CN105199780A - 用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法 - Google Patents

用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法 Download PDF

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CN105199780A
CN105199780A CN201510347073.2A CN201510347073A CN105199780A CN 105199780 A CN105199780 A CN 105199780A CN 201510347073 A CN201510347073 A CN 201510347073A CN 105199780 A CN105199780 A CN 105199780A
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inert material
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马丁·格雷布纳
尼古拉斯·施皮格尔
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/22Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
    • C10J3/24Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
    • C10J3/26Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed downwardly
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/36Fixed grates
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    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/025Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
    • C01B2203/0255Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a non-catalytic partial oxidation step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/33Laboratory scale gasifiers
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/093Coal
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959Oxygen
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973Water
    • C10J2300/0976Water as steam
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0983Additives
    • C10J2300/0989Hydrocarbons as additives to gasifying agents to improve caloric properties

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Abstract

本发明涉及用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法,其中将燃料布置在竖式反应器中作为粒状或块状粒子的静止固定床的,所述静止固定床搁置在惰性材料床上,所述惰性材料床转而被透气托盘托住,并且其中将进料气体引入所述竖式反应器中并将其放热地转化为工艺气体,其中所述工艺气体被加热和其中所述工艺气体从顶部至底部流经反应器,其中通过包含在进料气体中的烃或氢气的部分氧化进行工艺气体的加热。

Description

用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法,其中将粒状或块状燃料布置在竖式反应器(shaftreactor)中作为静止固定床,所述静止固定床搁置在惰性材料床上,所述惰性材料床转而被透气托盘托住,并且其中将进料气体引入所述竖式反应器中并将其放热地转化为工艺气体,其中所述工艺气体被加热和其中所述工艺气体从顶部至底部流经反应器。最有用的含碳燃料包括不同品质的煤炭,所述煤炭还可以以相互之间的混合物使用。然而,还可以将合适的生物质视作含碳燃料。
本发明同样地涉及用于实施所述方法的设备。
背景技术
这样的方法和设备是已知的。它们是用于制造含有碳氧化物和氢气的合成气体的气化反应器,而且也是用于检验诸如煤炭的含碳固体燃料在诸如固定床干底方法的煤炭气化方法中作为进料材料的适合性和行为的试验设备,所述固定床干底方法如在乌尔曼工业化学百科全书(Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry)第6版,第15卷,气体制造中所描述。
在这种试验设备的运作中,需要O2、CO、CO2、H2O、CH4、H2、N2等的确定的气体混合物,在高温(通常为700℃~1800℃)和高压(通常为1巴~100巴,绝对)下将所述气体混合物通入反应空间中。用于提供这种气体混合物的典型方式要么是冷的预混合随后借助于加热系统加热,要么是根据气体的类型借助于加热系统分别加热随后将气体混合。采用的高的温度和压力需要非常昂贵因此成本高的所用加热系统的配置。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是提供如下的方法和设备,所述方法和设备能够以较少的技术支出生产具有一定组成和具有一定温度和一定压力的工艺气体,并且能够使该气体通过燃料的固定床。
通过根据本发明的方法以及设备解决了这一目的。其中所述方法是一种用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法,其中将燃料布置在竖式反应器中作为粒状或块状粒子的静止固定床,所述静止固定床搁置在惰性材料床上,所述惰性材料床转而被透气托盘所托住,并且其中将进料气体引入所述竖式反应器中并将其放热地转化为工艺气体,其中所述工艺气体被加热和其中所述工艺气体从顶部至底部流经反应器,所述方法的特征在于通过包含在进料气体中的烃或氢气的部分氧化进行工艺气体的加热。
根据本发明,通过使用例如在乌尔曼工业化学百科全书,第6版,第15卷,气体制造,第3.2章中描述的部分氧化方法,进行工艺气体的加热。在这一方法中,将由具有已知组成的烃所构成的气体与氧气和蒸汽混合、点燃并转化为碳氧化物和氢气。这一转化放热地进行,使得在转化反应中涉及的气体受到加热。通过调节初始气体的数量比,以这种方式生产了具有一定组成和温度的工艺气体。对所述数量比进行选择以使得获得的气体混合物是可燃性的并能够进行部分氧化。
本发明的有利方面在于进料气体是O2、CO2、H2O、烃、H2和/或N2。通过使用部分氧化方法,可以使用这些气体生产工艺气体,因为需要所述工艺气体通过模拟固定床加压气化方法的方法条件来测试煤炭。
本发明的另一有利方面在于在沿着竖式反应器的纵轴的至少两个不同点处添加进料气体。通过在反应器中的第二个点处将剩余的气体量添加到由部分氧化加热的气体混合物,对工艺气体的组成和温度进行最终调节。
本发明的另一有利方面在于向竖式反应器中添加气体的第一个点位于反应器的最高点处且第二个点位于所述第一个点下面一段距离处,所述距离数值上对应于反应器直径的至少两倍,其中反应器的直径为100mm~200mm和其中反应器的直径在反应器的整个高度上基本恒定。以这种方式,确保了在第二点处添加的气体没有影响部分氧化。
本发明的另一优点在于惰性材料是Al2O3的颗粒。这种颗粒满足关于耐温性、成本和针对工艺气体流的透气性的方法要求。本发明的另一有利方面在于在工艺气体流经固定床之前,使其穿过布置在固定床上面的催化剂床。以这种方式,使工艺气体的组成更加均一,加速了在气体中发生的化学转化,并因此使气体的组成与对应于热力学平衡的、理论计算的且是希望的组成更加接近。
本发明还包含用于实施根据本发明的方法的竖式反应器,所述反应器包含:反应器容器,布置在反应器容器中的透气托盘,布置在透气托盘上的惰性材料床,布置在惰性材料床上的粒状或块状燃料的固定床,用于引入进料气体的入口,在反应器容器内的用于放热地将进料气体转化为工艺气体的至少一个区域,用于排出离开煤炭床的工艺气体的至少一个出口,其中在沿着竖式反应器的纵轴的至少两个不同点处布置用于引入进料气体的入口。
本发明的另一有利方面在于竖式反应器至少在煤炭床的区域中装配有套式加热器。以这一方式,可以避免经反应器壁向环境的热量损失。
附图说明
图1示意性地示出了用于测试煤炭的根据本发明的反应器。
具体示例性实施方式
从附图和示例性实施方式的以下说明,也能够得出本发明的其他特征、优点和可能的用途。所描述的和/或所说明的全部特征本身或以任何组合形成了本发明的主题内容,而与它们是否包含在权利要求书中或它们的反向引用无关。
参照附图,图1,本发明将得到详细解释。诸如Al2O3的惰性材料的床2由透气托盘3托住。另外的床4位于床2上,所述床4由气化性质待测试的煤炭构成并被打算对应于工业规模反应器的固定床。
向反应器1的头部1a中充入气流5、氧气6、蒸汽7、二氧化碳8以及烃,其由部分氧化所加热。为点燃所述部分氧化,在反应器头部1a中安装图1中未显示的点火源如点火火焰、电点火器或点火催化剂。
为了确保在反应器头部1a中生成的气体混合物的可燃性,可以通过位于部分氧化的燃烧区域1b下面的气体入口6a、7a和8a将生成用于测试煤炭所需的气体组成所需的一部分气体量充入反应器中。如此生成的工艺气体9流经煤炭床4和惰性材料床2并且作为产物气体10在底部离开反应器1。通过与工艺气体的直接热交换将所述床加热。
在煤炭床4的区域中,反应器装配有加热套11。除通过工艺气体的加热外,所述加热套允许另外向反应器供给能量用于加热。
标号列表
1反应器
1a反应器头部
1b部分氧化的燃烧空间
2惰性材料床
3透气托盘
4煤炭床
5氧气
6蒸汽
6a蒸汽的第二次引入
7二氧化碳
7a二氧化碳的第二次引入
8烃
8a烃的第二次引入
9工艺气体
10产物气体
11加热套
12添加进料气体的第一个点和第二个点之间的距离
13反应器的直径

