CN105303548B - SAR image feature selection approach based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm - Google Patents

SAR image feature selection approach based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm Download PDF

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CN105303548B
CN105303548B CN201510296347.XA CN201510296347A CN105303548B CN 105303548 B CN105303548 B CN 105303548B CN 201510296347 A CN201510296347 A CN 201510296347A CN 105303548 B CN105303548 B CN 105303548B
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msub
particle
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sar image
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CN105303548A (en
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谷雨
张琴
陈华杰
郭宝峰
刘俊
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Hangzhou Dianzi University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06TIMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2207/00Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
    • G06T2207/10Image acquisition modality
    • G06T2207/10032Satellite or aerial image; Remote sensing
    • G06T2207/10044Radar image

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of SAR image feature selection approach based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm.The present invention is strengthened SAR image using fractal characteristic first, and a kind of azimuth method of estimation based on image moment is proposed based on the image after segmentation.It is then based on the image after not correcting and correcting and extracts Zernike squares, Gabor wavelet coefficient and gray level co-occurrence matrixes composition candidate feature sequence respectively.Employ a kind of hybrid optimization algorithm of combination genetic algorithm and two-value population and realize SAR image feature selecting.MSTAR database authentications are finally used to propose the validity of algorithm.Test result indicates that the characteristic set after optimization has certain generalization ability, the accuracy rate of SAR target identifications is on the one hand improved, on the other hand reduces the time of SAR image target identification.

