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 8 is characterized in that the polypyrrole coated fluorocarbon anode material is applied to the preparation of a primary battery anode.
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