CN105223917A - A kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit and method - Google Patents
A kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit and method Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
- G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
- G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS], computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
- G05B2219/20—Pc systems
- G05B2219/26—Pc applications
- G05B2219/2639—Energy management, use maximum of cheap power, keep peak load low
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
- Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit and method.Described system comprises main control unit, intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element, air compressor unit.Main control unit, intermediate controlling unit and Terminal Control Element carry out exchanges data by communication module.Intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element are all connected with CAN, and Terminal Control Element is connected with controlled air compressor unit respectively.The pressure of the present invention according to compressed air unit, the real-time change of the controlled quentity controlled variable such as flow and frequency, apply the Controlling model of dissimilar compressed air unit, achieve the Comprehensive Control to double-screw type air compressor, centrifugal air compressor and the piston type air compressor in current industrial general equipment, reach energy-conservation object.Experiment shows, control system of the present invention is stable, and energy-saving effect reaches more than 30%.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to air compressor field, relate to a kind of multi-model, the complex control system of the dissimilar compressed air unit of multi-brand and method.
Background technology
Along with the development rapidly of modern production, pressurized air has become the large energy a---source of the gas indispensable in human being's production life, and it is applied in productive life more and more extensive, and the ratio shared by its energy consumed is also increasing.
The important goal that air compressing controls saves system energy consumption exactly.The energy-conservation energy consumption mainly through saving gas source generator and air compressor of air compression system realizes, and for whole air compressor group system, the energy consumption of saving air compressor unit just must make equipment farthest do useful work.
Typical air compression system has multi-brand, eurypalynous feature, usually just comprises the equipment of two or more different manufacturing capacity in an air compression system pipe network, the equipment of different brands characteristic, and the equipment of different contraction principle.Current lot of domestic and foreign producer is all proposed the product differed from one another, and mainly can be divided into two large classes: the product of producer's product and third party's enterprise development.Due to the sense of self-protection of producer and third-party non-professionality, that control system is had problems is more, is mainly reflected in following two aspects: one is that the function of control system only can be used for monitoring.Most control system just achieves a function monitored in fact, the functions such as the state that equipment only can be provided to run and warning.Two is that control system requires higher to operating personnel.The intelligence degree of current air compression system is not high, can only be called Semi-automatic device, once unexpected situation appears in system, system itself can not process in time.Therefore, only have constantly adjustment parameter system normally to run, this just requires that operating personnel are considerably familiar with whole system.
Publication number is CN101526080A, name is called the Chinese invention patent of " air compressor unit energy-saving control system and method ", disclose a kind of compressor train frequency conversion energy-saving control method, the method has the function of automatic diagnosis pressure trend, rapid reaction can be made to pressure change, thus save the energy.The method is suitable for the situation that user is in fluctuation gas always, if but for part machine customer during machine attention may as guest machine one week just run the dissimilar equipment of situation, particularly multi-brand unified of twice control time, poor effect.
Summary of the invention
For the above-mentioned problems in the prior art, the present invention proposes a kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit and method, centralized control is carried out to double-screw type air compressor, centrifugal air compressor and piston type air compressor in current industrial general equipment, realize the many specifications of multi-brand polymorphic type and coordinate air feed, thus reach energy-conservation object.
For achieving the above object, the present invention adopts following technical scheme.
A kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit, comprise: main control unit, intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n, controlled air compressor unit 1 ~ n, described main control unit, described intermediate controlling unit and described Terminal Control Element carry out exchanges data by communication module, described intermediate controlling unit, described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n are all connected with CAN, and described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n is connected with controlled air compressor unit 1 ~ n respectively.N is the quantity of described air compressor unit.
Further, described intermediate controlling unit is used for ductwork pressure control and the warning emergency processing of air compressor unit.Described intermediate controlling unit comprises communication module, Logic control module and data memory module.Described communication module is used for the communication between described intermediate controlling unit and main control unit, Terminal Control Element.Described Logic control module is used for when main control unit communication failure, implements to control by logic control mode.
Further, described main control unit comprises processor module, communication module, human-computer interaction module.Described processor module is connected with communication module, human-computer interaction module respectively.Described processor module is data processing and control center.Described communication module is used for transfer control instruction, realizes the communication between described main control unit and intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element.