Description

SAR image feature selection approach based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm
Technical field
The invention belongs to target identification and mode identification technology, it is related to a kind of based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm SAR image feature selection approach.
Background technology
Synthetic aperture radar (Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR) is a kind of microwave imaging sensor, is had complete It when, round-the-clock, multiband, multipolarization the features such as, be widely used in national economy and national defense construction, such as rebound road lead The system of defense of bullet, marine monitoring system, mineral reserve detection etc..
Influence the key factor bag of SAR image automatic target detection (Automatic Target Recognition, ATR) Include feature extraction and feature selecting, and the aspect of classifier design two.The feature that SAR ATR are used at present is mainly included based on number Learn feature, computer vision feature and the electromagnetism top grade of conversion.Feature based on mathematic(al) manipulation has wavelet transformation, PCA, ICA etc.. Because this category feature generally has higher object recognition rate, it typically can be used directly or multiple features merged.Calculate Machine visual signature main textured, attitude angle, shape, fractal dimension, primary edge etc.;Common electromagnetic signature has in scattering The heart, HRR sections etc..The target that this two category feature can be corresponded in image scene, because single feature classifying quality is poor, typically By using multiple combinations of features to improve discriminating power.Can exist for the multiple features of SAR image, between them The redundancy issue of feature set, feature set cross adjustment, the On The Choice of real-time notable feature.Feature selecting is that solve multiple spies Levy the means of simultaneous selection, it is therefore an objective to maximally effective combinations of features is filtered out in candidate feature.
The content of the invention
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of SAR image feature based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm System of selection.
The present invention's comprises the concrete steps that:
Step (1) is pre-processed
1.1 SAR images strengthen
Using fractal characteristic, by setting suitable out to out εmax, each pixel in original SAR image is carried out MFFK is calculated, and MFFK images corresponding to generation, realizes the targets improvement in SAR image;
Wherein MFFK is represented in εmaxRange scale in D dimensions area K intensity of variation.
1.2 SAR images are split
Row threshold division is entered to image after enhancing, obtains the binary image of target and background separation.
1.3 azimuthal estimations, the posture correction of image
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, using the azimuth of the constant moments estimation targets of Hu, calculation formula is
Wherein M02、M20、M11For second moment, M00For zeroth order square, (xc,yc) represent image barycenter.According to the orientation of estimation Angle carries out posture correction to original SAR image.
1.4 cut, centralization
Read 61 × 61 image-regions centered on image center respectively to original SAR image and SAR segmentation figures picture.
Step (2) feature extractions
The 2.1 extraction rectangular-shaped features of Zernike
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image extracts the 34 rectangular-shaped features of dimension Zernike respectively.
2.2 extraction Zernike square amplitude Characteristics
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image extracts 34 dimension Zernike square amplitude Characteristics respectively.
2.3 extraction orientation corner characteristics
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, by the use of Hu, bending moment does not calculate the azimuth of target and is used as orientation corner characteristics.
2.4 extraction gray level co-occurrence matrixes features
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image calculates gray level co-occurrence matrixes feature respectively, by energy Amount, entropy, the moment of inertia, the average of correlation and standard deviation are as 8 dimension textural characteristics.
2.4 extraction Gabor textural characteristics
Gabor filter has very strong space orientation and set direction, based on original SAR image and correction SAR figures The segmentation figure picture of picture, SAR image 16 is obtained by one group of Gabor wavelet and ties up Local textural feature.
Step (3) feature selectings
3.1 particles and chromosome coding
Coded system uses binary coding, and 1 expression this feature is selected, and 0 represents not to be selected.
3.2 fitness functions design
Fitness function is from the aspect of object recognition rate and recognition time two, using the fitness of the method acquisition of weight Function such as formula (3) represents
Fitness=a × AC+b × (1-L0/L) (3)
Wherein AC represents the discrimination of current subsequence, L0The Characteristic Number of current subsequence is represented, L is characterized total Number, weight coefficient a, b value are respectively 0.8,0.2.
3.3 mixing intelligent optimizing algorithms
3.3.1 particle is initialized
Position and the speed of N number of particle are initialized using random device.
3.3.2 select outstanding particle
Sorted according to the fitness function value of N number of particle, using N/2 high particle of fitness function value as outstanding particle Retain, N/2 particle is given up in addition.
3.3.3 particle updates
The position of the N/2 particle retained first using the renewal of NBPSO algorithms and speed, the speed more new formula of particle are
WhereinRepresent that the position of particle is changed into 1,0 probability respectively, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 0,Increase Add,Reduce;Conversely, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 1,Reduce,Increase, in this way, a certain position of particle Change 1 and table 0 direction can keep and for particle renewal.The location updating formula of particle is
Wherein v 'ij(t)=sig (vij(t)),Represent xij(t) negating under binary system, rijIt is between (0,1) Random value.
Then carry out GA to new particle to operate to obtain N/2 particle, finally by the renewal particle combinations obtained twice under The N number of particle of a generation, this completes the renewal of whole population.
3.3.4 iteration judges
Judge whether to reach maximum iteration, stop iteration if meeting, otherwise continue step 3.3.2 and step 3.3.3。
The present invention extracts Zernike squares, Gabor wavelet coefficient and gray scale based on the image after not correcting and correcting and is total to respectively Raw matrix forms candidate feature sequence.The hybrid optimization algorithm for employing a kind of combination genetic algorithm and two-value population is realized SAR image feature selecting.Test result indicates that the characteristic set after optimization has certain generalization ability, SAR is on the one hand improved The accuracy rate of target identification, on the other hand reduce the time of SAR image target identification.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the present invention.