Claims (10)

1.一种用于加热和气化含碳燃料的方法,其中将燃料布置在竖式反应器中作为粒状或块状粒子的静止固定床,所述静止固定床搁置在惰性材料床上,所述惰性材料床转而被透气托盘所托住,并且其中将进料气体引入所述竖式反应器中并将其放热地转化为工艺气体,其中所述工艺气体被加热和其中所述工艺气体从顶部至底部流经反应器,所述方法的特征在于通过包含在进料气体中的烃或氢气的部分氧化进行工艺气体的加热。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述进料气体是O2、CO、CO2、H2O、烃、H2和/或N2
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,在沿着所述竖式反应器的纵轴的至少两个不同点处添加所述进料气体。
4.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于,向竖式反应器中添加气体的第一个点位于所述反应器的最高点处且第二个点位于所述第一个点下面一段距离处,所述距离数值上对应于所述反应器的直径的至少两倍,其中所述反应器的直径为100mm~200mm和其中所述反应器的直径在反应器的整个高度上恒定。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于,在所述工艺气体流经固定床之前,使其穿过布置在固定床上面的催化剂床。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于,惰性材料是Al2O3的颗粒。
7.一种用于实施根据前述权利要求任一项的方法的竖式反应器,所述反应器包含反应器容器,布置在反应器容器中的透气托盘,布置在透气托盘上的惰性材料床,布置在惰性材料床上的粒状或块状燃料的固定床,用于引入进料气体的入口,在反应器容器内的用于放热地将进料气体转化为工艺气体的至少一个区域,用于排出离开燃料床的工艺气体的至少一个出口。
8.根据权利要求7的竖式反应器,其特征在于,在沿着所述竖式反应器的纵轴的至少两个不同点处布置用于引入进料气体的入口。
9.根据权利要求7或8的竖式反应器,其特征在于,向竖式反应器中添加气体的第一个点位于所述反应器的最高点处且第二个点位于所述第一个点下面一段距离处,所述距离数值上对应于所述反应器的直径的至少两倍,其中所述反应器的直径为100mm~200mm和其中所述反应器的直径在反应器的整个高度上恒定。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的竖式反应器,其特征在于,所述竖式反应器至少在燃料床的区域中装配有套式加热器。
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