Further, described Terminal Control Element obtains controlled quentity controlled variable signal from described air compressor unit, and according to the instruction of described main control unit or intermediate controlling unit, implements to control to described air compressor unit.Described Terminal Control Element comprises signal processing module, communication module, controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly and alarm module.Described communication module is used for the communication between described Terminal Control Element and intermediate controlling unit, main control unit.Described controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly is arranged in described air compressor unit.Described alarm module is used for sending alerting signal when air compressor unit breaks down.
Further, described controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly comprises pressure transducer, flow sensor.Described pressure transducer is arranged on the position being convenient to data acquisition in the pipe network of air compressor unit, and flow sensor is positioned in main pipeline.
Further, described air compressor unit 1 ~ n comprises double-screw type air compressor, centrifugal air compressor and piston type air compressor.
Apply the method that described system carries out Comprehensive Control, comprise the following steps:
Step 1, Terminal Control Element from air compressor unit Real-time Obtaining controlled quentity controlled variable signal, and carries out signal transacting, converts simulating signal to digital signal.
Step 2, controlled quentity controlled variable signal is sent to intermediate controlling unit by CAN or communication module by described Terminal Control Element.
Step 3, after described controlled quentity controlled variable signal carries out pre-service in described intermediate controlling unit, delivers to main control unit.Described pre-service comprises anti-interference filtration and Data classification process.
Step 4, described main control unit, according to the described variable quantity of controlled quentity controlled variable signal and the response time of correspondence, judges the duty of described air compressor unit according to the Controlling model of described air compressor unit.
Step 5, described main control unit, according to the duty of described air compressor unit, sends steering order to intermediate controlling unit, re-sends to Terminal Control Element by after importance ranking, realizes the control to described air compressor unit.
Further, described controlled quentity controlled variable signal comprises pressure signal, flow signal and frequency signal.Described pressure signal, flow signal are obtained by pressure transducer, flow sensor respectively, and described frequency signal is obtained by the frequency converter of air compressor unit.
Further, described Controlling model comprises general control model and individual Controlling model.Wherein,
General control model: according to the pressure of air compressor unit, flow and lack the corresponding relation of flow, air-conditioning surplus is assessed.Determine the quantity needing to open air compressor unit according to air-conditioning surplus and required flow, then calculate and start these air compressor unit time used, start air compressor unit during intermediate node when reached.
Individual Controlling model: for centrifugal air compressor group, carries out polynary calculating according to the change of flow after starting-up response time, hot standby machine response time and remittance pipeline, and carries out gathering, adding up; For screw air compressor group, according to starting-up response time, frequency conversion type response time with import the fluctuations in discharge of pipeline and carry out polynary calculating, and carry out gathering, adding up; For the air compressor unit of other types, adopt self-learning optimization method, the change according to reality is revised same class model.
Further; described main control unit go wrong fault or power down time; described intermediate controlling unit cannot communicate with described main control unit; control is handed over to described intermediate controlling unit by described main control unit automatically; under described intermediate controlling unit controls; start during described air compressor unit minimum pressure, unload during top pressure and shut down in good time.When described intermediate controlling unit lost efficacy, Terminal Control Element cannot receive the instruction of intermediate controlling unit, and under described Terminal Control Element controls, described air compressor unit carries out pressurize operation in the mode adding unloading.When described main control unit and intermediate controlling unit all go wrong, implemented to control by Terminal Control Element, make air compressor unit carry out pressurize operation in the mode of loading and unloading.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
The pressure of the present invention according to compressed air unit, the real-time change of the controlled quentity controlled variable such as flow and frequency, apply the Controlling model of dissimilar compressed air unit, achieve the Comprehensive Control to double-screw type air compressor, centrifugal air compressor and the piston type air compressor in current industrial general equipment, reach energy-conservation object.Experiment shows, control system of the present invention is stable, and energy-saving effect reaches more than 30%.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the composition frame chart of air compressing complex control system of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention will be further described.