Fig. 2 (a) is target T72 original graph.
Fig. 2 (b) is target T72 enhancing figure.
Fig. 2 (c) is target T72 segmentation figure.
Fig. 2 (d) is target T72 correction figure.
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
As shown in figure 1, the present invention comprises the following steps:
Step (1) is pre-processed
1.1 SAR images strengthen
Fractal model can the surface with natural forms or space structure structure phase well in the range of some scale It coincide, and certain otherness be present with the surface of man-made target or space structure in this regular expression of fractal model. According to the difference of fractal characteristic, the man-made target in natural background is extracted to realize the enhancing to man-made target.Multi-scale Fractal Feature (multi-scale fractal feature related with K, MFFK) is a fractal parameter measure of variation letter Number, MFFK can be understood as in εmaxRange scale in D dimension area (K) intensity of variation, using MFFK come realize protrusion it is artificial Target and difference of the natural background on fractal characteristic.By setting suitable out to out εmax, as shown in Fig. 2 (a), to original Each pixel carries out MFFK calculating, and MFFK images corresponding to generation in beginning SAR image, realizes the targets improvement in SAR image, As shown in Fig. 2 (b);
1.2 SAR images are split
Enter row threshold division to image after enhancing, threshold value 5, obtain the binary image of target and background separation, such as Fig. 2 (c) shown in.
1.3 azimuthal estimations, the posture correction of image
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, using the azimuth of the constant moments estimation targets of Hu, calculation formula is
Wherein M02、M20、M11For second moment, M00For zeroth order square, (xc,yc) represent image barycenter.According to the orientation of estimation Angle carries out posture correction to original SAR image, and Fig. 2 (d) shows the image after being corrected according to the azimuth of estimation.
1.4 cut, centralization
Read 61 × 61 image-regions centered on image center respectively to original SAR image and SAR segmentation figures picture.
Step (2) feature extractions
The 2.1 extraction rectangular-shaped features of Zernike
Zernike squares are projection of the piece image on one group of Zernike multinomial.Teague etc. is with complex domain Zernike Multinomial is base, has obtained having orthogonal, invariable rotary characteristic Zernike squares [12].One width discrete picture I n ranks m weights Zernike squares may be defined as
Wherein n=0,1,2 ..., 0≤| m |≤n, and n- | m | it is even number.(ρ, θ) is the polar coordinates performance under unit circle Form, Rn,mIt is radial polynomial.Zernike squares have two it is critically important the characteristics of:(1) although Zernike squares are dependent on target Centralization is translated, but amplitude has rotational invariance, i.e., and amplitude does not change piece image after rotation, therefore can use The shape facility of the magnitude extraction SAR image of Zernike squares;(2)Rn,mIt is mutually orthogonal, can be in the case of the shape of target be ignored Amplitude Characteristics from region of interesting extraction Zernike squares as target.
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image extracts the 34 rectangular-shaped features of dimension Zernike respectively.
2.2 extraction Zernike square amplitude Characteristics
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image extracts 34 dimension Zernike square amplitude Characteristics respectively.
2.3 extraction orientation corner characteristics
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, by the use of Hu, bending moment does not calculate the azimuth of target and is used as orientation corner characteristics.
2.4 extraction gray level co-occurrence matrixes features
Gray level co-occurrence matrixes are defined with the joint probability density of two position pixels, and it is bright that it not only reflects image The distribution character of degree, it also reflects the position distribution characteristic having in image between same brightness or the pixel of similar brightness, base Gray level co-occurrence matrixes feature is calculated respectively in the segmentation figure picture of original SAR image and correction SAR image, by energy, entropy, inertia Square, related average and standard deviation are as 8 dimension textural characteristics.
2.4 extraction Gabor textural characteristics
Gabor filter has very strong space orientation and set direction, based on original SAR image and correction SAR figures The segmentation figure picture of picture, SAR image 16 is obtained by one group of Gabor wavelet and ties up Local textural feature, Gabor function medium wavelengths are set to 1.5th, two parameters of Gaussian function are all set to 0.5.
Step (3) feature selectings
3.1 particles and chromosome coding
Coded system uses binary coding, and 1 expression this feature is selected, and 0 represents not to be selected.
3.2 fitness functions design
Fitness function is from the aspect of object recognition rate and recognition time two, using the fitness of the method acquisition of weight Function such as formula (4) represents
Fitness=a × AC+b × (1-L0/L) (4)
Wherein AC represents the discrimination of current subsequence, L0The Characteristic Number of current subsequence is represented, L is characterized total Number, weight coefficient a, b value are respectively 0.8,0.2.
3.3 carry out SAR image feature selecting based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm, referring to Fig. 3.
3.3.1 particle is initialized
Position and the speed of N number of particle are initialized using random device.
3.3.2 select outstanding particle
Sorted according to the fitness function value of N number of particle, using N/2 high particle of fitness function value as outstanding particle Retain, N/2 particle is given up in addition.
3.3.3 particle updates
The position of the N/2 particle retained first using the renewal of NBPSO algorithms and speed, the speed more new formula of particle are
WhereinRepresent that the position of particle is changed into 1,0 probability respectively, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 0,Increase Add,Reduce;Conversely, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 1,Reduce,Increase, in this way, a certain position of particle Change 1 and table 0 direction can keep and for particle renewal.The location updating formula of particle is
Wherein v 'ij(t)=sig (vij(t)),Represent xij(t) negating under binary system, rijIt is between (0,1) Random value.
Then carry out GA to new particle to operate to obtain N/2 particle, finally by the renewal particle combinations obtained twice under The N number of particle of a generation, this completes the renewal of whole population.
3.3.4 iteration judges
Judge whether to reach maximum iteration, stop iteration if meeting, otherwise continue step 3.3.2 and step 3.3.3。