The present invention proposes a kind of complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit and method, sets up different Controlling model for dissimilar compressed air unit, realizes the many specifications of multi-brand polymorphic type and coordinates for pneumatic control.Fig. 1 is a kind of intelligent compressed air system (IntelligenceCompressedairmanagementsystems, be called for short IMS or ICMS) composition frame chart, comprising: main control unit, intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n, air compressor unit 1 ~ n.Main control unit is positioned at Control Room, and intermediate controlling unit is positioned at station, and it is neighbouring or inner that Terminal Control Element is positioned at air compressor unit.Main control unit, intermediate controlling unit and Terminal Control Element carry out exchanges data by communication module.Intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n are all connected with CAN, and Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n is connected with controlled air compressor unit 1 ~ n respectively.N is the quantity of air compressor unit.
Described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n is from described air compressor unit 1 ~ n Real-time Obtaining controlled quentity controlled variable signal, and described controlled quentity controlled variable signal is delivered to described intermediate controlling unit, described controlled quentity controlled variable signal carries out delivering to described main control unit after pre-service through described intermediate controlling unit, described main control unit sends steering order according to the situation of change of described controlled quentity controlled variable signal, send described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n to by described intermediate controlling unit, described air compressor unit 1 ~ n is controlled.
Intermediate controlling unit is used for basic ductwork pressure and controls and warning emergency processing.Intermediate controlling unit comprises communication module, Logic control module and data memory module.Communication module is used for the communication between intermediate controlling unit and main control unit, Terminal Control Element.Logic control module adopts processor chips, and its major function is when main control unit communication failure, controls each unit by logic control mode; And when main control unit communication is normal, pre-service is carried out to data and controls by instruction.Described pre-service comprises anti-interference filtration, Data classification process.Data memory module is used for the control measure certificate of the air compressor operation that Terminal Control Element described in real-time storage collects.
Main control unit comprises processor module, communication module and human-computer interaction module.Processor module is connected with communication module, human-computer interaction module respectively.Processor module is data processing and control center, inserts optimal control program, realize optimized control by customer demand.Communication module is used for the communication between main control unit and intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element.Human-computer interaction module is the matched-field processors of user towards interface, carries out debugging and mating with on-the-spot running environment for arranging controling parameters.The controling parameters arranged is as working pressure range (minimum operating pressure, maximum working pressure (MOP)), the important technological parameters (starting time, load time, communication modes etc.) of each equipment, system response time (can adjust and avoid system overshoot).
Terminal Control Element for obtaining the controlled quentity controlled variable signal of described air compressor unit, and according to the instruction of described main control unit or intermediate controlling unit, is implemented to control to described air compressor unit.Terminal Control Element comprises signal processing module, communication module, controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly and alarm module.Signal processing module is used for processing the controlled quentity controlled variable signal obtained from air compressor unit, converts simulating signal to digital signal.Communication module is used for the communication between Terminal Control Element and intermediate controlling unit, main control unit.Controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly, for obtaining the controlled quentity controlled variable signal of air compressor unit, comprises pressure transducer, flow sensor, frequency sensor.Pressure transducer is arranged on the position being applicable to data acquisition in pipe network; Flow sensor is arranged on main pipeline.Described alarm module is used for when air compressor unit and main control unit break down and steering logic data make a mistake sends alerting signal.
Air compressor unit 1 ~ n is different brands, dissimilar air compressor.Industrial general air-conditioning equipment is divided into centrifugal air compressor (dynamical type), screw air compressor (positive displacement), piston type air compressor (positive displacement) by principle of work; Be divided into by regulative mode: add Unloading Control air compressor, adjustable valve controls air compressor, variable frequency control air compressor.Dissimilar equipment has different operation characteristics, and the impact fed back in whole system pipe network is also different.
Apply the method that described system carries out Comprehensive Control, comprise the following steps:
Step 1, Terminal Control Element from air compressor unit Real-time Obtaining controlled quentity controlled variable signal, and carries out signal transacting, converts simulating signal to digital signal.
Step 2, controlled quentity controlled variable signal is sent to intermediate controlling unit by CAN or communication module by described Terminal Control Element.
Step 3, after described controlled quentity controlled variable signal carries out pre-service in described intermediate controlling unit, delivers to main control unit.Described pre-service comprises anti-interference filtration and Data classification process.
Step 4, described main control unit, according to the described variable quantity of controlled quentity controlled variable signal and the response time of correspondence, judges the duty of described air compressor unit according to the Controlling model of described air compressor unit.
Step 5, described main control unit is according to the duty of described air compressor unit, send steering order to intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element is sent to by after importance ranking, such as, senior alarm will process immediately, and frequency adjustment will carry out adjustment process etc. by response, realizes the control to described air compressor unit.
Controlling model comprises general control model and individual Controlling model.General control model is used for controlling all air compressor unit, and individual Controlling model is used for controlling single compressor train.Wherein,
General control model: according to the pressure of air compressor unit, flow and lack the corresponding relation of flow, air-conditioning surplus is assessed.Determine the quantity needing to open air compressor unit according to air-conditioning surplus and required flow, then calculate and start these air compressor unit time used, start air compressor unit during intermediate node when reached.
Store the product database of main brand in main control unit, according to ruuning situation, Controlling model is revised in actual motion.Can combine according to database, select optimized operating scheme.
Individual Controlling model: the model that dissimilar air compressor unit is corresponding different, is introduced below respectively.
Centrifugal air compressor group: according to starting-up response time, hot standby machine response time with import the change of flow after pipeline and carry out polynary calculating, and carry out and gather, add up.
Screw adds air compressor unit: according to starting-up response time, frequency conversion type response time with import the fluctuations in discharge of pipeline and carry out polynary calculating, and carries out and gather, add up.
The air compressor unit of other types: adopt self-learning optimization method, the change according to reality is revised same class model.Such as, screw air compressor should be linear frequency conversion in theory, but the production technology because of each producer brand can cause certain tolerance decay, and this carries out self study correction with regard to needs in actual motion, the tolerance change considering system just can accurately control.Meanwhile, centrifugal air compressor needs the system attenuation of consideration and carried displacement air compressor also can have any different, and the pipe network system for multiple brand is also inconsistent, and these all need to adjust according to actual.
When main control unit go wrong fault or power down time; intermediate controlling unit cannot communicate with described main control unit; control is handed over to described intermediate controlling unit by main control unit automatically; under intermediate controlling unit controls; start during air compressor unit minimum pressure, unload during top pressure and shut down in good time.When intermediate controlling unit lost efficacy, Terminal Control Element cannot receive the instruction of intermediate controlling unit, and under Terminal Control Element controls, air compressor unit carries out pressurize operation in the mode adding unloading.
Main control unit, intermediate controlling unit and Terminal Control Element cooperatively interact and can realize Redundant Control, namely still can realize the control to air compressor unit when wherein some control module breaks down.Here is 4 kinds of conventional control modes:
Mode one: main control unit, intermediate controlling unit and Terminal Control Element are all normal, realizes controlling by the communication (transfer control amount signal, reception steering order etc.) between three unit.Can be whole air compressor unit by control object, also can be a part wherein.
Mode two: when main control unit go wrong fault or power down time, intermediate controlling unit cannot communicate with described main control unit, and control is handed over to described intermediate controlling unit by main control unit automatically.Terminal Control Element obtains controlled quentity controlled variable signal from air compressor unit, and delivers to intermediate controlling unit by communication module.Intermediate controlling unit controls by logic, makes to start during air compressor unit minimum pressure, unloads and shut down in good time during top pressure.
Mode three: when intermediate controlling unit lost efficacy, terminal control module is undertaken communicating (transfer control amount signal, receive steering order etc.) by communication module and main control unit, carries out optimal control for energy saving according to the control method of main control unit setting.
Mode four: when main control unit and intermediate controlling unit all go wrong, is implemented to control by Terminal Control Element separately, makes air compressor unit carry out pressurize operation in the mode adding unloading.
The invention is not restricted to above-mentioned embodiment, those skilled in the art make to any apparent improvement of above-mentioned embodiment or change, all can not exceed the protection domain of design of the present invention and claims.
Claims (10)
1. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit, it is characterized in that comprising: main control unit, intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n, controlled air compressor unit 1 ~ n, described main control unit, described intermediate controlling unit and described Terminal Control Element carry out exchanges data by communication module, described intermediate controlling unit, described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n are all connected with CAN, and described Terminal Control Element 1 ~ n is connected with controlled air compressor unit 1 ~ n respectively; N is the quantity of described air compressor unit.
2. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the ductwork pressure that described intermediate controlling unit is used for air compressor unit controls and warning emergency processing; Described intermediate controlling unit comprises communication module, Logic control module and data memory module; Described communication module is used for the communication between described intermediate controlling unit and main control unit, Terminal Control Element; Described Logic control module is used for when main control unit communication failure, implements to control by logic control mode.
3. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described main control unit comprises processor module, communication module, human-computer interaction module; Described processor module is connected with communication module, human-computer interaction module respectively; Described processor module is data processing and control center; Described communication module is used for transfer control instruction, realizes the communication between described main control unit and intermediate controlling unit, Terminal Control Element.
4. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described Terminal Control Element obtains controlled quentity controlled variable signal from described air compressor unit, and according to the instruction of described main control unit or intermediate controlling unit, implement to control to described air compressor unit; Described Terminal Control Element comprises signal processing module, communication module, controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly and alarm module; Described communication module is used for the communication between described Terminal Control Element and intermediate controlling unit, main control unit; Described controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly is arranged in described air compressor unit; Described alarm module is used for sending alerting signal when air compressor unit breaks down.
5. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described controlled quentity controlled variable sensor assembly comprises pressure transducer, flow sensor; Described pressure transducer is arranged on the position being convenient to data acquisition in the pipe network of air compressor unit, and flow sensor is positioned in main pipeline.
6. the complex control system based on dissimilar compressed air unit according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described air compressor unit comprises double-screw type air compressor, centrifugal air compressor and piston type air compressor.
7. application rights requires that the system described in 1 ~ 6 any one carries out the method controlled, and it is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
Step 1, Terminal Control Element from air compressor unit Real-time Obtaining controlled quentity controlled variable signal, and carries out signal transacting, converts simulating signal to digital signal;
Step 2, controlled quentity controlled variable signal is sent to intermediate controlling unit by CAN or communication module by described Terminal Control Element;
Step 3, after described controlled quentity controlled variable signal carries out pre-service in described intermediate controlling unit, delivers to main control unit; Described pre-service comprises anti-interference filtration and Data classification process;
Step 4, described main control unit, according to the described variable quantity of controlled quentity controlled variable signal and the response time of correspondence, judges the duty of described air compressor unit according to the Controlling model of described air compressor unit;
Step 5, described main control unit, according to the duty of described air compressor unit, sends steering order to intermediate controlling unit, re-sends to Terminal Control Element by after importance ranking, realizes the control to described air compressor unit.
8. method according to claim 7, is characterized in that, described controlled quentity controlled variable signal comprises pressure signal, flow signal and frequency signal; Described pressure signal, flow signal are obtained by pressure transducer, flow sensor respectively, and described frequency signal is obtained by the frequency converter of air compressor unit.
9. method according to claim 7, is characterized in that, Controlling model described in step 4 comprises general control model and individual Controlling model; Wherein,
General control model: according to the pressure of air compressor unit, flow and lack the corresponding relation of flow, air-conditioning surplus is assessed; Determine the quantity needing to open air compressor unit according to air-conditioning surplus and required flow, then calculate and start these air compressor unit time used, start air compressor unit during intermediate node when reached;
Individual Controlling model: for centrifugal air compressor group, carries out polynary calculating according to the change of flow after starting-up response time, hot standby machine response time and remittance pipeline, and carries out gathering, adding up; For screw air compressor group, according to starting-up response time, frequency conversion type response time with import the fluctuations in discharge of pipeline and carry out polynary calculating, and carry out gathering, adding up; For the air compressor unit of other types, adopt self-learning optimization method, the change according to reality is revised same class model.
10. method according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, described main control unit go wrong fault or power down time, described intermediate controlling unit cannot communicate with described main control unit, control is handed over to described intermediate controlling unit by described main control unit automatically, under described intermediate controlling unit controls, start during described air compressor unit minimum pressure, unload during top pressure and shut down in good time; When described intermediate controlling unit lost efficacy, Terminal Control Element cannot receive the instruction of intermediate controlling unit, and under described Terminal Control Element controls, described air compressor unit carries out pressurize operation in the mode adding unloading; When described main control unit and intermediate controlling unit all go wrong, implemented to control by Terminal Control Element, make air compressor unit carry out pressurize operation in the mode adding unloading.
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