Claims (1)

1. the SAR image feature selection approach based on mixing intelligent optimizing algorithm, it is characterised in that this method comprises the concrete steps that:
Step (1) is pre-processed
1.1SAR image enhaucament
Using fractal characteristic, by setting suitable out to out εmax, MFFK meters are carried out to each pixel in original SAR image Calculate, and MFFK images corresponding to generation, realize the targets improvement in SAR image;
<mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>&amp;Sigma;</mo> <mrow> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <msub> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </munderover> <msup> <mrow> <mo>&amp;lsqb;</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msub> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <munderover> <mo>&amp;Sigma;</mo> <mrow> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <msub> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </munderover> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>&amp;epsiv;</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>&amp;rsqb;</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow>
Wherein MFFK is represented in εmaxRange scale in D dimensions area K intensity of variation;
1.2SAR images are split
Row threshold division is entered to image after enhancing, obtains the binary image of target and background separation;
1.3 azimuthal estimations, the posture correction of image
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, using the azimuth of the constant moments estimation targets of Hu, calculation formula is
<mrow> <mi>&amp;theta;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>tan</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>00</mn> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>20</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>00</mn> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <msup> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>)</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>02</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>00</mn> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <msup> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow>
Wherein M02、M20、M11For second moment, M00For zeroth order square, (xc,yc) represent image barycenter;According to the azimuth pair of estimation Original SAR image carries out posture correction;
1.4 cut, centralization
Read 61 × 61 image-regions centered on image center respectively to original SAR image and SAR segmentation figures picture;
Step (2) feature extractions
The 2.1 extraction rectangular-shaped features of Zernike
Segmentation figure picture based on original SAR image and correction SAR image extracts the 34 rectangular-shaped features of dimension Zernike respectively;
2.2 extraction Zernike square amplitude Characteristics
The segmentation figure picture of segmentation figure picture and correction SAR image based on original SAR image extracts 34 dimension Zernike square amplitudes respectively Feature;
2.3 extraction orientation corner characteristics
To SAR segmentation figure pictures, by the use of Hu, bending moment does not calculate the azimuth of target and is used as orientation corner characteristics;
2.4 extraction gray level co-occurrence matrixes features
Based on original SAR image and correction SAR image segmentation figure picture calculate gray level co-occurrence matrixes feature respectively, by energy, entropy, The moment of inertia, related average and standard deviation are as 8 dimension textural characteristics;
2.4 extraction Gabor textural characteristics
Gabor filter has very strong space orientation and set direction, based on original SAR image and corrects SAR image Segmentation figure picture, SAR image 16 is obtained by one group of Gabor wavelet and ties up Local textural feature;
Step (3) feature selectings
3.1 particles and chromosome coding
Coded system uses binary coding, and 1 expression this feature is selected, and 0 represents not to be selected;
3.2 fitness functions design
Fitness function is from the aspect of object recognition rate and recognition time two, using the fitness function of the method acquisition of weight As formula (3) represents
Fitness=a × AC+b × (1-L0/L) (3)
Wherein AC represents the discrimination of current subsequence, L0The Characteristic Number of current subsequence is represented, L is characterized total number, weight Coefficient a, b value are respectively 0.8,0.2;
3.3 mixing intelligent optimizing algorithms
3.3.1 particle is initialized
Position and the speed of N number of particle are initialized using random device;
3.3.2 select outstanding particle
Sorted according to the fitness function value of N number of particle, N/2 high particle of fitness function value is protected as outstanding particle Stay, N/2 particle is given up in addition;
3.3.3 particle updates
The position of the N/2 particle retained first using the renewal of NBPSO algorithms and speed, the speed more new formula of particle are
WhereinRepresent that the position of particle is changed into 1,0 probability respectively, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 0,Increase, Reduce;Conversely, work as PibstOr PgbstDuring equal to 1,Reduce,Increase, in this way, the change 1 of a certain position of particle It can keep with the direction of table 0 and for the renewal of particle;The location updating formula of particle is
Wherein v 'ij(t)=sig (vij(t)),Represent xij(t) negating under binary system, rijBe between (0,1) with Machine value;
Then carry out GA to new particle to operate to obtain N/2 particle, finally by the renewal particle combinations obtained twice into N of future generation Individual particle, this completes the renewal of whole population;
3.3.4 iteration judges
Judge whether to reach maximum iteration, stop iteration if meeting, otherwise continue step 3.3.2 and step 3.3.3。
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